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Cai Y, Thouvenin O, Grieve K, Mecê P. Influence of static and dynamic ocular aberrations on full-field optical coherence tomography for in vivo high-resolution retinal imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2209-2212. [PMID: 38691681 DOI: 10.1364/ol.515749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Under spatially incoherent illumination, time-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) offers the possibility to achieve in vivo retinal imaging at cellular resolution over a wide field of view. Such performance is possible, albeit there is the presence of ocular aberrations even without the use of classical adaptive optics. While the effect of aberrations in FFOCT has been debated these past years, mostly on low-order and static aberrations, we present, for the first time to our knowledge, a method enabling a quantitative study of the effect of statistically representative static and dynamic ocular aberrations on FFOCT image metrics, such as SNR, resolution, and image similarity. While we show that ocular aberrations can decrease FFOCT SNR and resolution by up to 14 dB and fivefold, we take advantage of such quantification to discuss different possible compromises between performance gain and adaptive optics complexity and speed, to optimize both sensor-based and sensorless FFOCT high-resolution retinal imaging.
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2
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Mazlin V. Optical tomography in a single camera frame using fringe-encoded deep-learning full-field OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:222-236. [PMID: 38223177 PMCID: PMC10783898 DOI: 10.1364/boe.506664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography is a valuable tool for in vivo examination thanks to its superior combination of axial resolution, field-of-view and working distance. OCT images are reconstructed from several phases that are obtained by modulation/multiplexing of light wavelength or optical path. This paper shows that only one phase (and one camera frame) is sufficient for en face tomography. The idea is to encode a high-frequency fringe patterns into the selected layer of the sample using low-coherence interferometry. These patterns can then be efficiently extracted with a high-pass filter enhanced via deep learning networks to create the tomographic full-field OCT view. This brings 10-fold improvement in imaging speed, considerably reducing the phase errors and incoherent light artifacts related to in vivo movements. Moreover, this work opens a path for low-cost tomography with slow consumer cameras. Optically, the device resembles the conventional time-domain full-field OCT without incurring additional costs or a field-of-view/resolution reduction. The approach is validated by imaging in vivo cornea in human subjects. Open-source and easy-to-follow codes for data generation/training/inference with U-Net/Pix2Pix networks are provided to be used in a variety of image-to-image translation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Mazlin
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, 28 Rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France
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3
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Zhang J, Mazlin V, Fei K, Boccara AC, Yuan J, Xiao P. Time-domain full-field optical coherence tomography (TD-FF-OCT) in ophthalmic imaging. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231170146. [PMID: 37152350 PMCID: PMC10161339 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231170146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular imaging plays an irreplaceable role in the evaluation of eye diseases. Developing cellular-resolution ophthalmic imaging technique for more accurate and effective diagnosis and pathogenesis analysis of ocular diseases is a hot topic in the cross-cutting areas of ophthalmology and imaging. Currently, ocular imaging with traditional optical coherence tomography (OCT) is limited in lateral resolution and thus can hardly resolve cellular structures. Conventional OCT technology obtains ultra-high resolution at the expense of a certain imaging range and cannot achieve full field of view imaging. In the early years, Time-domain full-field OCT (TD-FF-OCT) has been mainly used for ex vivo ophthalmic tissue studies, limited by the low speed and low full-well capacity of existing two-dimensional (2D) cameras. The recent improvements in system design opened new imaging possibilities for in vivo applications thanks to its distinctive optical properties of TD-FF-OCT such as a spatial resolution almost insensitive to aberrations, and the possibility to control the curvature of the optical slice. This review also attempts to look at the future directions of TD-FF-OCT evolution, for example, the potential transfer of the functional-imaging dynamic TD-FF-OCT from the ex vivo into in vivo use and its expected benefit in basic and clinical ophthalmic research. Through non-invasive, wide-field, and cellular-resolution imaging, TD-FF-OCT has great potential to be the next-generation imaging modality to improve our understanding of human eye physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Viacheslav Mazlin
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Langevin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Keyi Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jinsui Road 7, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jinsui Road 7, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
