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Bowd C, Belghith A, Rezapour J, Jonas JB, Hyman L, Weinreb RN, Zangwill LM. Wide-Field Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Improves Rate of Change Detection in Progressing Glaucomatous Eyes Compared With Standard-Field Imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:18. [PMID: 38980269 PMCID: PMC11235143 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.8.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare rates of retinal nerve fiber layer change over time in healthy, eyes with nonprogressing glaucoma and eyes with progressing glaucoma using single wide-field (SWF) and optic nerve head (ONH) cube scan optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Methods Forty-five eyes of 25 healthy individuals and 263 eyes of 161 glaucoma patients from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study were included. All eyes underwent 24-2 visual field testing and OCT (Spectralis SD-OCT) ONH and macular imaging. SWF images (up to 43° × 28°) were created by stitching together ONH cube scans centered on the optic disc and macular cube scans centered on the fovea. Visual field progression was defined as guided progression analysis likely progression and/or a significant (P < 0.01) mean deviation slope of less than -1.0 dB/year. Mixed effects models were used to compare rates of change. Highly myopic eyes were included. Results Thirty glaucomatous eyes were classified as progressing. In eyes with glaucoma, mean global rate of change was -1.22 µm/year (P < 0.001) using SWF images and -0.83 µm/year (P = 0.003) using ONH cube scans. Rate of change was significantly greater in eyes with progressing glaucoma compared with eyes with nonprogressing glaucoma (-1.51 µm/year vs. -1.24 µm/year; P = 0.002) using SWF images and was similar using ONH cube scans (P = 0.27). Conclusions In this cohort that includes eyes with and without high axial myopia, the mean rate of retinal nerve fiber layer thinning measured using SWF images was faster in eyes with progressing glaucoma than in eyes with nonprogressing glaucoma. Wide-field OCT images including the ONH and macula can be effective for monitoring glaucomatous progression in patients with and without high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bowd
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Akram Belghith
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jasmin Rezapour
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology IOB Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie Hyman
- Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Robert N. Weinreb
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Linda M. Zangwill
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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2
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Wijesinghe RE, Kahatapitiya NS, Lee C, Han S, Kim S, Saleah SA, Seong D, Silva BN, Wijenayake U, Ravichandran NK, Jeon M, Kim J. Growing Trend to Adopt Speckle Variance Optical Coherence Tomography for Biological Tissue Assessments in Pre-Clinical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:564. [PMID: 38793137 PMCID: PMC11122893 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Speckle patterns are a generic feature in coherent imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT). Although speckles are granular like noise texture, which degrades the image, they carry information that can be benefited by processing and thereby furnishing crucial information of sample structures, which can serve to provide significant important structural details of samples in in vivo longitudinal pre-clinical monitoring and assessments. Since the motions of tissue molecules are indicated through speckle patterns, speckle variance OCT (SV-OCT) can be well-utilized for quantitative assessments of speckle variance (SV) in biological tissues. SV-OCT has been acknowledged as a promising method for mapping microvasculature in transverse-directional blood vessels with high resolution in micrometers in both the transverse and depth directions. The fundamental scope of this article reviews the state-of-the-art and clinical benefits of SV-OCT to assess biological tissues for pre-clinical applications. In particular, focus on precise quantifications of in vivo vascular response, therapy assessments, and real-time temporal vascular effects of SV-OCT are primarily emphasized. Finally, SV-OCT-incorporating pre-clinical techniques with high potential are presented for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchire Eranga Wijesinghe
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka;
- Center for Excellence in Intelligent Informatics, Electronics & Transmission (CIET), Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka
| | - Nipun Shantha Kahatapitiya
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (N.S.K.); (U.W.)
| | - Changho Lee
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hwasun Hospital, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeob Han
- ICT Convergence Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinheon Kim
- ICT Convergence Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sm Abu Saleah
- ICT Convergence Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewoon Seong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhagya Nathali Silva
- Center for Excellence in Intelligent Informatics, Electronics & Transmission (CIET), Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Computing, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka
| | - Udaya Wijenayake
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (N.S.K.); (U.W.)
