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Lv G, Xie C, Wang M, Guo Z, Wei B, Shi J, He X. Axially slow-variation microbubble resonators fabricated by an improved arc discharge method for strain sensing applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:19531-19540. [PMID: 38859086 DOI: 10.1364/oe.523695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we proposed an axially slow-variation microbubble resonator fabricated by an improved arc discharge method and applied to axial strain sensing. The prepared resonators are characterized by ultra-thin wall thickness and axial slow-variation. The wall thickness was experimentally measured to reach 938 nm and maintain a quality factor of an optical mode as large as 7.36 ×107. The main factors affecting the strain sensitivity of the microbubble resonators are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Experimentally, the maximum sensitivity measured was 13.08pm/µε, which is three times higher than the microbubble resonators without this method. The device is simple to prepare and possesses ultra-thin wall thickness. It is promising for applications in high-precision sensing, such as single molecule and biological sensing.
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Zhu Y, Lam MY, Wang N, Zhang X. Optofluidic tunable filters using ionic liquid electrolyte capacitors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:4698-4708. [PMID: 38297664 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Tunable optical filter is a basic component for most optical systems. This study reports a unique design of Fabry-Pérot (FP) tunable filter by using an ionic liquid solution. The tunable filter consists of two neighboring regions: capacitor region and FP region. The former is in the form of electrolyte capacitor and the latter remains transparent as an FP cavity for light transmission. When the capacitor region is applied with a bias voltage, it attracts the ions from the FP region and thus reduces the ion concentration of the FP region, resulting in a change of the refractive index and eventually a shift of transmission peak of the FP cavity. Among four electrolyte solutions studied, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) exhibits the best overall performance, such as low insertion loss (3.2 dB), large side mode suppression ratio (23 dB) and high stability (drift <0.2 nm). Additionally, a wavelength tuning of 0.17 nm/V is achieved over 0-17 V, providing a tunable range of 3 nm. This device features low bias voltage, no mechanical movement, easy fabrication and seamless integration with microfluidics systems, and may find potential applications in spectral analyzers and lab-on-a-chip biosensing systems.
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Wang H, Xu T, Wang Z, Liu Y, Chen H, Jiang J, Liu T. Highly sensitive and label-free detection of biotin using a liquid crystal-based optofluidic biosensor. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3763-3774. [PMID: 37497519 PMCID: PMC10368036 DOI: 10.1364/boe.494783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
A liquid crystal (LC)-based optofluidic whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator has been applied as a biosensor to detect biotin. Immobilized streptavidin (SA) act as protein molecules and specifically bind to biotin through strong non-covalent interaction, which can interfere with the orientation of LCs by decreasing the vertical anchoring force of the alignment layer in which the WGM spectral wavelength shift is monitored as a sensing parameter. Due to the double magnification of the LC molecular orientation transition and the resonance of the WGM, the detection limit for SA can reach 1.25 fM (4.7 × 10-13 g/ml). The measurable concentration of biotin and the wavelength shift of the WGM spectrum have an excellent linearity in the range of 0 to 0.1 pg/ml, which can achieve ultra-low detection limit (0.4 fM), i.e., seven orders of magnitude improvement over conventional polarized optical microscope (POM) method. The proposed optofluidic biosensor is highly reproducible and can be used as an ultrasensitive real-time monitoring biosensor, which will open the door for applications to other receptor and ligand models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tianhua Xu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ziyihui Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yize Liu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huaixu Chen
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Junfeng Jiang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tiegen Liu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Chen Y, Wan H, Chang H, Lin X, Hu F. Highly sensitive RI and temperature sensor based on an asymmetric fiber coupler. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:4063-4067. [PMID: 36256080 DOI: 10.1364/ao.453335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a highly sensitive refractive index (RI) and temperature sensor based on an asymmetric fiber coupler (AFC). The AFC was fabricated by weak fusion of a pre-stretched single-mode fiber and a few-mode fiber. An ultra-sensitivity RI can be achieved near the dispersion turning point (DTP). The proposed RI sensor achieves a high RI sensitivity of -10,662.4nm/RIU within the RI range of 1.31-1.35. By packaging the AFC into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the temperature sensitivity reaches 11.44 nm/°C. The proposed AFC with high RI and temperature sensitivity can be potentially used in the field of chemical monitoring, biochemical detection, and clinical diagnosis.
