1
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Badieyan S, Abedini M, Razzaghi M, Moradi A, Masjedi M. Polarimetric imaging-based cancer bladder tissue's detection: A comparative study of bulk and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103698. [PMID: 37433425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The polarimetry imaging technique as a promising technique for pathological diagnosis provides a handy tool for identifying and discriminating cancerous tissues. In this paper, the optical polarization properties of bulk bladder tissues without any further processing and Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) blocks of bladder tissues have been measured. The images of the Muller matrix for both normal and cancerous samples have been obtained and for quantitative analysis and to provide a more precise comparison, two methods have been applied; the Mueller matrix polar decomposition (MMPD), and the Mueller matrix transformation (MMT). The results have shown that some of the extracted parameters from these methods can be used to identify the microstructural differentiations between normal and cancerous tissues. The results revealed a good accord between the obtained optical parameters for bulk and FFPE bladder tissues. By measuring the polarimetric properties of the tissue right after resection, and also in the early stages of pathology (FFPE tissues), this method can be applied in vivo to perform an optical biopsy; Furthermore, this method has the potential to significantly shortens the duration of pathological diagnosis. The approach seems remarkable, simple, precise, and economical compared to the existing techniques for the detection of cancerous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedesadat Badieyan
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Mitra Abedini
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Razzaghi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Moradi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Masjedi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Chernomyrdin NV, Il'enkova DR, Zhelnov VA, Alekseeva AI, Gavdush AA, Musina GR, Nikitin PV, Kucheryavenko AS, Dolganova IN, Spektor IE, Tuchin VV, Zaytsev KI. Quantitative polarization-sensitive super-resolution solid immersion microscopy reveals biological tissues' birefringence in the terahertz range. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16596. [PMID: 37789192 PMCID: PMC10547778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) technology offers a variety of applications in label-free medical diagnosis and therapy, majority of which rely on the effective medium theory that assumes biological tissues to be optically isotropic and homogeneous at the scale posed by the THz wavelengths. Meanwhile, most recent research discovered mesoscale ([Formula: see text]) heterogeneities of tissues; [Formula: see text] is a wavelength. This posed a problem of studying the related scattering and polarization effects of THz-wave-tissue interactions, while there is still a lack of appropriate tools and instruments for such studies. To address this challenge, in this paper, quantitative polarization-sensitive reflection-mode THz solid immersion (SI) microscope is developed, that comprises a silicon hemisphere-based SI lens, metal-wire-grid polarizer and analyzer, a continuous-wave 0.6 THz ([Formula: see text] µm) backward-wave oscillator (BWO), and a Golay detector. It makes possible the study of local polarization-dependent THz response of mesoscale tissue elements with the resolution as high as [Formula: see text]. It is applied to retrieve the refractive index distributions over the freshly-excised rat brain for the two orthogonal linear polarizations of the THz beam, aimed at uncovering the THz birefringence (structural optical anisotropy) of tissues. The most pronounced birefringence is observed for the Corpus callosum, formed by well-oriented and densely-packed axons bridging the cerebral hemispheres. The observed results are verified by the THz pulsed spectroscopy of the porcine brain, which confirms higher refractive index of the Corpus callosum when the THz beam is polarized along axons. Our findings highlight a potential of the quantitative polarization THz microscopy in biophotonics and medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Chernomyrdin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - D R Il'enkova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - V A Zhelnov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - A I Alekseeva
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia, 117418
| | - A A Gavdush
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - G R Musina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P V Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A S Kucheryavenko
- Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - I N Dolganova
- Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - I E Spektor
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - V V Tuchin
- Institute of Physics and Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia, 410012
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia, 634050
| | - K I Zaytsev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
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3
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Qi J, Tatla T, Nissanka-Jayasuriya E, Yuan AY, Stoyanov D, Elson DS. Surgical polarimetric endoscopy for the detection of laryngeal cancer. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:971-985. [PMID: 37012312 PMCID: PMC10427430 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The standard-of-care for the detection of laryngeal pathologies involves distinguishing suspicious lesions from surrounding healthy tissue via contrasts in colour and texture captured by white-light endoscopy. However, the technique is insufficiently sensitive and thus leads to unsatisfactory rates of false negatives. Here we show that laryngeal lesions can be better detected in real time by taking advantage of differences in the light-polarization properties of cancer and healthy tissues. By measuring differences in polarized-light retardance and depolarization, the technique, which we named 'surgical polarimetric endoscopy' (SPE), generates about one-order-of-magnitude greater contrast than white-light endoscopy, and hence allows for the better discrimination of cancerous lesions, as we show with patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma. Polarimetric imaging of excised and stained slices of laryngeal tissue indicated that changes in the retardance of polarized light can be largely attributed to architectural features of the tissue. We also assessed SPE to aid routine transoral laser surgery for the removal of a cancerous lesion, indicating that SPE can complement white-light endoscopy for the detection of laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China.
