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Mukhangaliyeva L, Kocer S, Warren A, Bell K, Boktor M, Yavuz M, Abdel-Rahman E, Haji Reza P. Deformable mirror-based photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy for depth scanning. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5643-5653. [PMID: 36733742 PMCID: PMC9872901 DOI: 10.1364/boe.471770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optically shifting the focal plane to allow depth scanning of delicate biological structures and processes in their natural environment offers an appealing alternative to conventional mechanical scanning. Our technique uses a deformable mirror-based photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy (PARS) with a focus shifting of Δz ∼ 240 µm. We achieve this by integrating a deformable mirror that functions as a varifocal mirror for axial scanning. First, the system's focal shift capability was demonstrated with USAF resolution targets and carbon fiber phantoms, followed by in-vivo visualizations of blood vessels in chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). This work represents an initial step toward developing a non-contact, label-free, and aberration-free PARS imaging system with axial scanning capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyazzat Mukhangaliyeva
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Samed Kocer
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alkris Warren
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marian Boktor
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mustafa Yavuz
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Eihab Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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Ecclestone BR, Bell K, Sparkes S, Dinakaran D, Mackey JR, Haji Reza P. Label-free complete absorption microscopy using second generation photoacoustic remote sensing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8464. [PMID: 35589763 PMCID: PMC9120477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, absorption modalities have emerged as powerful tools for label-free functional and structural imaging of cells and tissues. Many biomolecules present unique absorption spectra providing chromophore-specific information on properties such as chemical bonding, and sample composition. As chromophores absorb photons the absorbed energy is emitted as photons (radiative relaxation) or converted to heat and under specific conditions pressure (non-radiative relaxation). Modalities like fluorescence microscopy may capture radiative relaxation to provide contrast, while modalities like photoacoustic microscopy may leverage non-radiative heat and pressures. Here we show an all-optical non-contact total-absorption photoacoustic remote sensing (TA-PARS) microscope, which can capture both radiative and non-radiative absorption effects in a single acquisition. The TA-PARS yields an absorption metric proposed as the quantum efficiency ratio (QER), which visualizes a biomolecule’s proportional radiative and non-radiative absorption response. The TA-PARS provides label-free visualization of a range of biomolecules enabling convincing analogues to traditional histochemical staining of tissues, effectively providing label-free Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-like visualizations. These findings establish an effective all-optical non-contact total-absorption microscope for label-free inspection of biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Ecclestone
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,IllumiSonics Inc, 22 King Street South, Suite 300, Waterloo, ON, N2J 1N8, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,IllumiSonics Inc, 22 King Street South, Suite 300, Waterloo, ON, N2J 1N8, Canada
| | - Sarah Sparkes
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Deepak Dinakaran
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V1, Canada
| | - John R Mackey
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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3
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Cho SW, Park SM, Park B, Kim DY, Lee TG, Kim BM, Kim C, Kim J, Lee SW, Kim CS. High-speed photoacoustic microscopy: A review dedicated on light sources. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 24:100291. [PMID: 34485074 PMCID: PMC8403586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many methods have been investigated to improve imaging speed in photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). These methods mainly focused upon three critical factors contributing to fast PAM: laser pulse repetition rate, scanning speed, and computing power of the microprocessors. A high laser repetition rate is fundamentally the most crucial factor to increase the PAM speed. In this paper, we review methods adopted for fast PAM systems in detail, specifically with respect to light sources. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first review article analyzing the fundamental requirements for developing high-speed PAM and their limitations from the perspective of light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Woo Cho
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Byullee Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Beop-Min Kim
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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4
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Zhou J, Zhou J, Wang W, Liang S, Jing L, Bo SH, Chen SL. Miniature non-contact photoacoustic probe based on fiber-optic photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5767-5770. [PMID: 34780457 DOI: 10.1364/ol.444889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) remote sensing (PARS) microscopy, featured by non-contact operation, has shown great potential for PA microscopy (PAM) imaging applications. However, current PARS microscopy systems are mainly based on free-space light, making the imaging head bulky and inconvenient to use. These issues hinder selected applications such as PA endoscopy and handheld PAM. Here, we report a miniature probe capable of non-contact PAM based on PARS microscopy. By utilizing fiber-optic components including a wavelength division multiplexer and an optical circulator, the imaging head can be highly miniaturized with a diameter of ∼3.0mm. Also, since all light is transmitted via fibers, the fiber-optic PARS microscopy system is relatively easy to build and facilitates scanning of the probe. In vivo imaging of a zebrafish larva and imaging of lithium metal batteries are conducted using the probe, showing its good imaging capability.