| | - Naresh Kumar Ravichandran
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansik Jeon
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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3
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Li X, Huang Y, Hao Q. Automated robot-assisted wide-field optical coherence tomography using structured light camera. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4310-4325. [PMID: 37799682 PMCID: PMC10549741 DOI: 10.1364/boe.496710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising real-time and non-invasive imaging technology widely utilized in biomedical and material inspection domains. However, limited field of view (FOV) in conventional OCT systems hampers their broader applicability. Here, we propose an automated system integrating a structured light camera and robotic arm for large-area OCT scanning. The system precisely detects tissue contours, automates scan path generation, and enables accurate scanning of expansive sample areas. The proposed system consists of a robotic arm, a three-dimensional (3D) structured light camera, and a customized portable OCT probe. The 3D structured light camera is employed to generate a precise 3D point cloud of the sample surface, enabling automatic planning of the scanning path for the robotic arm. Meanwhile, the OCT probe is mounted on the robotic arm, facilitating scanning of the sample along the predetermined path. Continuous OCT B-scans are acquired during the scanning process, facilitating the generation of high-resolution and large-area 3D OCT reconstructions of the sample. We conducted position error tests and presented examples of 3D macroscopic imaging of different samples, such as ex vivo kidney, skin and leaf blade. The robotic arm can accurately reach the planned positions with an average absolute error of approximately 0.16 mm. The findings demonstrate that the proposed system enables the acquisition of 3D OCT images covering an area exceeding 20 cm2, indicating wide-ranging potential for utilization in diverse domains such as biomedical, industrial, and agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Li
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong Huang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qun Hao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
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4
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Rivas-Villar D, Motschi AR, Pircher M, Hitzenberger CK, Schranz M, Roberts PK, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Bogunović H. Automated inter-device 3D OCT image registration using deep learning and retinal layer segmentation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3726-3747. [PMID: 37497506 PMCID: PMC10368062 DOI: 10.1364/boe.493047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the most widely used imaging modality in ophthalmology. There are multiple variations of OCT imaging capable of producing complementary information. Thus, registering these complementary volumes is desirable in order to combine their information. In this work, we propose a novel automated pipeline to register OCT images produced by different devices. This pipeline is based on two steps: a multi-modal 2D en-face registration based on deep learning, and a Z-axis (axial axis) registration based on the retinal layer segmentation. We evaluate our method using data from a Heidelberg Spectralis and an experimental PS-OCT device. The empirical results demonstrated high-quality registrations, with mean errors of approximately 46 µm for the 2D registration and 9.59 µm for the Z-axis registration. These registrations may help in multiple clinical applications such as the validation of layer segmentations among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rivas-Villar
- Centro de investigacion CITIC, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo VARPA, Instituto de Investigacion Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alice R Motschi
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K Hitzenberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schranz
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp K Roberts
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Bogunović
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Christian Doppler Lab for Artificial Intelligence in Retina, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Motschi AR, Schwarzhans F, Desissaire S, Steiner S, Bogunović H, Roberts PK, Vass C, Hitzenberger CK, Pircher M. Characteristics of Henle's fiber layer in healthy and glaucoma eyes assessed by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:2709-2725. [PMID: 37342719 PMCID: PMC10278601 DOI: 10.1364/boe.485327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Using conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT), it is difficult to image Henle fibers (HF) due to their low backscattering potential. However, fibrous structures exhibit form birefringence, which can be exploited to visualize the presence of HF by polarization-sensitive (PS) OCT. We found a slight asymmetry in the retardation pattern of HF in the fovea region that can be associated with the asymmetric decrease of cone density with eccentricity from the fovea. We introduce a new measure based on a PS-OCT assessment of optic axis orientation to estimate the presence of HF at various eccentricities from the fovea in a large cohort of 150 healthy subjects. By comparing a healthy age-matched sub-group (N = 87) to a cohort of 64 early-stage glaucoma patients, we found no significant difference in HF extension but a slightly decreased retardation at about 2° to 7.5° eccentricity from the fovea in the glaucoma patients. This potentially indicates that glaucoma affects this neuronal tissue at an early state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R. Motschi
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Schwarzhans
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Desissaire
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Steiner
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Bogunović
- Medical University of Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Retina, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp K. Roberts