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre For Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK.
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Taranjit Tatla
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Northwick Park Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Alan Yilun Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Danail Stoyanov
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre For Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Daniel S Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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4
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Huang T, Meng R, Song J, Bu T, Zhu Y, Li M, Liao R, Ma H. Dual division of focal plane polarimeters-based collinear reflection Mueller matrix fast imaging microscope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220057GRR. [PMID: 35996215 PMCID: PMC9394738 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.8.086501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reflection Mueller matrix imaging is suitable for characterizing the microstructure of bulk specimens and probing dynamic processes in living animals, there are always demands for speed and accuracy for such applications to avoid possible artifacts and reveal a sample's intrinsic properties. AIM To demonstrate a design of collinear reflection Mueller matrix fast imaging microscope based on dual division of focal plane (DoFP) polarimeters (DoFPs-CRMMM) which has high measurement speed and accuracy. APPROACH In DoFPs-CRMMM, to improve the measurement speed, we applied the dual DoFP polarimeters design on the collinear reflection system for the first time to achieve fast imaging in about 2 s. To improve the measurement accuracy, we improved the double-pass eigenvalue calibration method (dp-ECM) by background light correction, and explored the optimization of the set of reference samples. RESULTS DoFPs-CRMMM was applied to measure the standard polarization samples and monitor the tissue optical clearing process of an artificial layered bulk tissue. Results show that the system has satisfactory performance which can capture the variation of polarization properties during the dynamic process. CONCLUSIONS We present the establishment and demo application of DoFPs-CRMMM. The measurement speed can be further accelerated for potential applications in monitoring dynamic processes or living biomedical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Huang
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Meng
- New York University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, United States
| | - Jiawei Song
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Beijing, China
| | - Tongjun Bu
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanhuan Zhu
- Tsinghua University, Tsinghua–Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Center for Precision and Healthcare, Shenzhen, China
| | - Migao Li
- Guangdong Liss Optical Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Liao
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Tsinghua University, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua University, Tsinghua–Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Center for Precision and Healthcare, Shenzhen, China
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5
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He C, He H, Chang J, Chen B, Ma H, Booth MJ. Polarisation optics for biomedical and clinical applications: a review. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:194. [PMID: 34552045 PMCID: PMC8458371 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many polarisation techniques have been harnessed for decades in biological and clinical research, each based upon measurement of the vectorial properties of light or the vectorial transformations imposed on light by objects. Various advanced vector measurement/sensing techniques, physical interpretation methods, and approaches to analyse biomedically relevant information have been developed and harnessed. In this review, we focus mainly on summarising methodologies and applications related to tissue polarimetry, with an emphasis on the adoption of the Stokes-Mueller formalism. Several recent breakthroughs, development trends, and potential multimodal uses in conjunction with other techniques are also presented. The primary goal of the review is to give the reader a general overview in the use of vectorial information that can be obtained by polarisation optics for applications in biomedical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Honghui He
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jintao Chang
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Binguo Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Martin J Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
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Chashchina O, Mezouar H, Vizet J, Raoux C, Park J, Ramón-Lozano C, Schanne-Klein MC, Barakat AI, Pierangelo A. Mueller polarimetric imaging for fast macroscopic mapping of microscopic collagen matrix remodeling by smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5901. [PMID: 33723321 PMCID: PMC7960740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are critical players in cardiovascular disease development and undergo complex phenotype switching during disease progression. However, SMC phenotype is difficult to assess and track in co-culture studies. To determine the contractility of SMCs embedded within collagen hydrogels, we performed polarized light imaging and subsequent analysis based on Mueller matrices. Measurements were made both in the absence and presence of endothelial cells (ECs) in order to establish the impact of EC-SMC communication on SMC contractility. The results demonstrated that Mueller polarimetric imaging is indeed an appropriate tool for assessing SMC activity which significantly modifies the hydrogel retardance in the presence of ECs. These findings are consistent with the idea that EC-SMC communication promotes a more contractile SMC phenotype. More broadly, our findings suggest that Mueller polarimetry can be a useful tool for studies of spatial heterogeneities in hydrogel remodeling by SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Chashchina
