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Storti F, Bonfadini S, Criante L. Simplified 3D hydrodynamic flow focusing for lab-on-chip single particle study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14671. [PMID: 37673905 PMCID: PMC10482855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurately control of the position of a fluid and particle within lab-on-a-chip platform is a critical prerequisite for many downstream analysis processes, such as detection, trapping and separation, moving the sensing at the single-particle level. With the development of microfluidic fabrication technology, particle/cell focusing has shifted from two to three dimensions. 3D hydrodynamic focusing, which sorts and aligns the incoming cloud of particles so that they pass through the interrogation area one by one, enables new possibilities and breakthroughs in the single-cell analysis system. Despite the excellent results shown in literature, there is still a lack of a device that can simultaneously fulfilling the requirements of high throughput, compactness, high integrability, and ease of use operation to become a widely accepted work center for biomedical research and clinical applications. Here, we proposed a unique 3D flow focusing microfluidic device buried in fused silica substrate that potentially combines all this advantages. By designing a sample channel suspended inside a larger buffer channel, manufactured by exploiting the laser-assisted micromachine technique, a not size-dependent focusing capability is shown. A spatially and temporally stable central flow of a mixture of 15 μm and 6 μm PS particles to a 1 μm PS microsphere solution has been obtained with high accuracy. Finally, to test the achievable focusing resolution, the chip was tested for the detection of Escherichia Coli bacteria in water solution as proof of concept of biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Storti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134, Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvio Bonfadini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigino Criante
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134, Milano, Italy.
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2
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Serhatlioglu M, Jensen EA, Niora M, Hansen AT, Nielsen CF, Jansman MMT, Hosta-Rigau L, Dziegiel MH, Berg-Sørensen K, Hickson ID, Kristensen A. Viscoelastic Capillary Flow Cytometry. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Serhatlioglu
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Emil Alstrup Jensen
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Maria Niora
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne Todsen Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Christian Friberg Nielsen
- Center for Chromosome Stability Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Copenhagen 2200 København N. Denmark
| | | | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Morten Hanefeld Dziegiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 København Ø Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3B 2200 København N. Denmark
| | - Kirstine Berg-Sørensen
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ian David Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Copenhagen 2200 København N. Denmark
| | - Anders Kristensen
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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3
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Peng T, Su X, Cheng X, Wei Z, Su X, Li Q. A microfluidic cytometer for white blood cell analysis. Cytometry A 2021; 99:1107-1113. [PMID: 34369647 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide use of cytometry for white blood cell classification, the performance of traditional cytometers in point-of-care testing remains to be improved. Microfluidic techniques have been shown with considerable potentials in the development of portable devices. Here we present a prototype of microfluidic cytometer which integrates a three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing system and an on-chip optical system to count and classify white blood cells. By adjusting the flow speed of sheath flow and sample flow, the blood cells can be horizontally and vertically focused in the center of microchannel. Optical fibers and on-chip microlens are embedded for the excitation and detection of single-cell. The microfluidic chip was validated by classifying white blood cells from clinical blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhi Cheng
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Zewen Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuantao Su
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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4
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Wang C, Ma Y, Chen Z, Wu Y, Song F, Qiu J, Shi M, Wu X. Sheathless microflow cytometer utilizing two bulk standing acoustic waves. Cytometry A 2021; 99:987-998. [PMID: 33956400 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microflow cytometry has become a popular research field because of its potential to provide low-cost and disposable chips for complex cell analyses. Herein, we demonstrate a sheathless microflow cytometer which integrates a bulk standing acoustic wave based microchip capable of three dimensional cell focusing. Flow cytometry was successfully demonstrated using this system with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.16% with standard calibration beads. The sensitivities calibrated by rainbow beads are 518 MEFL in fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) channel and 264 MEPE in P-phycoerythrin (PE) channels, respectively. The linearities are more than 99% in both channels. The capability of the proposed microflow cytometer is further demonstrated by immunologically labeled leukocytes differentiation in blood. This acoustic-based microflow cytometer did not require any sheath flows or complex structures and can be mass produced. Because of the simple fluid channel, the chip can be easily made pipeless, disposable for applications requiring no cross contamination. Moreover, with the gentle and bio-compatible acoustic waves used, this technique is expected to maintain the viability of cells and other bioparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering(Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongxiang Chen
