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Szulc U, Dąbrowska E, Pieczyński J, Białkowski P, Narkiewicz K, Schmieder RE, Harazny J. How to measure retinal microperfusion in patients with arterial hypertension. Blood Press 2020; 30:4-19. [PMID: 32969283 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2020.1823816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assessment and monitoring of changes in microcirculatory perfusion, perfusion dynamic, vessel structure and oxygenation is crucial in management of arterial hypertension. Constant search for non-invasive methods has led the clinical focus towards the vasculature of the retina, which offers a large opportunity to detect the early phase of the functional and structural changes in the arterial hypertension and can reflect changes in brain vasculature. We review all the available methods of retinal microcirculation measurements including angiography, oximetry, retinal vasculature assessment software, Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, Adaptive Optics and Scanning Laser Doppler Flowmetry and their application in clinical research. MATERIALS AND METHODS To further analyse the applicability of described methods in hypertension research we performed a systematic search of the PubMed electronic database (April 2020). In our analysis, we included 111 articles in which at least one of described methods was used for assessment of microcirculation of the retina in hypertensive individuals. RESULTS Up to this point, the methods most commonly published in studies of retinal microcirculation in arterial hypertension were Scanning Laser Doppler Flowmetry followed shortly by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and retinal vasculature assessment software. CONCLUSIONS While none of described methods enables the simultaneous measurement of all microcirculatory parameters, certain techniques are widely used in arterial hypertension research, while others gain popularity in screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Szulc
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Edyta Dąbrowska
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,First Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Pieczyński
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Białkowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roland E Schmieder
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Nephrology and Hypertensiology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joanna Harazny
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.,Clinical Research Center, Department of Nephrology and Hypertensiology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Soetikno BT, Shu X, Liu Q, Liu W, Chen S, Beckmann L, Fawzi AA, Zhang HF. Optical coherence tomography angiography of retinal vascular occlusions produced by imaging-guided laser photocoagulation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3571-3582. [PMID: 28856036 PMCID: PMC5560826 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Retinal vascular occlusive diseases represent a major form of vision loss worldwide. Rodent models of these diseases have traditionally relied upon a slit-lamp biomicroscope to help visualize the fundus and subsequently aid delivery of high-power laser shots to a target vessel. Here we describe a multimodal imaging system that can produce, image, and monitor retinal vascular occlusions in rodents. The system combines a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system for cross-sectional structural imaging and three-dimensional angiography, and a fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscope for Rose Bengal monitoring and high-power laser delivery to a target vessel. This multimodal system facilitates the precise production of occlusions in the branched retinal veins, central retinal vein, and branched retinal arteries. Additionally, changes in the retinal morphology and retinal vasculature can be longitudinally documented. With our device, retinal vascular occlusions can be easily and consistently created, which paves the way for futures studies on their pathophysiology and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Soetikno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiao Shu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lisa Beckmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Amani A. Fawzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Zhang P, Zam A, Jian Y, Wang X, Li Y, Lam KS, Burns ME, Sarunic MV, Pugh EN, Zawadzki RJ. In vivo wide-field multispectral scanning laser ophthalmoscopy-optical coherence tomography mouse retinal imager: longitudinal imaging of ganglion cells, microglia, and Müller glia, and mapping of the mouse retinal and choroidal vasculature. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:126005. [PMID: 26677070 PMCID: PMC4681314 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.126005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) provide complementary views of the retina, with the former collecting fluorescence data with good lateral but relatively low-axial resolution, and the latter collecting label-free backscattering data with comparable lateral but much higher axial resolution. To take maximal advantage of the information of both modalities in mouse retinal imaging, we have constructed a compact, four-channel, wide-field (∼50 deg) system that simultaneously acquires and automatically coregisters three channels of confocal SLO and Fourier domain OCT data. The scanner control system allows “zoomed” imaging of a region of interest identified in a wide-field image, providing efficient digital sampling and localization of cellular resolution features in longitudinal imaging of individual mice. The SLO is equipped with a “flip-in” spectrometer that enables spectral “fingerprinting” of fluorochromes. Segmentation of retina layers and en face display facilitate spatial comparison of OCT data with SLO fluorescence patterns. We demonstrate that the system can be used to image an individual retinal ganglion cell over many months, to simultaneously image microglia and Müller glia expressing different fluorochromes, to characterize the distinctive spatial distributions and clearance times of circulating fluorochromes with different molecular sizes, and to produce unequivocal images of the heretofore uncharacterized mouse choroidal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
| | - Azhar Zam
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
| | - Yifan Jian
- Simon Fraser University, School of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Xinlei Wang
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
| | - Yuanpei Li
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, California 95817, Unites States
| | - Kit S. Lam
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, California 95817, Unites States
| | - Marie E. Burns
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
- University of California Davis, UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, California 95817, Unites States
| | - Marinko V. Sarunic
- Simon Fraser University, School of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Edward N. Pugh
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
| | - Robert J. Zawadzki
- University of California Davis, Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC Davis RISE Eye-Pod Laboratory, 4320 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, Unites States
- University of California Davis, UC Davis Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, California 95817, Unites States
- Address all correspondence to: Robert J. Zawadzki, E-mail:
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Jiang M, Liu T, Liu X, Jiao S. Simultaneous optical coherence tomography and lipofuscin autofluorescence imaging of the retina with a single broadband light source at 480nm. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:4242-8. [PMID: 25574436 PMCID: PMC4285602 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.004242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We accomplished spectral domain optical coherence tomography and auto-fluorescence microscopy for imaging the retina with a single broadband light source centered at 480 nm. This technique is able to provide simultaneous structural imaging and lipofuscin molecular contrast of the retina. Since the two imaging modalities are provided by the same group of photons, their images are intrinsically registered. To test the capabilities of the technique we periodically imaged the retinas of the same rats for four weeks. The images successfully demonstrated lipofuscin accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium with aging. The experimental results showed that the dual-modal imaging system can be a potentially powerful tool in the study of age-related degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshan Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical Systems, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093,
China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, Florida, 33174,
USA
| | - Tan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, Florida, 33174,
USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, Florida, 33174,
USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, Florida, 33174,
USA
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Marques MJ, Bradu A, Podoleanu AG. Towards simultaneous Talbot bands based optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1428-1444. [PMID: 24877006 PMCID: PMC4026900 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a Talbot bands-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) system capable of producing longitudinal B-scan OCT images and en-face scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) images of the human retina in-vivo. The OCT channel employs a broadband optical source and a spectrometer. A gap is created between the sample and reference beams while on their way towards the spectrometer's dispersive element to create Talbot bands. The spatial separation of the two beams facilitates collection by an SLO channel of optical power originating exclusively from the retina, deprived from any contribution from the reference beam. Three different modes of operation are presented, constrained by the minimum integration time of the camera used in the spectrometer and by the galvo-scanners' scanning rate: (i) a simultaneous acquisition mode over the two channels, useful for small size imaging, that conserves the pixel-to-pixel correspondence between them; (ii) a hybrid sequential mode, where the system switches itself between the two regimes and (iii) a sequential "on-demand" mode, where the system can be used in either OCT or SLO regimes for as long as required. The two sequential modes present varying degrees of trade-off between pixel-to-pixel correspondence and independent full control of parameters within each channel. Images of the optic nerve and fovea regions obtained in the simultaneous (i) and in the hybrid sequential mode (ii) are presented.
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