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory (CNRS UMR7646), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hachem Mezouar
- LPICM (CNRS UMR 7647), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Vizet
- LPICM (CNRS UMR 7647), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Clothilde Raoux
- LOB, CNRS, Inserm, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Junha Park
- LPICM (CNRS UMR 7647), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Clara Ramón-Lozano
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory (CNRS UMR7646), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Abdul I Barakat
- Hydrodynamics Laboratory (CNRS UMR7646), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Paris, France
| | - Angelo Pierangelo
- LPICM (CNRS UMR 7647), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Paris, France.
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7
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Sijilmassi O, López-Alonso JM, Del Río Sevilla A, Del Carmen Barrio Asensio M. Development of a polarization imaging method to detect paraffin-embedded pathology tissues before applying other techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000288. [PMID: 32981228 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present article describes the development of a technique, applied to paraffin-embedded tissues, which uses three different wavelengths of monochromatic light (λ1 = 445 nm, λ2 = 540 nm and λ3 = 660 nm) for the measures of the degree of polarization, degree of linear polarization, degree of circular polarization and birefringence, all obtained from measurements of Stokes parameters by using polarized light. The goal of this study was to detect changes in developing embryonic mouse eye when pregnant mice fed diets without folic acid for variable periods compared with a healthy control group. We present a biomedical diagnostic technique based on polarized light detection applied to paraffin-embedded tissues to visualize the structural damage to aid us in the diagnosis before applying other techniques. Through this method, we can visualize and identify which parts of the tissue were altered with respect to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafa Sijilmassi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel López-Alonso
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Del Río Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Yousaf MS, Khurshid A, Mahmood R, Ikram M. Polarimetric comparison of fresh and frozen skeletal muscle tissues of goat. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102071. [PMID: 33130029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Optical properties can provide rich information about morphology and structure of tissues. Fresh and frozen muscle tissue samples of goat are investigated using imaging polarimetry to understand its structural nature. The outcomes demonstrate that the muscle tissues lose, to some extent, their integrity and organization on freezing. The fresh tissues offer very small circular retardance as compared to frozen samples. However, linear retardance is the main contributor in fresh muscle samples. Ultimately, linear and circular retardance can be used to differentiate fresh and frozen tissues. These investigations illustrate the capabilities of optical polarimetry for the characterization of muscle tissue structures. Specifically, the structure of biological tissue samples can be differentiated using real-time, cost effective and non-invasive optical polarimetry in the field of meat industry and biomedical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid Yousaf
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmat Khurshid
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan; Photomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Mahmood
- Photomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Masroor Ikram
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan; Photomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
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9
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Ahmad I, Khaliq A, Iqbal M, Khan S. Mueller matrix polarimetry for characterization of skin tissue samples: A review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Chue-Sang J, Gonzalez M, Pierre A, Laughrey M, Saytashev I, Novikova T, Ramella-Roman JC. Optical phantoms for biomedical polarimetry: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-12. [PMID: 30851015 PMCID: PMC6975228 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Calibration, quantification, and standardization of the polarimetric instrumentation, as well as interpretation and understanding of the obtained data, require the development and use of well-calibrated phantoms and standards. We reviewed the status of tissue phantoms for a variety of applications in polarimetry; more than 500 papers are considered. We divided the phantoms into five groups according to their origin (biological/nonbiological) and fundamental polarimetric properties of retardation, depolarization, and diattenuation. We found that, while biological media are generally depolarizing, retarding, and diattenuating, only one of all the phantoms reviewed incorporated all these properties, and few considered at least combined retardation and depolarization. Samples derived from biological tissue, such as tendon and muscle, remain extremely popular to quickly ascertain a polarimetric system, but do not