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Kilic U, Hilfiker M, Wimer S, Ruder A, Schubert E, Schubert M, Argyropoulos C. Controlling the broadband enhanced light chirality with L-shaped dielectric metamaterials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3757. [PMID: 38704375 PMCID: PMC11069550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The inherently weak chiroptical responses of natural materials limit their usage for controlling and enhancing chiral light-matter interactions. Recently, several nanostructures with subwavelength scale dimensions were demonstrated, mainly due to the advent of nanofabrication technologies, as a potential alternative to efficiently enhance chirality. However, the intrinsic lossy nature of metals and the inherent narrowband response of dielectric planar thin films or metasurface structures pose severe limitations toward the practical realization of broadband and tailorable chiral systems. Here, we tackle these problems by designing all-dielectric silicon-based L-shaped optical metamaterials based on tilted nanopillars that exhibit broadband and enhanced chiroptical response in transmission operation. We use an emerging bottom-up fabrication approach, named glancing angle deposition, to assemble these dielectric metamaterials on a wafer scale. The reported strong chirality and optical anisotropic properties are controllable in terms of both amplitude and operating frequency by simply varying the shape and dimensions of the nanopillars. The presented nanostructures can be used in a plethora of emerging nanophotonic applications, such as chiral sensors, polarization filters, and spin-locked nanowaveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Kilic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Matthew Hilfiker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Onto Innovation Inc., Wilmington, MA, 01887, USA
| | - Shawn Wimer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Alexander Ruder
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Eva Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Mathias Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christos Argyropoulos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA.
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Chen Y, Chu J, Xin B, Qi J. Mechanical stability of polarization signatures in biological tissue characterization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:2652-2665. [PMID: 38633097 PMCID: PMC11019670 DOI: 10.1364/boe.518756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry (MMIP) is a promising technique for investigating structural abnormalities in pathological diagnosis. The characterization stability of polarization signatures, described by Mueller matrix parameters (MMPs), correlates with the mechanical state of the biological medium. In this study, we developed an MMIP system capable of applying quantitative forces to samples and measuring the resulting polarization signatures. Mechanical stretching experiments were conducted on a mimicking phantom and a tissue sample at different force scales. We analyzed the textural features and data distribution of MMP images and evaluated the force effect on the characterization of MMPs using the structural similarity index. The results demonstrate that changes in the mechanical microenvironment (CMM) can cause textural fluctuations in MMP images, interfering with the stability of polarization signatures. Specifically, parameters of anisotropic orientation, retardance, and optical rotation are the most sensitive to CMM, inducing a dramatic change in the overall image texture, while other parameters (e.g., polarization, diattenuation, and depolarization) exhibit locality in their response to CMM. For some MMPs, CMM can enhance regional textural contrasts. This study elucidates the mechanical stability of polarization signatures in biological tissue characterization and provides a valuable reference for further research toward minimizing CMM influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtai Chen
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jinkui Chu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Benda Xin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ji Qi
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China
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Hu J, Chen X, Chen W, Yang S, Wang Y, Tang Z, Liu S. Frequency properties of channeled spectropolarimetry: an information theory perspective. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3735-3750. [PMID: 38297588 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Channeled spectropolarimetry (CSP) has emerged as a notable technique due to its unique capacity to instantaneously measure either the polarization state of light or the Mueller matrix of a sample over a broad spectral range. Leveraging the quasi-linear relation between phase retardances of thick birefringent retarders and wavenumber, the target signal undergoes wavelength encoding. For the first time, we present a theoretical framework for the general CSP from a perspective of information theory. This framework comprehensively addresses the frequency properties of CSP, encompassing signal bandwidth, modulation frequency, sampling relationships, and filter window width during the demodulation process. Drawing from the frequency properties of CSP, we establish a theoretical foundation that informs the design of versatile CSPs and evaluates their measurement capabilities. Simulations for both Stokes CSP and Mueller CSP validate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