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Restall BS, Kedarisetti P, Haven NJM, Martell MT, Zemp RJ. Multimodal 3D photoacoustic remote sensing and confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210059R. [PMID: 34523269 PMCID: PMC8440567 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.9.096501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Complementary absorption and fluorescence contrast could prove useful for a wide range of biomedical applications. However, current absorption-based photoacoustic microscopy systems require the ultrasound transducers to physically touch the samples, thereby increasing contamination and limiting strong optical focusing in reflection mode. AIM We sought to develop an all-optical system for imaging cells and tissues using the three combined imaging modalities: photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS), epifluorescence, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). APPROACH A PARS subsystem with ultraviolet excitation was used to obtain label-free absorption-contrast images of nucleic acids in ex vivo tissue samples. Co-integrated epifluorescence and CLSM subsystems were used to verify the 2D and 3D nuclei distribution. RESULTS Complementary absorption and fluorescence contrast were demonstrated in phantom imaging experiments and subsequent cell and tissue imaging experiments. Lateral and axial resolution of ultraviolet-PARS (UV-PARS) is shown to be 0.39 and 1.6 μm, respectively, with 266-nm light. CLSM lateral and axial resolution was measured as 0.97 and 2.0 μm, respectively. This resolution is sufficient to image individual cell layers with fine optical sectioning. UV-PARS images of cell nuclei are validated in thick tissue using CLSM. CONCLUSIONS Multimodal absorption and fluorescence contrast are obtained with a non-contact all-optical microscopy system for the first time and utilized to obtain images of cells and tissues with subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon S. Restall
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Pradyumna Kedarisetti
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nathaniel J. M. Haven
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew T. Martell
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Roger J. Zemp
- University of Alberta, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Edmonton, Canada
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6
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Three-dimensional virtual histology in unprocessed resected tissues with photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Sci Rep 2021; 11:13723. [PMID: 34215785 PMCID: PMC8253737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological images are critical in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. Unfortunately, current methods for capturing these microscopy images require resource intensive tissue preparation that may delay diagnosis for days or weeks. To streamline this process, clinicians are limited to assessing small macroscopically representative subsets of tissues. Here, a combined photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscope and swept source optical coherence tomography system designed to circumvent these diagnostic limitations is presented. The proposed multimodal microscope provides label-free three-dimensional depth resolved virtual histology visualizations, capturing nuclear and extranuclear tissue morphology directly on thick unprocessed specimens. The capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated directly in unprocessed formalin fixed resected tissues. The first images of nuclear contrast in resected human tissues, and the first three-dimensional visualization of subsurface nuclear morphology in resected Rattus tissues, captured with a non-contact photoacoustic system are presented here. Moreover, the proposed system captures the first co-registered OCT and PARS images enabling direct histological assessment of unprocessed tissues. This work represents a vital step towards the development of a rapid histological imaging modality to circumvent the limitations of current histopathology techniques.