provide quantifiable results aside from relative direction of their principal optical axis. Microspheres suspensions are the most utilized phantoms for depolarization, and combined with theoretical models can offer true quantification of depolarization or degree of polarization. There is a real paucity of birefringent phantoms despite the retardance being one of the most interesting parameters measurable with polarization techniques. Therefore, future work should be directed at generating truly reliable and repeatable phantoms for this metric determination. Diattenuating phantoms are rare and application-specific. Given that diattenuation is considered to be low in most biological tissues, the lack of such phantoms is seen as less problematic. The heterogeneity of the phantoms reviewed points to a critical need for standardization in this field. Ultimately, all research groups involved in polarimetric studies and instruments development would benefit from sharing a limited set of standardized polarimetric phantoms, as is done earlier in the round robin investigations in ellipsometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chue-Sang
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Mariacarla Gonzalez
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Angie Pierre
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Megan Laughrey
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Ilyas Saytashev
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Tatiana Novikova
- LPICM Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et Couches Minces, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jessica C. Ramella-Roman
- Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida, United States
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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11
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Qi J, He H, Lin J, Dong Y, Chen D, Ma H, Elson DS. Assessment of tissue polarimetric properties using Stokes polarimetric imaging with circularly polarized illumination. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700139. [PMID: 29131523 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-depolarization and linear-retardance are the main polarization characteristics of interest for bulk tissue characterization, and are normally interpreted from Mueller polarimetry. Stokes polarimetry can be conducted using simpler instrumentation and in a shorter time. Here, we use Stokes polarimetric imaging with circularly polarized illumination to assess the circular-depolarization and linear-retardance properties of tissue. Results obtained were compared with Mueller polarimetry in transmission and reflection geometry, respectively. It is found that circular-depolarization obtained from these 2 methods is very similar in both geometries, and that linear-retardance is highly quantitatively similar for transmission geometry and qualitatively similar for reflection geometry. The majority of tissue circular-depolarization and linear-retardance image information (represented by local image contrast features) obtained from Mueller polarimetry is well preserved from Stokes polarimetry in both geometries. These findings can be referred to for further understanding tissue Stokes polarimetric data, and for further application of Stokes polarimetry under the circumstances where short acquisition time or low optical system complexity is a priority, such as polarimetric endoscopy and microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Honghui He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Lin
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yang Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daniel S Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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Qi J, He C, Elson DS. Real time complete Stokes polarimetric imager based on a linear polarizer array camera for tissue polarimetric imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4933-4946. [PMID: 29188092 PMCID: PMC5695942 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue polarimetric imaging measures Mueller matrices of tissues or Stokes vectors of the emergent light from tissues (normally using incidence with a fixed polarization state) over a field of view, and has demonstrated utility in a number of surgical and diagnostic applications. Here we introduce a compact complete Stokes polarimetric imager that can work for multiple wavelength bands with a frame-rate suitable for real-time applications. The imager was validated with standard polarizing components, and then employed as a polarization state analyzer of a Mueller imaging polarimeter and a standalone Stokes imaging polarimeter respectively to image the process of dehydration of bovine tendon tissue. The results obtained in this work suggested that the polarization properties of the samples rich of collagen fibres can change with the degree of dehydration, and therefore, dehydration of the samples prepared for polarimetric imaging (e.g. polarimetric microscopy) should be carefully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chao He