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Vass
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Liu H, Li X, Bamba AL, Song X, Brott BC, Litovsky SH, Gan Y. Toward reliable calcification detection: calibration of uncertainty in object detection from coronary optical coherence tomography images. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:036008. [PMID: 36992694 PMCID: PMC10042069 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.3.036008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become increasingly essential in assisting the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, unidentified calcified regions within a narrowed artery could impair the outcome of the treatment. Fast and objective identification is paramount to automatically procuring accurate readings on calcifications within the artery. AIM We aim to rapidly identify calcification in coronary OCT images using a bounding box and reduce the prediction bias in automated prediction models. APPROACH We first adopt a deep learning-based object detection model to rapidly draw the calcified region from coronary OCT images using a bounding box. We measure the uncertainty of predictions based on the expected calibration errors, thus assessing the certainty level of detection results. To calibrate confidence scores of predictions, we implement dependent logistic calibration using each detection result's confidence and center coordinates. RESULTS We implemented an object detection module to draw the boundary of the calcified region at a rate of 140 frames per second. With the calibrated confidence score of each prediction, we lower the uncertainty of predictions in calcification detection and eliminate the estimation bias from various object detection methods. The calibrated confidence of prediction results in a confidence error of ∼ 0.13 , suggesting that the confidence calibration on calcification detection could provide a more trustworthy result. CONCLUSIONS Given the rapid detection and effective calibration of the proposed work, we expect that it can assist in clinical evaluation of treating the CAD during the imaging-guided procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Liu
- Stevens Institute of Technology, Biomedical Engineering Department, Hoboken, New Jersey, United States
| | - Xueshen Li
- Stevens Institute of Technology, Biomedical Engineering Department, Hoboken, New Jersey, United States
| | - Abdul Latif Bamba
- Columbia University, Department of Electrical Engineering, New York, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Brigitta C. Brott
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Silvio H. Litovsky
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Yu Gan
- Stevens Institute of Technology, Biomedical Engineering Department, Hoboken, New Jersey, United States
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7
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Motschi AR, Schwarzhans F, Desissaire S, Steiner S, Bogunović H, Roberts PK, Vass C, Hitzenberger CK, Pircher M. Quantitative assessment of depolarization by the retinal pigment epithelium in healthy and glaucoma subjects measured over a large field of view. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278679. [PMID: 36512582 PMCID: PMC9746957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present measurements of depolarization introduced by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) over a 45° field of view using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography. A detailed spatial distribution analysis of depolarization caused by the RPE is presented in a total of 153 subjects including both healthy and diseased eyes. Age and sex related differences in the depolarizing character of the RPE are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R. Motschi
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Schwarzhans
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Desissaire
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Steiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Bogunović
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Retina, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp K. Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Vass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Steiner S, Schwarzhans F, Desissaire S, Resch H, Fischer G, Pircher M, Hitzenberger CK, Vass C. Birefringent Properties of the Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Healthy and Glaucoma Subjects Analyzed by Polarization-Sensitive OCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:8. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.12.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Steiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Schwarzhans
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Desissaire
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hemma Resch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Fischer
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Vass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Makita S, Azuma S, Mino T, Yamaguchi T, Miura M, Yasuno Y. Extending field-of-view of retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography using convolutional Lissajous and slow scan patterns. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5212-5230. [PMID: 36425618 PMCID: PMC9664899 DOI: 10.1364/boe.467563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-speed non-invasive cross-sectional imaging technique. Although its imaging speed is high, three-dimensional high-spatial-sampling-density imaging of in vivo tissues with a wide field-of-view (FOV) is challenging. We employed convolved Lissajous and slow circular scanning patterns to extend the FOV of retinal OCT imaging with a 1-µm, 100-kHz-sweep-rate swept-source OCT prototype system. Displacements of sampling points due to eye movements are corrected by post-processing based on a Lissajous scan. Wide FOV three-dimensional retinal imaging with high sampling density and motion correction is achieved. Three-dimensional structures obtained using repeated imaging sessions of a healthy volunteer and two patients showed good agreement. The demonstrated technique will extend the FOV of simple point-scanning OCT, such as commercial ophthalmic OCT devices, without sacrificing sampling density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group,
