1
|
Shao M, Yuan Y, Wang M, Liu Y, Qiao X. Optical fiber sensor for wearable and accurate human respiratory monitoring. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:4132-4146. [PMID: 39022545 PMCID: PMC11249689 DOI: 10.1364/boe.524355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Accurate respiratory monitoring is of great significance in assessing and analyzing physical health, and preventing respiratory diseases. The recently emerged wearable respiratory sensors are confronted with the challenges such as complex fabrication processes, limited accuracy, and stringent wearing requirements. An optical fiber sensor for accurate human respiratory monitoring is proposed and experimentally verified. The sensor head is composed of a piece of seven core fiber sandwiched between two single-mode fibers by two fiber bitapers, which is embedded in a textile sheet and freely worn on the upper body. An efficient signal demodulation system is set up to acquire the respiratory signal, while Fourier transform (FFT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) methods are used to analyze the measured signal. Six volunteers are invited to perform the respiratory experiment, and the experimental results demonstrate that the sensor can accurately detect and distinguish respiratory signals under different humans, different states (normal, slow, fast), different body parts (abdomen, chest, back), different postures (standing, sitting, lying), and irregular respiration. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the sensor is higher than 0.9, which is consistent with commercial respiratory sensor. Meanwhile, the instability of the sensor is 0.003 Hz for the same volunteer in 6 months. The sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, good stability and wearing comfort, showing good potential in healthcare applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Shao
- School of Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory on Photoelectric Oil-gas Logging and Detecting, Xi’an Shiyou University
, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yubo Yuan
- School of Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory on Photoelectric Oil-gas Logging and Detecting, Xi’an Shiyou University
, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Manyin Wang
- School of Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory on Photoelectric Oil-gas Logging and Detecting, Xi’an Shiyou University
, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yinggang Liu
- School of Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory on Photoelectric Oil-gas Logging and Detecting, Xi’an Shiyou University
, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xueguang Qiao
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710065, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kulkarni MB, Rajagopal S, Prieto-Simón B, Pogue BW. Recent advances in smart wearable sensors for continuous human health monitoring. Talanta 2024; 272:125817. [PMID: 38402739 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the biochemical and biological research areas have shown great interest in a smart wearable sensor because of its increasing prevalence and high potential to monitor human health in a non-invasive manner by continuous screening of biomarkers dispersed throughout the biological analytes, as well as real-time diagnostic tools and time-sensitive information compared to conventional hospital-centered system. These smart wearable sensors offer an innovative option for evaluating and investigating human health by incorporating a portion of recent advances in technology and engineering that can enhance real-time point-of-care-testing capabilities. Smart wearable sensors have emerged progressively with a mixture of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling, and data acquisition systems incorporated with flexible substrate and bodily attachments for enhanced wearability, portability, and reliability. There is a good chance that smart wearable sensors will be relevant to the early detection and diagnosis of disease management and control. Therefore, pioneering smart wearable sensors into reality seems extremely promising despite possible challenges in this cutting-edge technology for a better future in the healthcare domain. This review presents critical viewpoints on recent developments in wearable sensors in the upcoming smart digital health monitoring in real-time scenarios. In addition, there have been proactive discussions in recent years on materials selection, design optimization, efficient fabrication tools, and data processing units, as well as their continuous monitoring and tracking strategy with system-level integration such as internet-of-things, cyber-physical systems, and machine learning algorithms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan B Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, United States.
