Self-calibrating time-resolved near infrared spectroscopy

Kernel Flow: a high channel count scalable time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy system

SIGNIFICANCE

Time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) has been considered as the gold standard of noninvasive optical brain imaging devices. However, due to the high cost, complexity, and large form factor, it has not been as widely adopted as continuous wave NIRS systems.

AIM

Kernel Flow is a TD-fNIRS system that has been designed to break through these limitations by maintaining the performance of a research grade TD-fNIRS system while integrating all of the components into a small modular device.

APPROACH

The Kernel Flow modules are built around miniaturized laser drivers, custom integrated circuits, and specialized detectors. The modules can be assembled into a system with dense channel coverage over the entire head.

RESULTS

We show performance similar to benchtop systems with our miniaturized device as characterized by standardized tissue and optical phantom protocols for TD-fNIRS and human neuroscience results.

CONCLUSIONS

The miniaturized design of the Kernel Flow system allows for broader applications of TD-fNIRS.

The Use of Supercontinuum Laser Sources in Biomedical Diffuse Optics: Unlocking the Power of Multispectral Imaging

Optical techniques based on diffuse optics have been around for decades now and are making their way into the day-to-day medical applications. Even though the physics foundations of these techniques have been known for many years, practical implementation of these technique were hindered by technological limitations, mainly from the light sources and/or detection electronics. In the past 20 years, the developments of supercontinuum laser (SCL) enabled to unlock some of these limitations, enabling the development of system and methodologies relevant for medical use, notably in terms of spectral monitoring. In this review, we focus on the use of SCL in biomedical diffuse optics, from instrumentation and methods developments to their use for medical applications. A total of 95 publications were identified, from 1993 to 2021. We discuss the advantages of the SCL to cover a large spectral bandwidth with a high spectral power and fast switching against the disadvantages of cost, bulkiness, and long warm up times. Finally, we summarize the utility of using such light sources in the development and application of diffuse optics in biomedical sciences and clinical applications.

In Phantom Validation of Time-Domain Near-Infrared Optical Tomography Pioneer for Imaging Brain Hypoxia and Hemorrhage

The neonatal brain is a vulnerable organ, and lesions due to hemorrhage and/or ischemia occur frequently in preterm neonates. Even though neuroprotective therapies exist, there is no tool available to detect the ischemic lesions. To address this problem, we have recently designed and built the new time-domain near-infrared optical tomography (TD NIROT) system - Pioneer. Here we present the results of a phantom study of the system performance. We used silicone phantoms to mimic risky situations for brain lesions: hemorrhage and hypoxia. Employing Pioneer, we were able to reconstruct accurately both position and optical properties of these inhomogeneities.

QCM Sensor Arrays, Electroanalytical Techniques and NIR Spectroscopy Coupled to Multivariate Analysis for Quality Assessment of Food Products, Raw Materials, Ingredients and Foodborne Pathogen Detection: Challenges and Breakthroughs

Quality checks, assessments, and the assurance of food products, raw materials, and food ingredients is critically important to ensure the safeguard of foods of high quality for safety and public health. Nevertheless, quality checks, assessments, and the assurance of food products along distribution and supply chains is impacted by various challenges. For instance, the development of portable, sensitive, low-cost, and robust instrumentation that is capable of real-time, accurate, and sensitive analysis, quality checks, assessments, and the assurance of food products in the field and/or in the production line in a food manufacturing industry is a major technological and analytical challenge. Other significant challenges include analytical method development, method validation strategies, and the non-availability of reference materials and/or standards for emerging food contaminants. The simplicity, portability, non-invasive, non-destructive properties, and low-cost of NIR spectrometers, make them appealing and desirable instruments of choice for rapid quality checks, assessments and assurances of food products, raw materials, and ingredients. This review article surveys literature and examines current challenges and breakthroughs in quality checks and the assessment of a variety of food products, raw materials, and ingredients. Specifically, recent technological innovations and notable advances in quartz crystal microbalances (QCM), electroanalytical techniques, and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic instrument development in the quality assessment of selected food products, and the analysis of food raw materials and ingredients for foodborne pathogen detection between January 2019 and July 2020 are highlighted. In addition, chemometric approaches and multivariate analyses of spectral data for NIR instrumental calibration and sample analyses for quality assessments and assurances of selected food products and electrochemical methods for foodborne pathogen detection are discussed. Moreover, this review provides insight into the future trajectory of innovative technological developments in QCM, electroanalytical techniques, NIR spectroscopy, and multivariate analyses relating to general applications for the quality assessment of food products.

Direct estimation of the reduced scattering coefficient from experimentally measured time-resolved reflectance via Monte Carlo based lookup tables

A heuristic method for estimating the reduced scattering coefficient (µ_s') of turbid media using time-resolved reflectance is presented. The technique requires measurements of the distributions of times-of-flight (DTOF) of photons arriving at two identical detection channels placed at unique distances relative to a source. Measured temporal shifts in DTOF peak intensities at the two channels were used to estimate µ_s' of the medium using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation-based lookup tables. MC simulations were used to compute temporal shifts in modeled reflectance at experimentally employed source-detector separations (SDS) for media spanning a wide range of optical properties to construct look up tables. Experiments in Intralipid (IL) phantoms demonstrated that we could retrieve µ_s' with errors ranging between 6-25% of expected (literature) values, using reflectance measured across 650-800 nm and SDS of 5-15 mm. Advantages of the technique include direct processing of measured data without requiring iterative non-linear curve fitting. We also discuss applicability of this approach for media with low scattering coefficients where the commonly employed diffusion theory analysis could be inaccurate, with practical recommendations for use.

Image reconstruction for novel time domain near infrared optical tomography: towards clinical applications

Near infrared optical tomography (NIROT) is an emerging modality that enables imaging the oxygenation of tissue, which is a biomarker of tremendous clinical relevance. Measuring in reflectance is usually required when NIROT is applied in clinical scenarios. Single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array technology provides a compact solution for time domain (TD) NIROT to gain huge temporal and spatial information. This makes it possible to image complex structures in tissue. The main aim of this paper is to validate the wavelength normalization method for our new TD NIROT experimentally by exposing it to a particularly difficult challenge: the recovery of two inclusions at different depths. The proposed reconstruction algorithm aims to tackle systematic errors and other artifacts with known wavelength-dependent relation. We validated the device and reconstruction method experimentally on a silicone phantom with two inclusions: one at depth of 10 mm and the other at 15 mm. Despite this tough challenge for reflectance NIROT, the system was able to localize both inclusions accurately.