University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Azuma
- Topcon Corporation, 75–1 Hasunumacho, Itabashi, Tokyo 174–8580, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mino
- Topcon Corporation, 75–1 Hasunumacho, Itabashi, Tokyo 174–8580, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yamaguchi
- Topcon Corporation, 75–1 Hasunumacho, Itabashi, Tokyo 174–8580, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3–20–1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300–0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group,
University of Tsukuba, 1–1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8573, Japan
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10
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Alexopoulos P, Madu C, Wollstein G, Schuman JS. The Development and Clinical Application of Innovative Optical Ophthalmic Imaging Techniques. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:891369. [PMID: 35847772 PMCID: PMC9279625 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.891369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of ophthalmic imaging has grown substantially over the last years. Massive improvements in image processing and computer hardware have allowed the emergence of multiple imaging techniques of the eye that can transform patient care. The purpose of this review is to describe the most recent advances in eye imaging and explain how new technologies and imaging methods can be utilized in a clinical setting. The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) was a revolution in eye imaging and has since become the standard of care for a plethora of conditions. Its most recent iterations, OCT angiography, and visible light OCT, as well as imaging modalities, such as fluorescent lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy, would allow a more thorough evaluation of patients and provide additional information on disease processes. Toward that goal, the application of adaptive optics (AO) and full-field scanning to a variety of eye imaging techniques has further allowed the histologic study of single cells in the retina and anterior segment. Toward the goal of remote eye care and more accessible eye imaging, methods such as handheld OCT devices and imaging through smartphones, have emerged. Finally, incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) in eye images has the potential to become a new milestone for eye imaging while also contributing in social aspects of eye care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaiologos Alexopoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chisom Madu
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts & Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts & Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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11
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Schwarzhans F, Desissaire S, Steiner S, Pircher M, Hitzenberger CK, Resch H, Vass C, Fischer G. Automatic retinal nerve fiber bundle tracing based on large field of view polarization sensitive OCT data. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:65-81. [PMID: 35154854 PMCID: PMC8803019 DOI: 10.1364/boe.443958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A technique to accurately estimate trajectories of retinal nerve fiber bundles (RNFB) in a large field of view (FOV) image covering 45° is described. The method utilizes stitched projections of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) data, as well as a mathematical model of average RNFB trajectories as prior. The fully automatic process was applied to data recorded in healthy subjects and glaucoma patients and automatically detected individual RNFB trajectories are compared to manual traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schwarzhans
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Sylvia Desissaire
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Stefan Steiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Hemma Resch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Clemens Vass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Georg Fischer
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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12
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Ortiz P, Draelos M, Viehland C, Qian R, McNabb RP, Kuo AN, Izatt JA. Robotically aligned optical coherence tomography with 5 degree of freedom eye tracking for subject motion and gaze compensation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7361-7376. [PMID: 35003839 PMCID: PMC8713666 DOI: 10.1364/boe.443537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized diagnostics in ophthalmology. However, OCT requires a trained operator and patient cooperation to carefully align a scanner with the subject's eye and orient it in such a way that it images a desired region of interest at the retina. With the goal of automating this process of orienting and aligning the scanner, we developed a robot-mounted OCT scanner that automatically aligned with the pupil while matching its optical axis with the target region of interest at the retina. The system used two 3D cameras for face tracking and three high-resolution 2D cameras for pupil and gaze tracking. The tracking software identified 5 degrees of freedom for robot alignment and ray aiming through the ocular pupil: 3 degrees of translation (x, y, z) and 2 degrees of orientation (yaw, pitch). We evaluated the accuracy, precision, and range of our tracking system and demonstrated imaging performance on free-standing human subjects. Our results demonstrate that the system stabilized images and that the addition of gaze tracking and aiming allowed for region-of-interest specific alignment at any gaze orientation within a 28° range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mark Draelos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Christian Viehland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ruobing Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ryan P. McNabb