| | - Sivakumar Rajagopal
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, 632014, TN, India
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Simón
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li H, Chen H, Ullah S, Li Y, Shi R, Gao Z, Liu C, Zhang S, Li S, Yang S. High-order LP modes based Sagnac interference for temperature sensing with an enhanced optical Vernier effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:16140-16155. [PMID: 38859250 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, high-order LP modes based Sagnac interference for temperature sensing are proposed and investigated theoretically. Based on the specific high-order LP modes excited through the mode selective couplers (MSCs), we design a stress-induced Panda-type few-mode fiber (FMF) supporting 4 LP modes and construct a Sagnac interferometer to achieve a highly sensitive temperature sensor. The performances of different LP modes (LP01, LP11, LP21, and LP02) are explored under a single Sagnac interferometer and paralleled Sagnac interferometers, respectively. LP21 mode has the highest temperature sensitivity. Compared with fundamental mode (LP01), the temperature sensitivity based on LP21 mode improved by 18.2% at least. In addition, a way to achieve the enhanced optical Vernier effect is proposed. It should be noted that two Sagnac loops are located in two temperature boxes of opposite variation trends, respectively. Both two Sagnac interferometers act as the sensing element, which is different from the traditional optical Vernier effect. The temperature sensitivity of novel enhanced optical Vernier effect is magnified by 8 times, which is larger than 5 times the traditional Vernier effect. The novel approach avoids measurement errors and improves the stability of the sensing system. The focus of this research is on high-order mode interference, which has important guiding significance for the development of highly sensitive Sagnac sensors.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaur B, Kumar S, Kaushik BK. Novel Wearable Optical Sensors for Vital Health Monitoring Systems-A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020181. [PMID: 36831947 PMCID: PMC9954035 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors are pioneering devices to monitor health issues that allow the constant monitoring of physical and biological parameters. The immunity towards electromagnetic interference, miniaturization, detection of nano-volumes, integration with fiber, high sensitivity, low cost, usable in harsh environments and corrosion-resistant have made optical wearable sensor an emerging sensing technology in the recent year. This review presents the progress made in the development of novel wearable optical sensors for vital health monitoring systems. The details of different substrates, sensing platforms, and biofluids used for the detection of target molecules are discussed in detail. Wearable technologies could increase the quality of health monitoring systems at a nominal cost and enable continuous and early disease diagnosis. Various optical sensing principles, including surface-enhanced Raman scattering, colorimetric, fluorescence, plasmonic, photoplethysmography, and interferometric-based sensors, are discussed in detail for health monitoring applications. The performance of optical wearable sensors utilizing two-dimensional materials is also discussed. Future challenges associated with the development of optical wearable sensors for point-of-care applications and clinical diagnosis have been thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (B.K.K.)
| | - Brajesh Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (B.K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ates HC, Nguyen PQ, Gonzalez-Macia L, Morales-Narváez E, Güder F, Collins JJ, Dincer C. End-to-end design of wearable sensors. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:887-907. [PMID: 35910814 PMCID: PMC9306444 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ceren Ates
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Q. Nguyen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Eden Morales-Narváez
- Biophotonic Nanosensors Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, León, Mexico
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James J. Collins
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Due to the improvement of living standards, people’s attention to health has gradually increased. More and more people are willing to spend money and time on health management. This article reviews work on the vital signs monitoring system based on fiber optic interferometers, including the design of sensor structures, signal demodulation methods and data analysis. After a large number of trials, the system can achieve long-term stable heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR) and body temperature monitoring, and the collected data can be used for health analysis. Due to the high sensitivity, low cost, and light weight of the interferometric fiber optic sensor, it can be integrated under a mattress or a cushion, which is very suitable for daily use. The system has great application prospects in the field of healthcare.
Collapse
|
7
|
Upadhyaya AM, Hasan MK, Abdel-Khalek S, Hassan R, Srivastava MC, Sharan P, Islam S, Saad AME, Vo N. A Comprehensive Review on the Optical Micro-Electromechanical Sensors for the Biomedical Application. Front Public Health 2021; 9:759032. [PMID: 34926383 PMCID: PMC8674308 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.759032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presented an overview of current developments in optical micro-electromechanical systems in biomedical applications. Optical micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) is a particular class of MEMS technology. It combines micro-optics, mechanical elements, and electronics, called the micro-opto electromechanical system (MOEMS). Optical MEMS comprises sensing and influencing optical signals on micron-level by incorporating mechanical, electrical, and optical systems. Optical MEMS devices are widely used in inertial navigation, accelerometers, gyroscope application, and many industrial and biomedical applications. Due to its miniaturised size, insensitivity to electromagnetic interference, affordability, and lightweight characteristic, it can be easily integrated into the human body with a suitable design. This study presented a comprehensive review of 140 research articles published on photonic MEMS in biomedical applications that used the qualitative method to find the recent advancement, challenges, and issues. The paper also identified the critical success factors applied to design the optimum photonic MEMS devices in biomedical applications. With the systematic literature review approach, the results showed that the key design factors could significantly impact design, application, and future scope of work. The literature of this paper suggested that due to the flexibility, accuracy, design factors efficiency of the Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, the demand has been increasing for various photonic devices. Except for FBG sensing devices, other sensing systems such as optical ring resonator, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), and photonic crystals are used, which still show experimental stages in the application of biosensing. Due to the requirement of sophisticated fabrication facilities and integrated systems, it is a tough choice to consider the other photonic system. Miniaturisation of complete FBG device for biomedical applications is the future scope of work. Even though there is a lot of experimental work considered with an FBG sensing system, commercialisation of the final FBG device for a specific application has not been seen noticeable progress in the past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anup M. Upadhyaya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology (ASET), Amity University, Noida, Lucknow, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
