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Català-Castro F, Schäffer E, Krieg M. Exploring cell and tissue mechanics with optical tweezers. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259355. [PMID: 35942913 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and tissue biosystems emerge from the assembly of their constituent molecules and obtain a set of specific material properties. To measure these properties and understand how they influence cellular function is a central goal of mechanobiology. From a bottoms-up, physics or engineering point-of-view, such systems are a composition of basic mechanical elements. However, the sheer number and dynamic complexity of them, including active molecular machines and their emergent properties, makes it currently intractable to calculate how biosystems respond to forces. Because many diseases result from an aberrant mechanotransduction, it is thus essential to measure this response. Recent advances in the technology of optical tweezers have broadened their scope from single-molecule applications to measurements inside complex cellular environments, even within tissues and animals. Here, we summarize the basic optical trapping principles, implementations and calibration procedures that enable force measurements using optical tweezers directly inside cells of living animals, in combination with complementary techniques. We review their versatility to manipulate subcellular organelles and measure cellular frequency-dependent mechanics in the piconewton force range from microseconds to hours. As an outlook, we address future challenges to fully unlock the potential of optical tweezers for mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Català-Castro
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Erik Schäffer
- Cellular Nanoscience, ZMBP, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Krieg
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
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Vizsnyiczai G, Búzás A, Lakshmanrao Aekbote B, Fekete T, Grexa I, Ormos P, Kelemen L. Multiview microscopy of single cells through microstructure-based indirect optical manipulation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:945-962. [PMID: 32133231 PMCID: PMC7041459 DOI: 10.1364/boe.379233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent observation of cells generally suffers from the limited axial resolution due to the elongated point spread function of the microscope optics. Consequently, three-dimensional imaging results in axial resolution that is several times worse than the transversal. The optical solutions to this problem usually require complicated optics and extreme spatial stability. A straightforward way to eliminate anisotropic resolution is to fuse images recorded from multiple viewing directions achieved mostly by the mechanical rotation of the entire sample. In the presented approach, multiview imaging of single cells is implemented by rotating them around an axis perpendicular to the optical axis by means of holographic optical tweezers. For this, the cells are indirectly trapped and manipulated with special microtools made with two-photon polymerization. The cell is firmly attached to the microtool and is precisely manipulated with 6 degrees of freedom. The total control over the cells' position allows for its multiview fluorescence imaging from arbitrarily selected directions. The image stacks obtained this way are combined into one 3D image array with a multiview image processing pipeline resulting in isotropic optical resolution that approaches the lateral diffraction limit. The presented tool and manipulation scheme can be readily applied in various microscope platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaszton Vizsnyiczai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Physics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Dugonics square 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - András Búzás
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Physics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Dugonics square 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Badri Lakshmanrao Aekbote
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- School of Engineering, James Watt South Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Tamás Fekete
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dugonics square 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - István Grexa
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dugonics square 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Pál Ormos
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Lóránd Kelemen
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
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Basoli F, Giannitelli SM, Gori M, Mozetic P, Bonfanti A, Trombetta M, Rainer A. Biomechanical Characterization at the Cell Scale: Present and Prospects. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1449. [PMID: 30498449 PMCID: PMC6249385 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing field of mechanobiology demands for robust and reproducible characterization of cell mechanical properties. Recent achievements in understanding the mechanical regulation of cell fate largely rely on technological platforms capable of probing the mechanical response of living cells and their physico–chemical interaction with the microenvironment. Besides the established family of atomic force microscopy (AFM) based methods, other approaches include optical, magnetic, and acoustic tweezers, as well as sensing substrates that take advantage of biomaterials chemistry and microfabrication techniques. In this review, we introduce the available methods with an emphasis on the most recent advances, and we discuss the challenges associated with their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Basoli
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manuele Gori
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mozetic
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Alessandra Bonfanti
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella Trombetta
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Harlepp S, Thalmann F, Follain G, Goetz JG. Hemodynamic forces can be accurately measured in vivo with optical tweezers. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3252-3260. [PMID: 28904205 PMCID: PMC5687027 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Force sensing and generation at the tissue and cellular scale is central to many biological events. There is a growing interest in modern cell biology for methods enabling force measurements in vivo. Optical trapping allows noninvasive probing of piconewton forces and thus emerged as a promising mean for assessing biomechanics in vivo. Nevertheless, the main obstacles lie in the accurate determination of the trap stiffness in heterogeneous living organisms, at any position where the trap is used. A proper calibration of the trap stiffness is thus required for performing accurate and reliable force measurements in vivo. Here we introduce a method that overcomes these difficulties by accurately measuring hemodynamic profiles in order to calibrate the trap stiffness. Doing so, and using numerical methods to assess the accuracy of the experimental data, we measured flow profiles and drag forces imposed to trapped red blood cells of living zebrafish embryos. Using treatments enabling blood flow tuning, we demonstrated that such a method is powerful in measuring hemodynamic forces in vivo with accuracy and confidence. Altogether this study demonstrates the power of optical tweezing in measuring low range hemodynamic forces in vivo and offers an unprecedented tool in both cell and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Harlepp
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France .,IPCMS, UMR7504, 67200 Strasbourg, France.,LabEx NIE, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Thalmann
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.,ICS, UPR22, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gautier Follain
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.,Inserm UMR_S1109, MN3T, 67200 Strasbourg, France.,LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France .,Inserm UMR_S1109, MN3T, 67200 Strasbourg, France.,LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
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