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Optical Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microbubble Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040592. [PMID: 35457896 PMCID: PMC9026417 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microbubble resonators are ideal optical sensors due to their high quality factor, small mode volume, high optical energy density, and geometry/design/structure (i.e., hollow microfluidic channels). When used in combination with microfluidic technologies, WGM microbubble resonators can be applied in chemical and biological sensing due to strong light–matter interactions. The detection of ultra-low concentrations over a large dynamic range is possible due to their high sensitivity, which has significance for environmental monitoring and applications in life-science. Furthermore, WGM microbubble resonators have also been widely used for physical sensing, such as to detect changes in temperature, stress, pressure, flow rate, magnetic field and ultrasound. In this article, we systematically review and summarize the sensing mechanisms, fabrication and packing methods, and various applications of optofluidic WGM microbubble resonators. The challenges of rapid production and practical applications of WGM microbubble resonators are also discussed.
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Zhao Y, Aruna Gandhi MS, Li Q, Liu Z, Fu HY. Vernier effect assisted sucrose sensor based on a cascaded Sagnac interferometer with no-core fiber. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7338-7347. [PMID: 35003837 PMCID: PMC8713688 DOI: 10.1364/boe.444620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a sucrose concentration sensor by utilizing a fiber Sagnac interferometer with no-core fiber (SI-NCF) based on the Vernier effect. The Vernier effect is realized by introducing a single Sagnac interferometer (SI) with a similar free spectral range of SI-NCF. When the NCF is exposed to the external sucrose solution, the cladding state of NCF is changed, which induces the wavelength shift of the SI-NCF. The measured sucrose concentration sensitivity of a single SI-NCF is 2.97 nm/M, and the sensitivity can be improved to -13.84 nm/M with the assistance of the Vernier effect, which is 4.66 times of the single SI-NCF. The sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, easy-fabrication and cost-effectiveness which can be applied in the field of the food industry, chemistry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Zhao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School & Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Qian Li
- School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhengyong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - H. Y. Fu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School & Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Hsu CC, Hung SH, Lin YH, Wu MR. In vitro glucose concentration measurement by a reusable enzymatic glucose sensor and a highly stable circular heterodyne polarimeter. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5004-5007. [PMID: 34598253 DOI: 10.1364/ol.439715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A reliable glucose concentration measurement system was proposed that consisted of a circular heterodyne polarimeter and a reusable enzymatic sensor. The circular heterodyne polarimeter was constructed using a highly stable circular heterodyne light source and a compact alignment-free apparatus that provided phase stability of less than 1° within 20 min. The reusable enzymatic glucose sensor can be reused more than 100 times and retain 90% of its initial performance under optimum storage conditions within a month. The proposed method can be used to determine glucose concentrations in aqueous solutions and human serum. The optimum resolution of the proposed method was approximately 0.88 mg/dl for the glucose solution and 0.68 mg/dl for the serum-based sample.
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Wang Z, Xu T, Noel A, Chen YC, Liu T. Applications of liquid crystals in biosensing. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4675-4702. [PMID: 33978639 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs), as a promising branch of highly-sensitive, quick-response, and low-cost materials, are widely applied to the detection of weak external stimuli and have attracted significant attention. Over the past decade, many research groups have been devoted to developing LC-based biosensors due to their self-assembly potential and functional diversity. In this paper, recent investigations on the design and application of LC-based biosensors are reviewed, based on the phenomenon that the orientation of LCs can be directly influenced by the interactions between biomolecules and LC molecules. The sensing principle of LC-based biosensors, as well as their signal detection by probing interfacial interactions, is described to convert, amplify, and quantify the information from targets into optical and electrical parameters. Furthermore, commonly-used LC biosensing targets are introduced, including glucose, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, cells, microorganisms, ions, and other micromolecules that are critical to human health. Due to their self-assembly potential, chemical diversity, and high sensitivity, it has been reported that tunable stimuli-responsive LC biosensors show bright perspectives and high superiorities in biological applications. Finally, challenges and future prospects are discussed for the fabrication and application of LC biosensors to both enhance their performance and to realize their promise in the biosensing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyihui Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Abstract
Optical biosensors have exhibited worthwhile performance in detecting biological systems and promoting significant advances in clinical diagnostics, drug discovery, food process control, and environmental monitoring. Without complexity in their pretreatment and probable influence on the nature of target molecules, these biosensors have additional advantages such as high sensitivity, robustness, reliability, and potential to be integrated on a single chip. In this review, the state of the art optical biosensor technologies, including those based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), optical waveguides, optical resonators, photonic crystals, and optical fibers, are presented. The principles for each type of biosensor are concisely introduced and particular emphasis has been placed on recent achievements. The strengths and weaknesses of each type of biosensor have been outlined as well. Concluding remarks regarding the perspectives of future developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Junsheng Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