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4
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Cai Y, Grieve K, Mecê P. Characterization and Analysis of Retinal Axial Motion at High Spatiotemporal Resolution and Its Implication for Real-Time Correction in Human Retinal Imaging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:868217. [PMID: 35903318 PMCID: PMC9320321 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.868217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution ophthalmic imaging devices including spectral-domain and full-field optical coherence tomography (SDOCT and FFOCT) are adversely affected by the presence of continuous involuntary retinal axial motion. Here, we thoroughly quantify and characterize retinal axial motion with both high temporal resolution (200,000 A-scans/s) and high axial resolution (4.5 μm), recorded over a typical data acquisition duration of 3 s with an SDOCT device over 14 subjects. We demonstrate that although breath-holding can help decrease large-and-slow drifts, it increases small-and-fast fluctuations, which is not ideal when motion compensation is desired. Finally, by simulating the action of an axial motion stabilization control loop, we show that a loop rate of 1.2 kHz is ideal to achieve 100% robust clinical in-vivo retinal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cai
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Mecê
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau, France
- *Correspondence: Pedro Mecê
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5
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Alexopoulos P, Madu C, Wollstein G, Schuman JS. The Development and Clinical Application of Innovative Optical Ophthalmic Imaging Techniques. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:891369. [PMID: 35847772 PMCID: PMC9279625 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.891369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of ophthalmic imaging has grown substantially over the last years. Massive improvements in image processing and computer hardware have allowed the emergence of multiple imaging techniques of the eye that can transform patient care. The purpose of this review is to describe the most recent advances in eye imaging and explain how new technologies and imaging methods can be utilized in a clinical setting. The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) was a revolution in eye imaging and has since become the standard of care for a plethora of conditions. Its most recent iterations, OCT angiography, and visible light OCT, as well as imaging modalities, such as fluorescent lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy, would allow a more thorough evaluation of patients and provide additional information on disease processes. Toward that goal, the application of adaptive optics (AO) and full-field scanning to a variety of eye imaging techniques has further allowed the histologic study of single cells in the retina and anterior segment. Toward the goal of remote eye care and more accessible eye imaging, methods such as handheld OCT devices and imaging through smartphones, have emerged. Finally, incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) in eye images has the potential to become a new milestone for eye imaging while also contributing in social aspects of eye care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaiologos Alexopoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chisom Madu
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts & Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts & Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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6
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Wang L, Fu R, Xu C, Xu M. Methods and applications of full-field optical coherence tomography: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220007VR. [PMID: 35596250 PMCID: PMC9122094 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.5.050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) enables en face views of scattering samples at a given depth with subcellular resolution, similar to biopsy without the need of sample slicing or other complex preparation. This noninvasive, high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) imaging method has the potential to become a powerful tool in biomedical research, clinical applications, and other microscopic detection. AIM Our review provides an overview of the disruptive innovations and key technologies to further improve FF-OCT performance, promoting FF-OCT technology in biomedical and other application scenarios. APPROACH A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art accomplishments in OCT has been performed. Methods to improve performance of FF-OCT systems are reviewed, including advanced phase-shift approaches for imaging speed improvement, methods of denoising, artifact reduction, and aberration correction for imaging quality optimization, innovations for imaging flux expansion (field-of-view enlargement and imaging-depth-limit extension), new implementations for multimodality systems, and deep learning enhanced FF-OCT for information mining, etc. Finally, we summarize the application status and prospects of FF-OCT in the fields of biomedicine, materials science, security, and identification. RESULTS The most worth-expecting FF-OCT innovations include combining the technique of spatial modulation of optical field and computational optical imaging technology to obtain greater penetration depth, as well as exploiting endogenous