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel S. Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Ahmad I. Review of the emerging role of optical polarimetry in characterization of pathological myocardium. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-8. [PMID: 29076304 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.10.100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), a cause of significant morbidity and mortality, is typically followed by microstructural alterations where the necrotic myocardium is steadily replaced with a collagen scar. Engineered remodeling of the fibrotic scar via stem cell regeneration has been shown to improve/restore the myocardium function after MI. Nevertheless, the heterogeneous nature of the scar patch may impair the myocardial electrical integrity, leading to the formation of arrhythmogenesis. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) offers an effective treatment for focal arrhythmias where local heating generated via electric current at specific spots in the myocardium ablate the arrhythmogenic foci. Characterization of these myocardial pathologies (i.e., infarcted, stem cell regenerated, and RFA-ablated myocardial tissues) is of potential clinical importance. Optical polarimetry, the use of light to map and characterize the polarization signatures of a sample, has emerged as a powerful imaging tool for structural characterization of myocardial tissues, exploiting the underlying highly fibrous tissue nature. This study aims to review the recent progress in optical polarimetry pertaining to the characterization of myocardial pathologies while describing the underlying biological rationales that give rise to the optical imaging contrast in various pathologies of the myocardium. Future possibilities of and challenges to optical polarimetry in cardiac imaging clinics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ahmad
- Center for Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR), Quetta, Pakistan
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Flexible polarimetric probe for 3 × 3 Mueller matrix measurements of biological tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11958. [PMID: 28931853 PMCID: PMC5607295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarimetry is a noninvasive method that uses polarised light to assess biophysical characteristics of tissues. A series of incident polarisation states illuminates a biological sample, and analysis of sample-altered polarisation states enables polarimetric tissue assessment. The resultant information can, for example, help quantitatively differentiate healthy from pathologic tissue. However, most bio-polarimetric assessments are performed using free-space optics with bulky optical components. Extension to flexible fibre-based systems is clinically desirable, but is challenging due to polarisation-altering properties of optical fibres. Here, we propose a flexible fibre-based polarimetric solution, and describe its design, fabrication, calibration, and initial feasibility demonstration in ex vivo tissue. The design is based on a flexible fibre bundle of six multimode optical fibres, each terminated with a distal polariser that ensures pre-determined output polarisation states. The resultant probe enables linear 3 × 3 Mueller matrix characterization of distal tissue. Potential in vivo Mueller matrix polarimetric tissue examinations in various directly-inaccessible body cavities are envisioned.
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Qi J, Elson DS. Mueller polarimetric imaging for surgical and diagnostic applications: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:950-982. [PMID: 28464464 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarization is a fundamental property of light and a powerful sensing tool that has been applied to many areas. A Mueller matrix is a complete mathematical description of the polarization characteristics of objects that interact with light, and is known as a transfer function of Stokes vectors which characterise the state of polarization of light. Mueller polarimetric imaging measures Mueller matrices over a field of view and thus allows for visualising the polarization characteristics of the objects. It has emerged as a promising technique in recent years for tissue imaging, improving image contrast and providing a unique perspective to reveal additional information that cannot be resolved by other optical imaging modalities. This review introduces the basis of the Stokes-Mueller formulism, interpretation methods of Mueller matrices into fundamental polarization properties, polarization properties of biological tissues, and considerations in the construction of Mueller polarimetric imaging devices for surgical and diagnostic applications, including primary configurations, optimization procedures, calibration methods as well as the instrument polarization properties of several widely-used biomedical optical devices. The paper also reviews recent progress in Mueller polarimetric endoscopes and fibre Mueller polarimeters, followed by the future outlook in applying the technique to surgery and diagnostics. Tissue polarization properties convey morphological, micro-structural and compositional information of tissue with great potential for label free characterization of tissue pathological changes. Recent progress in tissue polarimetric imaging and polarization resolved endoscopy paved the way for translation of polarimetric imaging to surgery and tissue diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel S Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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16
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Ahmad I, Gribble A, Murtza I, Ikram M, Pop M, Vitkin A. Polarization image segmentation of radiofrequency ablated porcine myocardial tissue. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175173. [PMID: 28380013 PMCID: PMC5381909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical polarimetry has previously imaged the spatial extent of a typical radiofrequency ablated (RFA) lesion in myocardial tissue, exhibiting significantly lower total depolarization at the necrotic core compared to healthy tissue, and intermediate values at the RFA rim region. Here, total depolarization in ablated myocardium was used to segment the total depolarization image into three (core, rim and healthy) zones. A local fuzzy thresholding algorithm was used for this multi-region segmentation, and then compared with a ground truth segmentation obtained from manual demarcation of RFA core and rim regions on the histopathology image. Quantitative comparison of the algorithm segmentation results was performed with evaluation metrics such as dice similarity coefficient (DSC = 0.78 ± 0.02 and 0.80 ± 0.02), sensitivity (Sn = 0.83 ± 0.10 and 0.91 ± 0.08), specificity (Sp = 0.76 ± 0.17 and 0.72 ± 0.17) and accuracy (Acc = 0.81 ± 0.09 and 0.71 ± 0.10) for RFA core and rim regions, respectively. This automatic segmentation of parametric depolarization images suggests a novel application of optical polarimetry, namely its use in objective RFA image quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Gribble