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunliang Wu
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Song
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianping Qiu
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengdie Shi
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering(Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Advances in microfluidic synthesis and coupling with synchrotron SAXS for continuous production and real-time structural characterization of nano-self-assemblies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 201:111633. [PMID: 33639513 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms have become highly attractive tools for synthesis of nanoparticles, including lipid nano-self-assemblies, owing to unique features and at least three important aspects inherent to miniaturized micro-devices. Firstly, the fluids flow under controlled conditions in the microchannels, providing well-defined flow profiles and shorter diffusion lengths that play important roles in enhancing the continuous production of lipid and polymer nanoparticles with relatively narrow size distributions. Secondly, various geometries adapted to microfluidic device designs can be utilized for enhancing the colloidal stability of nanoparticles and improving their drug loading. Thirdly, microfluidic devices are usually compatible with in situ characterization methods for real-time monitoring of processes occurring inside the microchannels. This is unlike conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods, where a final solution or withdrawn aliquots are separately analysed. These features inherent to microfluidic devices provide a tool-set allowing not only precise nanoparticle size control, but also real-time analyses for process optimization. In this review, we focus on recent advances and developments in the use of microfluidic devices for synthesis of lipid nanoparticles. We present different designs based on hydrodynamic flow focusing, droplet-based methods and controlled microvortices, and discuss integration of microfluidic platforms with synchrotron small-angle X ray scattering (SAXS) for in situ structural characterization of lipid nano-self-assemblies under continuous flow conditions, along with major challenges and future directions in this research area.
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6
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Continuous microfluidic 3D focusing enabling microflow cytometry for single-cell analysis. Talanta 2021; 221:121401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Patel YM, Jain S, Singh AK, Khare K, Ahlawat S, Bahga SS. An inexpensive microfluidic device for three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing in imaging flow cytometry. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:064110. [PMID: 33343784 PMCID: PMC7738198 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present design, characterization, and testing of an inexpensive, sheath-flow based microfluidic device for three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing of cells in imaging flow cytometry. In contrast to other 3D sheathing devices, our device hydrodynamically focuses the cells in a single-file near the bottom wall of the microchannel that allows imaging cells with high magnification and low working distance objectives, without the need for small device dimensions. The relatively large dimensions of the microchannels enable easy fabrication using less-precise fabrication techniques, and the simplicity of the device design avoids the need for tedious alignment of various layers. We have characterized the performance of the device with 3D numerical simulations and validated these simulations with experiments of hydrodynamic focusing of a fluorescently dyed sample fluid. The simulations show that the width and the height of the 3D focused sample stream can be controlled independently by varying the heights of main and side channels of the device, and the flow rates of sample and sheath fluids. Based on simulations, we also provide useful guidelines for choosing the device dimensions and flow rates for focusing cells of a particular size. Thereafter, we demonstrate the applicability of our device for imaging a large number of RBCs using brightfield microscopy. We also discuss the choice of the region of interest and camera frame rate so as to image each cell individually in our device. The design of our microfluidic device makes it equally applicable for imaging cells of different sizes using various other imaging techniques such as phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh M. Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sanidhya Jain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kedar Khare
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sarita Ahlawat
- Phase Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Technology Based Incubation Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Supreet Singh Bahga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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8