- Network and Communication Technology Lab, Center for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - S. Abdel-Khalek
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosilah Hassan
- Network and Communication Technology Lab, Center for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Maneesh C. Srivastava
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology (ASET), Amity University, Noida, Lucknow, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
| | - Preeta Sharan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
| | - Shayla Islam
- Institute of Computer Science and Digital Innovation, University College Sedaya International (UCSI) University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asma Mohammed Elbashir Saad
- Department of Physics College of Science and Humanities in AL-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AL-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nguyen Vo
- Department of Information Technology, Victorian Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krej M, Osuch T, Anuszkiewicz A, Stopinski S, Anders K, Matuk K, Weigl A, Tarasow E, Piramidowicz R, Dziuda L. Deep learning-based method for the continuous detection of heart rate in signals from a multi-fiber Bragg grating sensor compatible with magnetic resonance imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7790-7806. [PMID: 35003867 PMCID: PMC8713690 DOI: 10.1364/boe.441932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for the continuous detection of heart rate (HR) in signals acquired from patients using a sensor mat comprising a nine-element array of fiber Bragg gratings during routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures is proposed. The method is based on a deep learning neural network model, which learned from signals acquired from 153 MRI patients. In addition, signals from 343 MRI patients were used for result verification. The proposed method provides automatic continuous extraction of HR with the root mean square error of 2.67 bpm, and the limits of agreement were -4.98-5.45 bpm relative to the reference HR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Krej
- Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Krasinskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Osuch
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
- National Institute of Telecommunications, Szachowa 1, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Anuszkiewicz
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
- Lukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Photonic Materials Group, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Stopinski
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anders
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Matuk
- TMS Diagnostyka Sp. z o.o., Wiertnicza 84, 02-952 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Weigl
- TMS Diagnostyka Sp. z o.o., Wiertnicza 84, 02-952 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz Tarasow
- TMS Diagnostyka Sp. z o.o., Wiertnicza 84, 02-952 Warsaw, Poland
- Medical University of Bialystok, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Piramidowicz
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Dziuda
- Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Krasinskiego 54/56, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
In-fiber interferometric-based sensors are a rapidly growing field, as these sensors exhibit many desirable characteristics compared to their regular fiber-optic counterparts and are being implemented in many promising devices. These sensors have the capability to make extremely accurate measurements on a variety of physical or chemical quantities such as refractive index, temperature, pressure, curvature, concentration, etc. This article is a comprehensive overview of the different types of in-fiber interferometric sensors that presents and discusses recent developments in the field. Basic configurations, a brief approach of the operating principle and recent applications are introduced for each interferometric architecture, making it easy to compare them and select the most appropriate one for the application at hand.
Collapse
|
10
|
Assessing the Tidal Volume through Wearables: A Scoping Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124124. [PMID: 34208468 PMCID: PMC8233785 DOI: 10.3390/s21124124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of respiratory activity based on wearable devices is becoming an area of growing interest due to the wide range of available sensors. Accordingly, this scoping review aims to identify research evidence supporting the use of wearable devices to monitor the tidal volume during both daily activities and clinical settings. A screening of the literature (Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science) was carried out in December 2020 to collect studies: i. comparing one or more methodological approaches for the assessment of tidal volume with the outcome of a state-of-the-art measurement device (i.e., spirometry or optoelectronic plethysmography); ii. dealing with technological solutions designed to be exploited in wearable devices. From the initial 1031 documents, only 36 citations met the eligibility criteria. These studies highlighted that the tidal volume can be estimated by using different technologies ranging from IMUs to strain sensors (e.g., resistive, capacitive, inductive, electromagnetic, and optical) or acoustic sensors. Noticeably, the relative volumetric error of these solutions during quasi-static tasks (e.g., resting and sitting) is typically ≥10% but it deteriorates during dynamic motor tasks (e.g., walking). As such, additional efforts are required to improve the performance of these devices and to identify possible applications based on their accuracy and reliability.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ladrova M, Martinek R, Nedoma J, Hanzlikova P, Nelson MD, Kahankova R, Brablik J, Kolarik J. Monitoring and Synchronization of Cardiac and Respiratory Traces in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 15:200-221. [PMID: 33513108 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2021.3055550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of human vital signs, namely the cardiac cycle and respiratory excursions, is necessary during magnetic resonance imaging of the cardiovascular system and the abdominal cavity to achieve optimal image quality with minimized artifacts. This review summarizes techniques currently available in clinical practice, as well as methods under development, outlines the benefits and disadvantages of each approach, and offers some unique solutions for consideration.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang YL, Liu B, Pang YN, Liu J, Shi JL, Wan SP, He XD, Yuan J, Wu Q. Low-Cost Wearable Sensor Based on a D-Shaped Plastic Optical Fiber for Respiration Monitoring. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2021; 70:1-8. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1109/tim.2021.3075033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|