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Yin Q, Gao W, Chang Y. Mueller matrix polarization imaging and quantitative parameters analysis method. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:714-721. [PMID: 37132965 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.483300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix polarization imaging is a new biomedical optical imaging method that can generate both polarization and isotropic intensity images of structures of the biological tissue sample surface. In this paper, a Mueller polarization imaging system in the reflection mode is described for obtaining the Mueller matrix of the specimens. Diattenuation, phase retardation, and depolarization of the specimens are derived by using the conventional Mueller matrix polarization decomposition method and a newly proposed direct method. The results show that the direct method is more convenient and faster than the conventional decomposition method. The polarization parameter combination method is then presented in which any two of the diattenuation, phase retardation, and depolarization parameters are combined, and three new quantitative parameters are defined in order to reveal more detailed anisotropic structures. The images of in vitro samples are presented to demonstrate the capability of the parameters introduced.
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2
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Louie DC, Tchvialeva L, Kalia S, Lui H, Lee TK. Polarization memory rate as a metric to differentiate benign and malignant tissues. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:620-632. [PMID: 35284168 PMCID: PMC8884210 DOI: 10.1364/boe.446094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive optical methods for cancer diagnostics, such as microscopy, spectroscopy, and polarimetry, are rapidly advancing. In this respect, finding new and powerful optical metrics is an indispensable task. Here we introduce polarization memory rate (PMR) as a sensitive metric for optical cancer diagnostics. PMR characterizes the preservation of circularly polarized light relative to linearly polarized light as light propagates in a medium. We hypothesize that because of well-known indicators associated with the morphological changes of cancer cells, like an enlarged nucleus size and higher chromatin density, PMR should be greater for cancerous than for the non-cancerous tissues. A thorough literature review reveals how this difference arises from the anomalous depolarization behaviour of many biological tissues. In physical terms, though most biological tissue primarily exhibits Mie scattering, it typically exhibits Rayleigh depolarization. However, in cancerous tissue the Mie depolarization regime becomes more prominent than Rayleigh. Experimental evidence of this metric is found in a preliminary clinical study using a novel Stokes polarimetry probe. We conducted in vivo measurements of 20 benign, 28 malignant and 59 normal skin sites with a 660 nm laser diode. The median PMR values for cancer vs non-cancer are significantly higher for cancer which supports our hypothesis. The reported fundamental differences in depolarization may persist for other types of cancer and create a conceptual basis for further developments in polarimetry applications for cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Louie
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Departments of Cancer Control Research and Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Lioudmila Tchvialeva
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Departments of Cancer Control Research and Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sunil Kalia
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Departments of Cancer Control Research and Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Harvey Lui
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Departments of Cancer Control Research and Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Tim K. Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Departments of Cancer Control Research and Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
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Singh MD, Vitkin IA. Discriminating turbid media by scatterer size and scattering coefficient using backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6831-6843. [PMID: 34858683 PMCID: PMC8606157 DOI: 10.1364/boe.438631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of scatterer size and scattering coefficient on backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light are investigated through Stokes polarimetry. High-SNR polarization modulation/synchronous detection measurements are corroborated by polarization-sensitive Monte Carlo simulations. Circular degree of polarization (DOP) is found to be sensitive to scatterer size, but is equivocal at times due to helicity flipping effects; linear DOP appears to be mostly dependent on the medium scattering coefficient. We exploit these trends to generate a DOPC - DOPL response surface which clusters turbid samples based on these medium properties. This work may prove useful in biomedicine, for example in noninvasive assessment of epithelial precancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Singh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I. Alex Vitkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Macdonald CM, Sridhar S, Do HTX, Luna-Labrador J, Adel M, Da Silva A. Controlling the optical pathlength in continuous-wave reflectance spectroscopy using polarization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4401-4413. [PMID: 34457421 PMCID: PMC8367255 DOI: 10.1364/boe.426627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate potential improvements of continuous-wave diffuse reflectance spectroscopy within highly scattering media by employing polarization gating. Simulations are used to show the extent at which the effective optical pathlength varies in a typical scattering medium as a function of the optical wavelength, the total level of absorption, and the selected polarization channels, including elliptical and circular polarization channels. Experiments then demonstrate that a wavelength dependent polarization gating scheme may reduce the prior knowledge required to solve the problem of chromophore quantification. This is achieved by finding combinations of polarization channels which have similar effective optical pathlengths through the medium at each wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum M. Macdonald