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iqbal Murtza
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Masroor Ikram
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mihaela Pop
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Vitkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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Rapid Detection of Necrosis in Breast Cancer with Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35374. [PMID: 27734938 PMCID: PMC5062153 DOI: 10.1038/srep35374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of necrosis in tumors is of prognostic value in treatment planning, as necrosis is associated with aggressive forms of cancer and unfavourable outcomes. To facilitate rapid detection of necrosis with Mass Spectrometry (MS), we report the lipid MS profile of necrotic breast cancer with Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging validated with statistical analysis and correlating pathology. This MS profile is characterized by (1) the presence of the ion of m/z 572.48 [Cer(d34:1) + Cl]− which is a ceramide absent from the viable cancer subregions; (2) the absence of the ion of m/z 391.25 which is present in small abundance only in viable cancer subregions; and (3) a slight increase in the relative intensity of known breast cancer biomarker ions of m/z 281.25 [FA(18:1)-H]− and 303.23 [FA(20:4)-H]−. Necrosis is accompanied by alterations in the tissue optical depolarization rate, allowing tissue polarimetry to guide DESI-MS analysis for rapid MS profiling or targeted MS imaging. This workflow, in combination with the MS profile of necrosis, may permit rapid characterization of necrotic tumors from tissue slices. Further, necrosis-specific biomarker ions are detected in seconds with single MS scans of necrotic tumor tissue smears, which further accelerates the identification workflow by avoiding tissue sectioning and slide preparation.
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18
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Qi J, Elson DS. A high definition Mueller polarimetric endoscope for tissue characterisation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25953. [PMID: 27173145 PMCID: PMC4865982 DOI: 10.1038/srep25953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The contrast mechanism of medical endoscopy is mainly based on metrics of optical intensity and wavelength. As another fundamental property of light, polarization can not only reveal tissue scattering and absorption information from a different perspective, but can also provide insight into directional tissue birefringence properties to monitor pathological changes in collagen and elastin. Here we demonstrate a low cost wide field high definition Mueller polarimetric endoscope with minimal alterations to a rigid endoscope. We show that this novel endoscopic imaging modality is able to provide a number of image contrast mechanisms besides traditional unpolarized radiation intensity, including linear depolarization, circular depolarization, cross-polarization, directional birefringence and dichroism. This enhances tissue features of interest, and additionally reveals tissue micro-structure and composition, which is of central importance for tissue diagnosis and image guidance for surgery. The potential applications of the Mueller polarimetric endoscope include wide field early epithelial cancer diagnosis, surgical margin detection and energy-based tissue fusion monitoring, and could further benefit a wide range of endoscopic investigations through intra-operative guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel S Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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19
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Tata A, Gribble A, Ventura M, Ganguly M, Bluemke E, Ginsberg HJ, Jaffray DA, Ifa DR, Vitkin A, Zarrine-Afsar A. Wide-field tissue polarimetry allows efficient localized mass spectrometry imaging of biological tissues. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2162-2169. [PMID: 30155015 PMCID: PMC6090527 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While mass spectrometers can detect chemical signatures within milliseconds of data acquisition time, the non-targeted nature of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) necessitates probing the entire surface of the sample to reveal molecular composition even if the information is only sought from a sample subsection. This leads to long analysis times. Here, we used polarimetry to identify, within a biological tissue, areas of polarimetric heterogeneity indicative of cancer. We were then able to target our MS analysis using polarimetry results to either the cancer region itself or to the cancer margin. A tandem of polarimetry and Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (DESI-MSI) enables fast (10 fold compared to non-targeted imaging), and accurate pathology assessment (cancer typification in less than 2 minutes compared to 30 minutes for histopathology) of ex vivo tissue slices, without additional sample preparation. This workflow reduces the overall analysis time of MSI as a research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tata
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health , University Health Network , Toronto , ON M5G-1P5 , Canada .