- Department of Ophthalmology,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anthony N. Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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13
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Desissaire S, Schwarzhans F, Steiner S, Vass C, Fischer G, Pircher M, Hitzenberger CK. Temporal phase evolution OCT for measurement of tissue deformation in the human retina in-vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7092-7112. [PMID: 34858702 PMCID: PMC8606136 DOI: 10.1364/boe.440893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of temporal phase evolution (TPE-) OCT methods to evaluate retinal tissue deformation in-vivo over time periods of several seconds. A custom built spectral domain (SD)-OCT system with an integrated retinal tracker, ensuring stable imaging with sub-speckle precision, was used for imaging. TPE-OCT measures and images phase differences between an initial reference B-scan and each of the subsequent B-scans of the evaluated temporal sequence. In order to demonstrate the precision and repeatability of the measurements, retinal nerve fiber (RNF) tissue deformations induced by retinal vessels pulsating with the heartbeat were analyzed in several healthy subjects. We show TPE maps (M-scans of phase evolution as a function of position along B-scan trace vs. time) of wrapped phase data and corresponding deformation maps in selected regions of the RNF layer (RNFL) over the course of several cardiac cycles. A reproducible phase pattern is seen at each heartbeat cycle for all imaged volunteers. RNF tissue deformations near arteries and veins up to ∼ 1.6 µm were obtained with an average precision for a single pixel of about 30 nm. Differences of motion induced by arteries and veins are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Desissaire
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical
Engineering, Medical University of Vienna,
Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Florian Schwarzhans
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics
and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of
Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Stefan Steiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry,
Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090,
Austria
| | - Clemens Vass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry,
Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090,
Austria
| | - Georg Fischer
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics
and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of
Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical
Engineering, Medical University of Vienna,
Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical
Engineering, Medical University of Vienna,
Vienna, 1090, Austria
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14
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Motschi AR, Roberts PK, Desissaire S, Schranz M, Schwarzhans F, Bogunović H, Pircher M, Hitzenberger CK. Identification and quantification of fibrotic areas in the human retina using polarization-sensitive OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4380-4400. [PMID: 34457420 PMCID: PMC8367236 DOI: 10.1364/boe.426650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Subretinal fibrosis is one of the most prevalent causes of blindness in the elderly population, but a true gold standard to objectively diagnose fibrosis is still lacking. Since fibrotic tissue is birefringent, it can be detected by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). We present a new algorithm to automatically detect, segment, and quantify fibrotic lesions within 3D data sets recorded by PS-OCT. The algorithm first compensates for the birefringence of anterior ocular tissues and then uses the uniformity of the birefringent optic axis as an indicator to identify fibrotic tissue, which is then segmented and quantified. The algorithm was applied to 3D volumes recorded in 57 eyes of 57 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration using a spectral domain PS-OCT system. The results of fibrosis detection were compared to the clinical diagnosis based on color fundus photography (CFP), and the precision of fibrotic area measurement was assessed by three repeated measurements in a sub-set of 15 eyes. The average standard deviation of the fibrotic area obtained in eyes with a lesion area > 0.7 mm2 was 15%. Fibrosis detection by CFP and PS-OCT agreed in 48 cases, discrepancies were only observed in cases of lesion area < 0.7 mm2. These remaining discrepancies are discussed, and a new method to treat ambiguous cases is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R. Motschi
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp K. Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Desissaire
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schranz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Schwarzhans
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Bogunović
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Ringel MJ, Tang EM, Tao YK. Advances in multimodal imaging in ophthalmology. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211002400. [PMID: 35187398 PMCID: PMC8855415 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211002400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodality ophthalmic imaging systems aim to enhance the contrast, resolution, and functionality of existing technologies to improve disease diagnostics and therapeutic guidance. These systems include advanced acquisition and post-processing methods using optical coherence tomography (OCT), combined scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and OCT systems, adaptive optics, surgical guidance, and photoacoustic technologies. Here, we provide an overview of these ophthalmic imaging systems and their clinical and basic science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Ringel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric M. Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuankai K. Tao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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