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Susmita Sridhar
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Hung T. X. Do
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Luna-Labrador
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Mouloud Adel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Anabela Da Silva
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
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Borovkova M, Bykov A, Popov A, Pierangelo A, Novikova T, Pahnke J, Meglinski I. Evaluating β-amyloidosis progression in Alzheimer's disease with Mueller polarimetry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4509-4519. [PMID: 32923060 PMCID: PMC7449745 DOI: 10.1364/boe.396294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We applied the wide-field Mueller imaging polarimetry for the screening of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of mouse brain tissue at different stages of brain β-amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits throughout the brain tissue is one of the key pathological hallmarks observed with the AD progression. We demonstrate that the presence of Aβ plaques influences the properties of backscattered polarized light, in particular, its degree of depolarization. By means of statistical analysis, we demonstrate that the high-order statistical moments of depolarization distributions, acquired with the multi-spectral Mueller imaging polarimetry, can be used as sensitive markers of the growing presence of Aβ plaques. The introduced label-free polarimetric approach has a potential to facilitate the current practice of the histopathology screening in terms of diagnosis accuracy, time and cost efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Borovkova
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexander Bykov
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexey Popov
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Angelo Pierangelo
- LPICM, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91764 Palaiseau, France
| | - Tatiana Novikova
- LPICM, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91764 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- LIED, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Latvia, Riga 1586, Latvia
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI), Moscow 115409, Russia
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical Medicine N.V. Sklifosovsky, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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Borovkova M, Bykov A, Popov A, Meglinski I. Role of scattering and birefringence in phase retardation revealed by locus of Stokes vector on Poincaré sphere. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 32436372 PMCID: PMC7238295 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.5.057001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Biological tissues are typically characterized by high anisotropic scattering and may also exhibit linear form birefringence. Both scattering and birefringence bias the phase shift between transverse electric field components of polarized light. These phase alterations are associated with particular structural malformations in the tissue. In fact, the majority of polarization-based techniques are unable to distinguish the nature of the phase shift induced by birefringence or scattering of light. AIM We explore the distinct contributions of scattering and birefringence in the phase retardation of circularly polarized light propagated in turbid tissue-like scattering medium. APPROACH The circularly polarized light in frame of Stokes polarimetry approach is used for the screening of biotissue phantoms and chicken skin samples. The change of optical properties in chicken skin is accomplished by optical clearing, which reduces scattering, and mechanical stretch, which induces birefringence. The change of optical properties of skin tissue is confirmed by spectrophotometric measurements and second-harmonic generation imaging. RESULTS The contributions of scattering and birefringence in the phase retardation of circularly polarized light propagated in biological tissues are distinguished by the locus of the Stokes vector mapped on the Poincaré sphere. The phase retardation of circularly polarized light due to scattering alterations is assessed. The value of birefringence in chicken skin is estimated as 0.3 × 10-3, which agrees with alternative studies. The change of birefringence of skin tissue due to mechanical stretch in the order of 10-6 is detected. CONCLUSIONS While the polarimetric parameters on their own do not allow distinguishing the contributions of scattering and birefringence, the resultant Stokes vector trajectory on the Poincaré sphere reveals the role of scattering and birefringence in the total phase retardation. The described approach, applied independently or in combination with Mueller polarimetry, can be beneficial for the advanced characterization of various types of malformations within biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Borovkova
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- Address all correspondence to Mariia Borovkova, E-mail: ; Igor Meglinski, E-mail:
| | - Alexander Bykov
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexey Popov
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Oulu, Finland
| | - Igor Meglinski
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- National Research Tomsk State University, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), Moscow, Russia
- Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Address all correspondence to Mariia Borovkova, E-mail: ; Igor Meglinski, E-mail:
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Macdonald CM, Kunnen B, Stayner C, Eccles MR. Designing phantoms to accurately replicate circular depolarization in biological scattering media. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:9577-9584. [PMID: 31873556 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.009577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an iterative method for designing optical phantoms that are able to replicate the depolarization profiles of various target media, including colloidal suspensions of Intralipid, bovine milk, and ex vivo samples of ovine kidney cortex tissue. The designed phantoms comprise spherical scattering particles with fine-tuned size distributions and are capable of simultaneously reproducing spatially resolved intensity measurements and depolarization measurements of target media when illuminated with circularly polarized light.