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Li Y, Li Y, Zhou G, Yan X, Ning T, Liu K, Liu L, Liu A, Ma Z. Holistic and efficient calibration method for Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter with a high numerical aperture. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:9937-9945. [PMID: 36606825 DOI: 10.1364/ao.474531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-numerical aperture (N A>0.6) Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter (MMIP) (high-NA MMIP) is urgently needed for higher resolution. Usually, the working distance of high-NA MMIP is too short to perform in situ calibration by a usual reference sample, such as polarizer and retarder plates. The polarization effects of the substrate that attach the sample are never calibrated. So, the resolution and accuracy of the MMIP is hard to further promote. In this paper, a holistic and efficient calibration method is innovated for high-NA MMIP. Two film polarizers and a film retarder as well as a blank substrate are first adopted as the reference samples in calibration. Different from the conventional eigenvalue calibration method (ECM), the holistic calibration theory and process are established. All polarimetric errors arising from the devices, subsystems, and the substrate can be calibrated in one process. The normalized measurement error is less than 0.0024 for NA 0.95 MMIP, which is an order of magnitude lower than those of NA 0.1 and 0.2 MMIPs in publications. The excellent performance of calibrated high-NA MMIP is demonstrated by tissue polarimetry with higher resolution, accuracy, and more appropriate dynamic range.
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Zhou G, Li Y, Liu K. Reconstruction and calibration methods for a Mueller channeled spectropolarimeter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:2018-2032. [PMID: 35209351 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Channeled spectropolarimeter (CSP) measures spectrally resolved Stokes vector of light and Mueller matrix of sample from a snapshot. While reconstruction and calibration methods for Stokes CSP have been well established, their Mueller CSP counterparts are lacking. In this paper, we propose methods for Mueller spectrum reconstruction and Mueller CSP calibration. Mueller CSP is modeled as a modulation matrix, linking the Mueller spectrum to be measured and the modulated spectrum from the spectrometer. We describe an optimization problem to solve the Mueller spectrum, where both the regularizer and the residual threshold constrain the result, making our reconstruction accurate, efficient, and noise-robust. The Stokes spectrum generated by polarization state generator and the analyzing vector of polarization state analyzer are measured in situ, the convolution of which construct the calibrated modulation matrix of Mueller CSP. Total polarimetric errors and spectroscopic errors are treated as a whole and represented by the calibrated modulation matrix. Both imaging and non-imaging Mueller CSP are experimentally calibrated. Reconstruction results show high accuracy with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.0371. The proposed methods help make Mueller CSP practical and have the potential to be general reconstruction and calibration methods for imaging and non-imaging Stokes-Mueller CSP.
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Wang J, Li Y, Cao C, Zhou G, Li L. High-fidelity and rapid cellular-level Mueller matrix imaging for tissue identification with unstained sections. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4745-4758. [PMID: 34513222 PMCID: PMC8407831 DOI: 10.1364/boe.427614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix polarimetry is regarded as a promising technique in the field of biomedicine, especially for pathological diagnosis. However, the current studies on Mueller imaging of pathological sections are all at the tissue-level, and the cellular-level polarization information is difficult to obtain. To overcome this challenge, we first propose a cellular-level Mueller matrix imaging method for accurate quantitative identification of tissues in this study. Benefiting from the significant birefringent behavior of paraffin in unstained sections, the proposed method can locate the paraffin distribution areas of retardance images by involving Otsu's algorithm. Then, the real cellular-level polarization information (e.g., depolarization) is acquired. The efficiency of the proposed method was demonstrated on unstained rat tissue samples. The results showed that the obtained depolarization images are highly consistent with the stained microscopic images in terms of the morphology and arrangement of the tissues at cellular level. Finally, this method was preliminarily applied to the detection of human lung cancer tissue section, effectively realizing the quantitative differentiation of normal, inflamed, and malignant areas in unstained section. This study provides a possible approach for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenle Cao
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guodong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education of China, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, The 8th Medical Center, 17 South Heishanhu Street, Beijing 100091, China
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