contrast for functional imaging, e.g., dynamic FF-OCT, which enables noninvasive visualization of tissue dynamic properties or intracellular motility. Different dynamic imaging algorithms are compared using the same OCT data of the colorectal cancer organoid, which helps to understand the disadvantages and advantages of each. In addition, deep learning enhanced FF-OCT provides more valuable characteristic information, which is of great significance for auxiliary diagnosis and organoid detection. CONCLUSIONS FF-OCT has not been completely exploited and has substantial growth potential. By elaborating the key technologies, performance optimization methods, and application status of FF-OCT, we expect to accelerate the development of FF-OCT in both academic and industry fields. This renewed perspective on FF-OCT may also serve as a road map for future development of invasive 3D super-resolution imaging techniques to solve the problems of microscopic visualization detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Biological of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongzhen Fu
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingen Xu
- Hangzhou DianZi University, School of Automation, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Biological of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Krafft L, Gofas-Salas E, Lai-Tim Y, Paques M, Mugnier L, Thouvenin O, Mecê P, Meimon S. Partial-field illumination ophthalmoscope: improving the contrast of a camera-based retinal imager. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:9951-9956. [PMID: 34807185 DOI: 10.1364/ao.428048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective and accurate in vivo diagnosis of retinal pathologies requires high performance imaging devices, combining a large field of view and the ability to discriminate the ballistic signal from the diffuse background in order to provide a highly contrasted image of the retinal structures. Here, we have implemented the partial-field illumination ophthalmoscope, a patterned illumination modality, integrated to a high pixel rate adaptive optics full-field microscope. This non-invasive technique enables us to mitigate the low signal-to-noise ratio, intrinsic of full-field ophthalmoscopes, by partially illuminating the retina with complementary patterns to reconstruct a wide-field image. This new, to the best of our knowledge, modality provides an image contrast spanning from the full-field to the confocal contrast, depending on the pattern size. As a result, it offers various trade-offs in terms of contrast and acquisition speed, guiding the users towards the most efficient system for a particular clinical application.
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Münter M, Pieper M, Kohlfaerber T, Bodenstorfer E, Ahrens M, Winter C, Huber R, König P, Hüttmann G, Schulz-Hildebrandt H. Microscopic optical coherence tomography (mOCT) at 600 kHz for 4D volumetric imaging and dynamic contrast. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6024-6039. [PMID: 34745719 PMCID: PMC8547980 DOI: 10.1364/boe.425001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric imaging of dynamic processes with microscopic resolution holds a huge potential in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. Using supercontinuum light sources and high numerical aperture (NA) objectives, optical coherence tomography (OCT) achieves microscopic resolution and is well suited for imaging cellular and subcellular structures of biological tissues. Currently, the imaging speed of microscopic OCT (mOCT) is limited by the line-scan rate of the spectrometer camera and ranges from 30 to 250 kHz. This is not fast enough for volumetric imaging of dynamic processes in vivo and limits endoscopic application. Using a novel CMOS camera, we demonstrate fast 3-dimensional OCT imaging with 600,000 A-scans/s at 1.8 µm axial and 1.1 µm lateral resolution. The improved speed is used for imaging of ciliary motion and particle transport in ex vivo mouse trachea. Furthermore, we demonstrate dynamic contrast OCT by evaluating the recorded volumes rather than en face planes or B-scans. High-speed volumetric mOCT will enable the correction of global tissue motion and is a prerequisite for applying dynamic contrast mOCT in vivo. With further increase in imaging speed and integration in flexible endoscopes, volumetric mOCT may be used to complement or partly replace biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Münter
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mario Pieper
- University of
Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160,
23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Kohlfaerber
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ernst Bodenstorfer
- Austrian Institute of
Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Ahrens
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | | | - Robert Huber
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter König
- University of
Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160,
23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
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9