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Chue-Sang J, Gonzalez M, Pierre A, Laughrey M, Saytashev I, Novikova T, Ramella-Roman JC. Optical phantoms for biomedical polarimetry: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-12. [PMID: 30851015 PMCID: PMC6975228 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Calibration, quantification, and standardization of the polarimetric instrumentation, as well as interpretation and understanding of the obtained data, require the development and use of well-calibrated phantoms and standards. We reviewed the status of tissue phantoms for a variety of applications in polarimetry; more than 500 papers are considered. We divided the phantoms into five groups according to their origin (biological/nonbiological) and fundamental polarimetric properties of retardation, depolarization, and diattenuation. We found that, while biological media are generally depolarizing, retarding, and diattenuating, only one of all the phantoms reviewed incorporated all these properties, and few considered at least combined retardation and depolarization. Samples derived from biological tissue, such as tendon and muscle, remain extremely popular to quickly ascertain a polarimetric system, but do not provide quantifiable results aside from relative direction of their principal optical axis. Microspheres suspensions are the most utilized phantoms for depolarization, and combined with theoretical models can offer true quantification of depolarization or degree of polarization. There is a real paucity of birefringent phantoms despite the retardance being one of the most interesting parameters measurable with polarization techniques. Therefore, future work should be directed at generating truly reliable and repeatable phantoms for this metric determination. Diattenuating phantoms are rare and application-specific. Given that diattenuation is considered to be low in most biological tissues, the lack of such phantoms is seen as less problematic. The heterogeneity of the phantoms reviewed points to a critical need for standardization in this field. Ultimately, all research groups involved in polarimetric studies and instruments development would benefit from sharing a limited set of standardized polarimetric phantoms, as is done earlier in the round robin investigations in ellipsometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chue-Sang
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Mariacarla Gonzalez
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Angie Pierre
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Megan Laughrey
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Ilyas Saytashev
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Tatiana Novikova
- LPICM Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et Couches Minces, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jessica C. Ramella-Roman
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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9
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Macdonald CM. Characterizing the depolarization of circularly polarized light in turbid scattering media. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:2104-2110. [PMID: 30645285 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.002104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effectiveness of various bulk optical parameters in characterizing the degree of circular polarization (DOCP) of light diffusely reflected from scattering media. It is demonstrated that the traditional set of bulk optical parameters (namely, the scattering and absorption coefficients and the scattering asymmetry parameter) fail to characterize the observed depolarization. However, we find that there exists an additional parameter connected to the circular polarization memory phenomenon that consistently relates to observations, even in media with widely varying refractive indices and particle size distributions. This relationship is demonstrated using both Monte Carlo simulations and a new method for designing microsphere-based phantom media, which contain carefully controlled particle size distributions and depolarization characteristics.