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7
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Ecclestone B, Dinakaran D, Reza PH. Single acquisition label-free histology-like imaging with dual-contrast photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210052R. [PMID: 34036757 PMCID: PMC8144614 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.5.056007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Histopathological analysis of tissues is an essential tool for grading, staging, diagnosing, and resecting cancers and other malignancies. Current histopathological imaging techniques require substantial sample processing, prior to staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) dyes, to highlight nuclear and cellular morphology. Sample preparation and staining is resource intensive and introduces potential for variability during sample preparation. AIM We present a method for direct label-free histopathological assessment of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and thin tissue sections using a dual-contrast photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy system. APPROACH To emulate the nuclear and cellular contrast of H&E staining, we leverage unique properties of the PARS system. Here, the ultraviolet excitation PARS microscope takes advantage of DNA's unique optical absorption to provide nuclear contrast analogous to hematoxylin staining of cell nuclei. Concurrently, the optical scattering contrast of the PARS detection system is leveraged to provide bulk tissue contrast reminiscent of eosin staining of cell membranes. RESULTS We demonstrate the efficacy of this technique by imaging human breast tissue and human skin tissues in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and frozen sections, respectively. Salient nuclear and extranuclear features such as cancerous cells, glands and ducts, adipocytes, and stromal structures such as collagen are captured. CONCLUSIONS The presented dual-contrast PARS microscope enables label-free visualization of tissues with contrast and quality comparable to the current gold standard for histopathological analysis. Thus, the proposed system is well positioned to augment existing histopathological workflows, providing histological imaging directly on unstained tissue blocks and sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ecclestone
- University of Waterloo, Faculty of Engineering, Systems Design Engineering, PhotoMedicine Labs, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- illumiSonics, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Deepak Dinakaran
- illumiSonics, Waterloo, Canada
- University of Alberta, Department of Oncology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- University of Waterloo, Faculty of Engineering, Systems Design Engineering, PhotoMedicine Labs, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Address all correspondence to Parsin Haji Reza,
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Ecclestone BR, Bell K, Abbasi S, Dinakaran D, Taher M, Mackey JR, Haji Reza P. Histopathology for Mohs micrographic surgery with photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:654-665. [PMID: 33659093 PMCID: PMC7899511 DOI: 10.1364/boe.405869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a precise oncological technique where layers of tissue are resected and examined with intraoperative histopathology to minimize the removal of normal tissue while completely excising the cancer. To achieve intraoperative pathology, the tissue is frozen, sectioned and stained over a 20- to 60-minute period, then analyzed by the MMS surgeon. Surgery is continued one layer at a time until no cancerous cells remain, meaning MMS can take several hours to complete. Ideally, it would be desirable to circumvent or augment frozen sectioning methods and directly visualize subcellular morphology on the unprocessed excised tissues. Employing photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy, we present a non-contact label-free reflection-mode method of performing such visualizations in frozen sections of human skin. PARS leverages endogenous optical absorption contrast within cell nuclei to provide visualizations reminiscent of histochemical staining techniques. Presented here, is the first true one to one comparison between PARS microscopy and standard histopathological imaging in human tissues. We demonstrate the ability of PARS microscopy to provide large grossing scans (>1 cm2, sufficient to visualize entire MMS sections) and regional scans with subcellular lateral resolution (300 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Ecclestone
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- illumiSonics, Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Saad Abbasi
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Deepak Dinakaran
- illumiSonics, Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St. NW, T6G 2R7, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Muba Taher
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V1, Canada
| | - John R. Mackey
- illumiSonics, Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St. NW, T6G 2R7, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Hosseinaee Z, Le M, Bell K, Reza PH. Towards non-contact photoacoustic imaging [review]. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100207. [PMID: 33024694 PMCID: PMC7530308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound imaging properties to visualize optical absorption with high resolution and contrast. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is usually categorized with all-optical microscopy techniques such as optical coherence tomography or confocal microscopes. Despite offering high sensitivity, novel imaging contrast, and high resolution, PAM is not generally an all-optical imaging method unlike the other microscopy techniques. One of the significant limitations of photoacoustic microscopes arises from their need to be in physical contact with the sample through a coupling media. This physical contact, coupling, or immersion of the sample is undesirable or impractical for many clinical and pre-clinical applications. This also limits the flexibility of photoacoustic techniques to be integrated with other all-optical imaging microscopes for providing complementary imaging contrast. To overcome these limitations, several non-contact photoacoustic signal detection approaches have been proposed. This paper presents a brief overview of current non-contact photoacoustic detection techniques with an emphasis on all-optical detection methods and their associated physical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hosseinaee
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Martin Le
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- IllumiSonics Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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10
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Hosseinaee Z, Khalili L, Simmons JAT, Bell K, Haji Reza P. Label-free, non-contact, in vivo ophthalmic imaging using photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6254-6257. [PMID: 33186963 DOI: 10.1364/ol.410171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first label-free, non-contact, in vivo imaging of the ocular vasculature using photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy. Both anterior and posterior segments of a mouse eye were imaged. Vasculature of the iris, sclera, and retina tissues were clearly resolved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing non-contact photoacoustic imaging conducted on in vivo ocular tissue. We believe that PARS microscopy has the potential to advance the diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases.