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Rho D, Breaux C, Kim S. Label-Free Optical Resonator-Based Biosensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20205901. [PMID: 33086566 PMCID: PMC7589515 DOI: 10.3390/s20205901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The demand for biosensor technology has grown drastically over the last few decades, mainly in disease diagnosis, drug development, and environmental health and safety. Optical resonator-based biosensors have been widely exploited to achieve highly sensitive, rapid, and label-free detection of biological analytes. The advancements in microfluidic and micro/nanofabrication technologies allow them to be miniaturized and simultaneously detect various analytes in a small sample volume. By virtue of these advantages and advancements, the optical resonator-based biosensor is considered a promising platform not only for general medical diagnostics but also for point-of-care applications. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progresses in label-free optical resonator-based biosensors published mostly over the last 5 years. We categorized them into Fabry-Perot interferometer-based and whispering gallery mode-based biosensors. The principles behind each biosensor are concisely introduced, and recent progresses in configurations, materials, test setup, and light confinement methods are described. Finally, the current challenges and future research topics of the optical resonator-based biosensor are discussed.
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Duan R, Li Y, Li H, Yang J. Detection of heavy metal ions using whispering gallery mode lasing in functionalized liquid crystal microdroplets. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6073-6083. [PMID: 31853386 PMCID: PMC6913396 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a detection method for heavy metal (HM) ions based on whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing in a liquid crystal (LC) microdroplet biosensor. By doping with stearic acid, nematic LC 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) microdroplets are biochemically functionalized and used as both optical microresonators and sensing elements. Typical WGM lasing emission is observed in stearic acid-doped 5CB microdroplets under a pulse laser pump. Our results show that quantitative spectral shift of WGMs can serve as a real-time indicator of the adsorption of HM ions on the microdroplet surface. The detection limit of our sensor is as low as 40 pM for Cu(II) ions, six orders of magnitude better than the exposure threshold defined by the World Health Organization. Furthermore, this sensing system has an ability to discriminate between heavy and light metal ions. We believe that this novel biosensor has great application potential for environmental monitoring and drinking water quality testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Duan
- College of Physics and Photoelectric Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry Education of China, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yanzeng Li
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223-0001, USA
| | - Hanyang Li
- College of Physics and Photoelectric Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry Education of China, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150080, China
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223-0001, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry Education of China, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150080, China
- School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510008, China
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Ge Y, Lakshmipriya T, Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Chen Y, Hariri F, Li L. Glucose oxidase complexed gold-graphene nanocomposite on a dielectric surface for glucose detection: a strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7851-7860. [PMID: 31632005 PMCID: PMC6781737 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s222238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus is a commonly occurring metabolic disorder during pregnancy, affecting >4% of pregnant women. It is generally defined as the intolerance of glucose with the onset or initial diagnosis during pregnancy. This illness affects the placenta and poses a threat to the baby as it affects the supply of proper oxygen and nutrients. PURPOSE Due to the high percentage of affected pregnant women, it should be mandatory to evaluate glucose levels during pregnancy and there is a need for a continuous monitoring system. METHODS Herein, the investigators modified the interdigitated (di)electrodes (IDE) sensing surface to detect the glucose on covalently immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx) with the graphene. The characterization of graphene and gold nanoparticle (GNP) was performed by high-resolution microscopy. RESULTS Sensitivity was found to be 0.06 mg/mL and to enhance the detection, GOx was complexed with GNP. GNP-GOx was improved the sensitive detection twofold from 0.06 to 0.03 mg/mL, and it also displayed higher levels of current changes at all the concentrations of glucose that were tested. High-performance of the above IDE sensing system was attested by the specificity, reproducibility and higher sensitivity detections. Further, the linear regression analysis indicated the limit of detection to be between 0.02 and 0.03 mg/mL. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the potential strategy with nanocomposite for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Ge
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province450003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thangavel Lakshmipriya
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis01000, Malaysia
| | - Subash CB Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis01000, Malaysia
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Periasamy Anbu
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeng Chen
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
| | - Firdaus Hariri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur50603, Malaysia
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan City, Shandong Province250013, People’s Republic of China
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