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10
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Campbell KR, Chaudhary R, Handel JM, Patankar MS, Campagnola PJ. Polarization-resolved second harmonic generation imaging of human ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-8. [PMID: 29900704 PMCID: PMC5998835 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.6.066501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix in human ovarian cancer can be manifested in increased collagen concentration, changes in alignment within fibrils/fibers and/or up-regulation of different collagen isoforms. We used pixel-based second harmonic generation (SHG) polarization microscopy analyses to probe these molecular changes in human ovarian tissues [normal stroma, benign tumors, and high-grade serous (HGS) tumors] by: (i) determination of the α-helical pitch angle via the single-axis molecular model, (ii) collagen alignment within fibrils via SHG anisotropy, and (iii) chirality via SHG circular dichroism (SHG-CD). Pixel approaches are required due to the complex structure of the matrix that lacks a high degree of fiber alignment. The largest differences in the helical pitch angle were between normal stroma and benign tumors, consistent with gene expression showing the Col III isoform is up-regulated in the latter. The data were not consistent with up-regulation of Col III in HGS tumors as previous reports have suggested. The different tissues also displayed differing SHG anisotropies and SHG-CD responses, consistent with either Col III incorporation or randomization of Col I alignment within benign and malignant tumors. Additionally, the high-grade tumors displayed higher collagen concentration, where this desmoplasia is consistent with the higher fiber density in these tissues. These results collectively indicate that the fibril assemblies are distinct in all tissues, where these differences likely result from the synthesis of collagen rather than remodeling of existing collagen. Importantly, these analyses are label-free and interrogate subresolution collagen structure on intact tissues, without the need for conventional structural biology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby R. Campbell
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Rajeev Chaudhary
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Julia M. Handel
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Manish S. Patankar
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Paul J. Campagnola
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Paul J. Campagnola, E-mail:
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Qi J, He H, Lin J, Dong Y, Chen D, Ma H, Elson DS. Assessment of tissue polarimetric properties using Stokes polarimetric imaging with circularly polarized illumination. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700139. [PMID: 29131523 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-depolarization and linear-retardance are the main polarization characteristics of interest for bulk tissue characterization, and are normally interpreted from Mueller polarimetry. Stokes polarimetry can be conducted using simpler instrumentation and in a shorter time. Here, we use Stokes polarimetric imaging with circularly polarized illumination to assess the circular-depolarization and linear-retardance properties of tissue. Results obtained were compared with Mueller polarimetry in transmission and reflection geometry, respectively. It is found that circular-depolarization obtained from these 2 methods is very similar in both geometries, and that linear-retardance is highly quantitatively similar for transmission geometry and qualitatively similar for reflection geometry. The majority of tissue circular-depolarization and linear-retardance image information (represented by local image contrast features) obtained from Mueller polarimetry is well preserved from Stokes polarimetry in both geometries. These findings can be referred to for further understanding tissue Stokes polarimetric data, and for further application of Stokes polarimetry under the circumstances where short acquisition time or low optical system complexity is a priority, such as polarimetric endoscopy and microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Honghui He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Lin
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yang Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daniel S Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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Campbell KR, Campagnola PJ. Wavelength-Dependent Second Harmonic Generation Circular Dichroism for Differentiation of Col I and Col III Isoforms in Stromal Models of Ovarian Cancer Based on Intrinsic Chirality Differences. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1749-1757. [PMID: 28170263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) occurs in many epithelial cancers. For example, in ovarian cancer, upregulation of collagen isoform type III has been linked to invasive forms of the disease, and this change may be a potential biomarker. To examine this possibility, we implemented wavelength-dependent second harmonic generation circular dichroism (SHG-CD) imaging microscopy to quantitatively determine changes in chirality in ECM models comprised of different Col I/Col III composition. In these models, Col III was varied between 0 and 40%, and we found increasing Col III results in reduced net chirality, consistent with structural biology studies of Col I and III in tissues where the isoforms comingle in the same fibrils. We further examined the wavelength dependence of the SHG-CD to both optimize the response and gain insight into the underlying mechanism. We found using shorter SHG excitation wavelengths resulted in increased SHG-CD sensitivity, where this is consistent with the electric-dipole-coupled oscillator model suggested previously for the nonlinear chirality response from thin films. Moreover, the sensitivity is further consistent with the wavelength dependency of SHG intensity fit to a two-state model of the two-photon absorption in collagen. We also provide experimental calibration protocols to implement the SHG-CD modality on a laser scanning microscope. We last suggest that the technique has broad applicability in probing a wide range of diseased states with changes in collagen molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby R Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Paul J Campagnola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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Wiest J, Bodenschatz N, Brandes A, Liemert A, Kienle A. Polarization influence on reflectance measurements in the spatial frequency domain. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:5717-32. [PMID: 26158399 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/15/5717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we quantify the influence of crossed polarizers on reflectance measurements in the spatial frequency domain. The use of crossed polarizers is a very common approach for suppression of specular surface reflections. However, measurements are typically evaluated using a non-polarized scalar theory. The consequences of this discrepancy are the focus of our study, and we also quantify the related errors of the derived optical properties. We used polarized Monte Carlo simulations for forward calculation of the reflectance from different samples. The samples' scatterers are assumed to be spherical, allowing for the calculation of the scattering functions by Mie theory. From the forward calculations, the reduced scattering coefficient [Formula: see text] and the absorption coefficient μa were derived by means of a scalar theory, as commonly used. Here, we use the analytical solution of the scalar radiative transfer equation. With this evaluation approach, which does not consider polarization, we found large errors in [Formula: see text] and μa in the range of 25% and above. Furthermore, we investigated the applicability of the use of a reference measurement to reduce these errors as suggested in literature. We found that this method is not able to generally improve the accuracy of measurements in the spatial frequency domain. Our general recommendation is to apply a polarized theory when using crossed polarizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wiest
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, Helmholtzstr. 12, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Macdonald CM, Jacques SL, Meglinski IV. Circular polarization memory in polydisperse scattering media. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:033204. [PMID: 25871235 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.033204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the survival of circularly polarized light in random scattering media. The surprising persistence of this form of polarization has a known dependence on the size and refractive index of scattering particles, however a general description regarding polydisperse media is lacking. Through analysis of Mie theory, we present a means of calculating the magnitude of circular polarization memory in complex media, with total generality in the distribution of particle sizes and refractive indices. Quantification of this memory effect enables an alternate pathway toward recovering particle size distribution, based on measurements of diffusing circularly polarized light.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Macdonald
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - S L Jacques
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - I V Meglinski
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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15
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16
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Sun M, He H, Zeng N, Du E, Guo Y, Peng C, He Y, Ma H. Probing microstructural information of anisotropic scattering media using rotation-independent polarization parameters. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:2949-55. [PMID: 24922012 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.002949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polarization parameters contain rich information on the micro- and macro-structure of scattering media. However, many of these parameters are sensitive to the spatial orientation of anisotropic media, and may not effectively reveal the microstructural information. In this paper, we take polarization images of different textile samples at different azimuth angles. The results demonstrate that the rotation insensitive polarization parameters from rotating linear polarization imaging and Mueller matrix transformation methods can be used to distinguish the characteristic features of different textile samples. Further examinations using both experiments and Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the residue rotation dependence in these polarization parameters is due to the oblique incidence illumination. This study shows that such rotation independent parameters are potentially capable of quantitatively classifying anisotropic samples, such as textiles or biological tissues.
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17
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Gomes AJ, Wolfsen HC, Wallace MB, Cayer FK, Backman V. Monte Carlo model of the depolarization of backscattered linearly polarized light in the sub-diffusion regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:5325-5340. [PMID: 24663873 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a predictive model of the depolarization ratio of backscattered linearly polarized light from spatially continuous refractive index media that is applicable to the sub-diffusion regime of light scattering. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we derived a simple relationship between the depolarization ratio and both the sample optical properties and illumination-collection geometry. Our model was validated on tissue simulating phantoms and found to be in good agreement. We further show the utility of this model by demonstrating its use for measuring the depolarization length from biological tissue in vivo. We expect our results to aid in the interpretation of the depolarization ratio from sub-diffusive reflectance measurements.