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11
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Bell K, Abbasi S, Dinakaran D, Taher M, Bigras G, van Landeghem FKH, Mackey JR, Haji Reza P. Reflection-mode virtual histology using photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19121. [PMID: 33154496 PMCID: PMC7644651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological visualizations are critical to clinical disease management and are fundamental to biological understanding. However, current approaches that rely on bright-field microscopy require extensive tissue preparation prior to imaging. These processes are both labor intensive and contribute to creating significant delays in clinical feedback for treatment decisions that can extend to 2-3 weeks for standard paraffin-embedded tissue preparation and interpretation, especially if ancillary testing is needed. Here, we present the first comprehensive study on the broad application of a novel label-free reflection-mode imaging modality known as photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) for visualizing salient subcellular structures from various common histopathological tissue preparations and for use in unprocessed freshly resected tissues. The PARS modality permits non-contact visualizations of intrinsic endogenous optical absorption contrast to be extracted from thick and opaque biological targets with optical resolution. The technique was examined both as a rapid assessment tool that is capable of managing large samples (> 1 cm2) in under 10 min, and as a high contrast imaging modality capable of extracting specific biological contrast to simulate conventional histological stains such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated in a variety of human tissue preparations including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and unstained slides sectioned from these blocks, including normal and neoplastic human brain, and breast epithelium involved with breast cancer. Similarly, PARS images of human skin prepared by frozen section clearly demonstrated basal cell carcinoma and normal human skin tissue. Finally, we imaged unprocessed murine kidney and achieved histologically relevant subcellular morphology in fresh tissue. This represents a vital step towards an effective real-time clinical microscope that overcomes the limitations of standard histopathologic tissue preparations and enables real-time pathology assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan Bell
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, PhotoMedicine Labs, University of Waterloo, E7-6416 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, illumiSonics, Inc., University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Saad Abbasi
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, PhotoMedicine Labs, University of Waterloo, E7-6416 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Deepak Dinakaran
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, illumiSonics, Inc., University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Muba Taher
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V1, Canada
| | - Gilbert Bigras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V1, Canada
| | - Frank K H van Landeghem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V1, Canada
| | - John R Mackey
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, PhotoMedicine Labs, University of Waterloo, E7-6416 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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12
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Ecclestone BR, Bell K, Abbasi S, Dinakaran D, van Landeghem FKH, Mackey JR, Fieguth P, Haji Reza P. Improving maximal safe brain tumor resection with photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17211. [PMID: 33057037 PMCID: PMC7560683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are among the deadliest neoplasms with the lowest survival rates of any cancer type. In considering surgical tumor resection, suboptimal extent of resection is linked to poor clinical outcomes and lower overall survival rates. Currently available tools for intraoperative histopathological assessment require an average of 20 min processing and are of limited diagnostic quality for guiding surgeries. Consequently, there is an unaddressed need for a rapid imaging technique to guide maximal resection of brain tumors. Working towards this goal, presented here is an all optical non-contact label-free reflection mode photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscope. By using a tunable excitation laser, PARS takes advantage of the endogenous optical absorption peaks of DNA and cytoplasm to achieve virtual contrast analogous to standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. In conjunction, a fast 266 nm excitation is used to generate large grossing scans and rapidly assess small fields in real-time with hematoxylin-like contrast. Images obtained using this technique show comparable quality and contrast to the current standard for histopathological assessment of brain tissues. Using the proposed method, rapid, high-throughput, histological-like imaging was achieved in unstained brain tissues, indicating PARS’ utility for intraoperative guidance to improve extent of surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Ecclestone
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,IllumiSonics Inc, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Saad Abbasi
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Deepak Dinakaran
- IllumiSonics Inc, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank K H van Landeghem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - John R Mackey
- IllumiSonics Inc, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Paul Fieguth
- Vision and Image Processing Lab, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Zhong H, Jiang D, Lan H, Duan T, Gao F, Gao F. Low-Cost Multi-Wavelength Photoacoustic Imaging Based on Portable Continuous-Wave Laser Diode Module. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:738-745. [PMID: 32746335 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.2995728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), an emerging imaging technique, exploits the merits of both optical and ultrasound imaging, equipped with optical contrast and deep penetration. Typical linear PAI relies on a nanosecond laser pulse to induce photoacoustic signals. To construct a multi-wavelength PAI system, a multi-wavelength nano-second laser source is required, which greatly increases the cost of the PAI system. However, according to the nonlinear photoacoustic effect, the amplitude of the photoacoustic signals will vary with different base temperatures of the tissue. Therefore, using continuous-wave lasers with different wavelengths to induce different temperature variations at the same point of the tissue, and then using a single-wavelength pulsed laser to induce photoacoustic signals has been an alternative method to achieve multi-wavelength PAI. In this paper, based on the nonlinear photoacoustic effect, we developed a continuous-wave multi-wavelength laser source to cut down the cost of the conventional multi-wavelength PAI system. The principle will be introduced firstly, followed by qualitative and quantitative experiments.