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Leitgeb R, Placzek F, Rank E, Krainz L, Haindl R, Li Q, Liu M, Andreana M, Unterhuber A, Schmoll T, Drexler W. Enhanced medical diagnosis for dOCTors: a perspective of optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210150-PER. [PMID: 34672145 PMCID: PMC8528212 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.10.100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE After three decades, more than 75,000 publications, tens of companies being involved in its commercialization, and a global market perspective of about USD 1.5 billion in 2023, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become one of the fastest successfully translated imaging techniques with substantial clinical and economic impacts and acceptance. AIM Our perspective focuses on disruptive forward-looking innovations and key technologies to further boost OCT performance and therefore enable significantly enhanced medical diagnosis. APPROACH A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art accomplishments in OCT has been performed. RESULTS The most disruptive future OCT innovations include imaging resolution and speed (single-beam raster scanning versus parallelization) improvement, new implementations for dual modality or even multimodality systems, and using endogenous or exogenous contrast in these hybrid OCT systems targeting molecular and metabolic imaging. Aside from OCT angiography, no other functional or contrast enhancing OCT extension has accomplished comparable clinical and commercial impacts. Some more recently developed extensions, e.g., optical coherence elastography, dynamic contrast OCT, optoretinography, and artificial intelligence enhanced OCT are also considered with high potential for the future. In addition, OCT miniaturization for portable, compact, handheld, and/or cost-effective capsule-based OCT applications, home-OCT, and self-OCT systems based on micro-optic assemblies or photonic integrated circuits will revolutionize new applications and availability in the near future. Finally, clinical translation of OCT including medical device regulatory challenges will continue to be absolutely essential. CONCLUSIONS With its exquisite non-invasive, micrometer resolution depth sectioning capability, OCT has especially revolutionized ophthalmic diagnosis and hence is the fastest adopted imaging technology in the history of ophthalmology. Nonetheless, OCT has not been completely exploited and has substantial growth potential-in academics as well as in industry. This applies not only to the ophthalmic application field, but also especially to the original motivation of OCT to enable optical biopsy, i.e., the in situ imaging of tissue microstructure with a resolution approaching that of histology but without the need for tissue excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Leitgeb
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory OPTRAMED, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Placzek
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabet Rank
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Krainz
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Haindl
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qian Li
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Andreana
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Unterhuber
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tilman Schmoll
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, California, United States
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Address all correspondence to Wolfgang Drexler,
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Barolle V, Scholler J, Mecê P, Chassot JM, Groux K, Fink M, Claude Boccara A, Aubry A. Manifestation of aberrations in full-field optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:22044-22065. [PMID: 34265978 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on a theoretical model for image formation in full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT). Because the spatial incoherence of the illumination acts as a virtual confocal pinhole in FFOCT, its imaging performance is equivalent to a scanning time-gated coherent confocal microscope. In agreement with optical experiments enabling a precise control of aberrations, FFOCT is shown to have nearly twice the resolution of standard imaging at moderate aberration level. Beyond a rigorous study on the sensitivity of FFOCT with respect to aberrations, this theoretical model paves the way towards an optimized design of adaptive optics and computational tools for high-resolution and deep imaging of biological tissues.
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11
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Scholler J, Groux K, Grieve K, Boccara C, Mecê P. Adaptive-glasses time-domain FFOCT for wide-field high-resolution retinal imaging with increased SNR. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5901-5904. [PMID: 33137028 DOI: 10.1364/ol.403135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The highest three-dimensional (3D) resolution possible in in vivo retinal imaging is achieved by combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and adaptive optics. However, this combination brings important limitations, such as small field-of-view and complex, cumbersome systems, preventing so far the translation of this technology from the research lab to clinics. In this Letter, we mitigate these limitations by combining our compact time-domain full-field OCT (FFOCT) with a multi-actuator adaptive lens positioned just in front of the eye, in a technique we call the adaptive-glasses wavefront sensorless approach. Through this approach, we demonstrate that ocular aberrations can be corrected, increasing the FFOCT signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and enabling imaging of different retinal layers with a 3D cellular resolution over a 5∘×5∘ field-of-view, without apparent anisoplanatism.
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