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18
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Ahmad M, Ali S, Mehmood MS, Ali H, Khurshid A, Firdous S, Muhammad S, Ikram M. Ex vivo assessment of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced chronic injury using polarized light spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 67:1382-1389. [PMID: 24359651 DOI: 10.1366/13-07090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The liver performs various functions, such as the production and detoxification of chemicals; therefore, it is susceptible to hepatotoxins such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), which causes chronic injury. Thus, assessment of injury and its status of severity are of prime importance. Current work reports an ex vivo study for probing the severance of hepatic injury induced by CCl4 with polarized light over the spectral range 400-800 nm. Different concentrations of CCl4 were used to induce varying severity of hepatic injury in a rat model. Linear retardance, depolarization rates, and diagonal Mueller matrix elements (m22, m33, and m44), were successfully used as the distinguishing criterion for normal and different liver injuries. Our results show that linear retardance for injured liver samples with lower doses of CCl4 tends to increase when compared with normal liver samples, while samples injured at higher doses of CCl4 offer almost no retardance. Total, linear, and circular depolarizations follow decreasing trends with increased liver injury severity over the entire investigated wavelength range. Linear polarization states were observed to be better maintained as compared to circular polarization states for all samples. Furthermore, numerical values of diagonal elements of the experimentally measured Mueller matrix also increase with increasing doses of CCl4. Liver fibroses, change in transport albedo, and the relative refractive index of the extracellular matrix caused by CCl4 are responsible for the observed differences. These results will provide a pathway to gauge the severity of injury caused by toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan
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19
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Gomes AJ, Backman V. Analytical light reflectance models for overlapping illumination and collection area geometries. APPLIED OPTICS 2012. [PMID: 23207312 PMCID: PMC3655705 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Several biomedical applications, such as detection of dysplasia, require selective interrogation of superficial tissue structures less than a few hundred micrometers thick. Techniques and methods have been developed to limit the penetration depth of light in tissue, including the design of systems such as fiber-optic probes that have overlapping illumination and collection areas on the tissue surface. For such geometries, the diffusion approximation to the light-transport equation typically does not apply, and as a result there is no general model to extract tissue optical properties from reflectance measurements. In the current study, we employ Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to develop simple and compact analytical models for the light reflectance from these overlapping geometries. These models incorporate the size of the illumination and collection areas, the collection angle, the polarization of the incident light, and the optical properties of the sample. Moreover, these MC simulations use the Whittle-Matérn model to describe scattering from spatially continuous refractive index media such as tissue, which is more general than models based on the conventionally used Henyey-Greenstein model. We validated these models on tissue-simulating phantoms. The models developed herein will facilitate the extraction of optical properties and aid in the design of optical systems employing overlapping illumination and collection areas, including fiber-optic probes for in vivo tissue diagnosis.
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20
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Baumann B, Baumann SO, Konegger T, Pircher M, Götzinger E, Schlanitz F, Schütze C, Sattmann H, Litschauer M, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Hitzenberger CK. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of melanin provides intrinsic contrast based on depolarization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1670-83. [PMID: 22808437 PMCID: PMC3395490 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a functional extension of OCT. In addition to imaging based on tissue reflectivity, PS-OCT also enables depth-resolved mapping of sample polarization properties such as phase-retardation, birefringent axis orientation, Stokes vectors, and degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU). In this study, PS-OCT was used to investigate the polarization properties of melanin. In-vitro measurements in samples with varying melanin concentrations revealed polarization scrambling, i.e. depolarization of backscattered light. Polarization scrambling in the PS-OCT images was more pronounced for higher melanin concentrations and correlated with the concentration of the melanin granules in the phantoms. Moreover, in-vivo PS-OCT was performed in the retinas of normal subjects and individuals with albinism. Unlike in the normal eye, polarization scrambling in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was less pronounced or even not observable in PS-OCT images of albinos. These results indicate that the depolarizing appearance of pigmented structures like, for instance, the RPE is likely to be caused by the melanin granules contained in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan O. Baumann
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Konegger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Götzinger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Schlanitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University and General Hospital of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Schütze
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University and General Hospital of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Sattmann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Litschauer
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University and General Hospital of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Soloviev VY, Zacharakis G, Spiliopoulos G, Favicchio R, Correia T, Arridge SR, Ripoll J. Tomographic imaging with polarized light. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2012; 29:980-8. [PMID: 22673429 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.29.000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of optical parameters for the mesoscopic light scattering regime from experimentally obtained datasets by using polarized light. We present a numerically inexpensive approximation to the radiative transfer equation governing the polarized light transport. This approximation is employed in the reconstruction algorithm, which computes two optical parameters by using parallel and perpendicular polarizations of transmitted light. Datasets were obtained by imaging a scattering phantom embedding highly absorbing inclusions. Reconstruction results are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Y Soloviev
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.