| | - Adam Gribble
- Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , 101 College Street Suite 15-701 , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Manuela Ventura
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health , University Health Network , Toronto , ON M5G-1P5 , Canada .
| | - Milan Ganguly
- STTARR Innovation Centre , Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , 101 College Street , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Emma Bluemke
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health , University Health Network , Toronto , ON M5G-1P5 , Canada .
- Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , 101 College Street Suite 15-701 , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Howard J Ginsberg
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health , University Health Network , Toronto , ON M5G-1P5 , Canada .
- Department of Surgery , University of Toronto , 149 College Street , Toronto , ON M5T-1P5 , Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science , Li KaShing Knowledge Institute , St. Michael's Hospital , 30 Bond Street , Toronto , ON M5B-1W8 , Canada
| | - David A Jaffray
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health , University Health Network , Toronto , ON M5G-1P5 , Canada .
- Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , 101 College Street Suite 15-701 , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Demian R Ifa
- Department of Chemistry , York University , 4700 Keele Street , Toronto , ON M3J-1P3 , Canada
| | - Alex Vitkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , 101 College Street Suite 15-701 , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology , University of Toronto , 610 University Avenue , Toronto , Ontario M5G 2M9 , Canada
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging , Ontario Cancer Institute , University Health Network , 610 University Ave , Toronto , ON M5G 2M9 , Canada
| | - Arash Zarrine-Afsar
- Techna Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health , University Health Network , Toronto , ON M5G-1P5 , Canada .
- Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , 101 College Street Suite 15-701 , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
- Department of Surgery , University of Toronto , 149 College Street , Toronto , ON M5T-1P5 , Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science , Li KaShing Knowledge Institute , St. Michael's Hospital , 30 Bond Street , Toronto , ON M5B-1W8 , Canada
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Alali S, Gribble A, Vitkin IA. Rapid wide-field Mueller matrix polarimetry imaging based on four photoelastic modulators with no moving parts. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1038-41. [PMID: 26974110 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A new polarimetry method is demonstrated to image the entire Mueller matrix of a turbid sample using four photoelastic modulators (PEMs) and a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, with no moving parts. Accurate wide-field imaging is enabled with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) optical gating technique and an evolutionary algorithm (EA) that optimizes imaging times. This technique accurately and rapidly measured the Mueller matrices of air, polarization elements, and turbid phantoms. The system should prove advantageous for Mueller matrix analysis of turbid samples (e.g., biological tissues) over large fields of view, in less than a second.
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Alali S, Vitkin A. Polarized light imaging in biomedicine: emerging Mueller matrix methodologies for bulk tissue assessment. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:61104. [PMID: 25793658 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.6.061104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarized light point measurements and wide-field imaging have been studied for many years in an effort to develop accurate and information-rich tissue diagnostic methods. However, the extensive depolarization of polarized light in thick biological tissues has limited the success of these investigations. Recently, advances in technology and conceptual understanding have led to a significant resurgence of research activity in the promising field of bulk tissue polarimetry. In particular, with the advent of improved measurement, analysis, and interpretation methods, including Mueller matrix decomposition, new diagnostic avenues, such as quantification of microstructural anisotropy in bulk tissues, have been enabled. Further, novel technologies have improved the speed and the accuracy of polarimetric instruments for ex vivo and in vivo diagnostics. In this paper, we review some of the recent progress in tissue polarimetry, provide illustrative application examples, and offer an outlook to the future of polarized light imaging in bulk biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Alali
- University of Toronto, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG 1L7, Canada
| | - Alex Vitkin
- University of Toronto, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG 1L7, CanadabUniversity of Toronto, Department of Radiation Oncol
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