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14
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Ecclestone BR, Abbasi S, Bell K, Dinakaran D, Bigras G, Mackey JR, Haji Reza P. Towards virtual biopsies of gastrointestinal tissues using photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 11:1070-1077. [PMID: 33654678 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) tissue biopsies provide critical diagnostic information for a wide variety of conditions such as neoplastic diseases (colorectal, small bowel and stomach cancers) and non-neoplastic diseases (inflammatory disorders, infection, celiac disease). Endoscopic biopsies collect small tissue samples that require resource intensive processing to permit histopathological analysis. Unfortunately, the sparsely collected biopsy samples may fail to capture the pathologic condition because selection of biopsy sites relies on macroscopic superficial tissue features and clinician judgement. Here, we present the first all-optical non-contact label-free non-interferometric photoacoustic microscopy system capable of performing "virtual biopsies". A modular photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS™) architecture is used facilitating imaging of unprocessed tissues providing information similar to conventional histopathological staining techniques. Prospectively this would allow gastroenterologists to assess subcellular tissue morphology in situ when selecting biopsy location. Tested on preserved unstained human and freshly resected murine tissues, the presented PARS microscope rapidly retrieves images of similar area to current biopsies, while maintaining comparable quality to the current standard for histopathological analysis. Additionally, results show the first label free assessment of subsurface cellular morphology in FFPE GI tissue blocks. Clinically relevant features are recovered including cellular details such as lamina propria within colon tissue and cell nuclear structure in resected smooth muscle. Constructed with a modular architecture, this system facilitates the future development of compact imaging heads. The modular PARS system overcomes many of the challenges with imaging unstained thick tissue in situ, representing a significant milestone in the development of a clinical microscope providing virtual biopsy capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Ecclestone
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Saad Abbasi
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,illumiSonics Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Deepak Dinakaran
- illumiSonics Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gilbert Bigras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - John R Mackey
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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15
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Rapid High-Resolution Mosaic Acquisition for Photoacoustic Remote Sensing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20041027. [PMID: 32075006 PMCID: PMC7071083 DOI: 10.3390/s20041027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stages are routinely used to scan large expanses of biological specimens in photoacoustic imaging. This is primarily due to the limited field of view (FOV) provided by optical scanning. However, stage scanning becomes impractical at higher scanning speeds, or potentially unfeasible with heavier samples. Also, the slow scan-rate of the stages makes high resolution scanning a time-consuming process. Some clinical applications such as microsurgery require submicron resolution in a reflection-mode configuration necessitating a method that can acquire large field of views with a small raster scanning step size. In this study, we describe a method that combines mechanical stages with optical scanning for the rapid acquisition of high-resolution large FOVs. Optical scanning is used to acquire small frames in a two-dimensional grid formed by the mechanical stages. These frames are captured with specific overlap for effective image registration. Using a step size of 200 nm, we demonstrate mosaics of carbon fiber networks with FOVs of 0.8 × 0.8 mm2 captured in under 70 s with 1.2 µm image resolution. Larger mosaics yielding an imaging area of 3 × 3 mm2 are also shown. The method is validated by imaging a 1 × 1 mm2 section of unstained histopathological human tissue.
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