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22
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Kokolakis A, Zacharakis G, Krasagakis K, Lasithiotakis K, Favicchio R, Spiliopoulos G, Giannikaki E, Ripoll J, Tosca A. Prehistological evaluation of benign and malignant pigmented skin lesions with optical computed tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:066004. [PMID: 22734760 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.6.066004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Discrimination of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions is a major issue in clinical dermatology. Assessment of the thickness of melanoma is critical for prognosis and treatment selection. We aimed to evaluate a novel optical computed tomography (optical-CT) system as a tool for three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of melanocytic lesions and its ability to discriminate benign from malignant melanocytic lesions while simultaneously determining the thickness of invasive melanoma. Seventeen melanocytic lesions, one hemangioma, and normal skin were assessed immediately after their excision by optical-CT and subsequently underwent histopathological examination. Tomographic reconstructions were performed with a back-propagation algorithm calculating a 3-D map of the total attenuation coefficient (AC). There was a statistically significant difference between melanomas, dysplastic nevi, and non-dysplastic nevi, as indicated by Kruskal-Wallis test. Median AC values were higher for melanomas compared with dysplastic and non-dysplastic nevi. No statistically significant difference was observed when thickness values obtained by optical-CT were compared with histological thickness using a Wilcoxon sighed rank test. Our results suggest that optical-CT can be important for the immediate prehistological evaluation of biopsies, assisting the physician for a rapid assessment of malignancy and of the thickness of a melanocytic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kokolakis
- University of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, Pigmented Lesion and Melanoma Clinic, Department of Dermatology, 71110, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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23
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Alali S, Ahmad M, Kim A, Vurgun N, Wood MFG, Vitkin IA. Quantitative correlation between light depolarization and transport albedo of various porcine tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:045004. [PMID: 22559678 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.045004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantitative study of depolarization in biological tissues and correlate it with measured optical properties (reduced scattering and absorption coefficients). Polarized light imaging was used to examine optically thick samples of both isotropic (liver, kidney cortex, and brain) and anisotropic (cardiac muscle, loin muscle, and tendon) pig tissues in transmission and reflection geometries. Depolarization (total, linear, and circular), as derived from polar decomposition of the measured tissue Mueller matrix, was shown to be related to the measured optical properties. We observed that depolarization increases with the transport albedo for isotropic and anisotropic tissues, independent of measurement geometry. For anisotropic tissues, depolarization was higher compared to isotropic tissues of similar transport albedo, indicating birefringence-caused depolarization effects. For tissues with large transport albedos (greater than ~0.97), backscattering geometry was preferred over transmission due to its greater retention of light polarization; this was not the case for tissues with lower transport albedo. Preferential preservation of linearly polarized light over circularly polarized light was seen in all tissue types and all measurement geometries, implying the dominance of Rayleigh-like scattering. The tabulated polarization properties of different tissue types and their links to bulk optical properties should prove useful in future polarimetric tissue characterization and imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Alali
- Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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