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Rodriguez-Trujillo R, Kim-Im YH, Hernandez-Machado A. Controlling Shapes in a Coaxial Flow Focusing Microfluidic Device: Experiments and Theory. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E85. [PMID: 31940964 PMCID: PMC7020045 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A coaxial flow focusing PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microfluidic device has been designed and manufactured by soft lithography in order to experimentally study a miscible inner flow. We studied a coaxially focused inner flow (formed by an aqueous fluorescein solution) which was fully isolated from all microchannel surfaces by an additional water outer flow. Different flow rates were used to produce a variety of flow ratios and a 3D reconstruction of the cross-section was performed using confocal microscope images. The results showed an elliptical section of the coaxially focused inner flow that changes in shape depending on the flow rate ratio applied. We have also developed a mathematical model that allows us to predict and control the geometry of the coaxially focused inner flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romen Rodriguez-Trujillo
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Yu-Han Kim-Im
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Aurora Hernandez-Machado
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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9
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Vembadi A, Menachery A, Qasaimeh MA. Cell Cytometry: Review and Perspective on Biotechnological Advances. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:147. [PMID: 31275933 PMCID: PMC6591278 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell identification and enumeration are essential procedures within clinical and research laboratories. For over 150 years, quantitative investigation of body fluids such as counts of various blood cells has been an important tool for diagnostic analysis. With the current evolution of point-of-care diagnostics and precision medicine, cheap and precise cell counting technologies are in demand. This article reviews the timeline and recent notable advancements in cell counting that have occurred as a result of improvements in sensing including optical and electrical technology, enhancements in image processing capabilities, and contributions of micro and nanotechnologies. Cell enumeration methods have evolved from the use of manual counting using a hemocytometer to automated cell counters capable of providing reliable counts with high precision and throughput. These developments have been enabled by the use of precision engineering, micro and nanotechnology approaches, automation and multivariate data analysis. Commercially available automated cell counters can be broadly classified into three categories based on the principle of detection namely, electrical impedance, optical analysis and image analysis. These technologies have many common scientific uses, such as hematological analysis, urine analysis and bacterial enumeration. In addition to commercially available technologies, future technological trends using lab-on-a-chip devices have been discussed in detail. Lab-on-a-chip platforms utilize the existing three detection technologies with innovative design changes utilizing advanced nano/microfabrication to produce customized devices suited to specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Vembadi
- Division of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anoop Menachery
- Division of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A. Qasaimeh
- Division of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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10
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Kim H, Jang J, Park J, Lee KP, Lee S, Lee DM, Kim KH, Kim HK, Cho DW. Shear-induced alignment of collagen fibrils using 3D cell printing for corneal stroma tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035017. [PMID: 30995622 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab1a8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironments of tissues or organs are complex architectures comprised of structural proteins including collagen. Particularly, the cornea is organized in a lattice pattern of collagen fibrils which play a significant role in its transparency. This paper introduces a transparent bioengineered corneal structure for transplantation. The structure is fabricated by inducing shear stress to a corneal stroma-derived decellularized extracellular matrix bioink based on a 3D cell printing technique. The printed structure recapitulates the native macrostructure of the cornea with aligned collagen fibrils which results in the construction of a highly matured and transparent cornea stroma analog. The level of shear stress, controlled by the various size of the printing nozzle, manipulates the arrangement of the fibrillar structure. With proper parameter selection, the printed cornea exhibits high cellular alignment capability, indicating a tissue-specific structural organization of collagen fibrils. In addition, this structural regulation enhances critical cellular events in the assembly of collagen over time. Interestingly, the collagen fibrils that remodeled along with the printing path create a lattice pattern similar to the structure of native human cornea after 4 weeks in vivo. Taken together, these results establish the possibilities and versatility of fabricating aligned collagen fibrils; this represents significant advances in corneal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
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11
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Lechago S, García-Meca C, Sánchez-Losilla N, Griol A, Martí J. High signal-to-noise ratio ultra-compact lab-on-a-chip microflow cytometer enabled by silicon optical antennas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:25645-25656. [PMID: 30469663 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.025645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate an all-silicon nanoantenna-based micro-optofluidic cytometer showing a combination of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) > 14 dB and ultra-compact size. Thanks to the ultra-high directivity of the antennas (>150), which enables a state-of-the-art sub-micron resolution, we are able to avoid the use of the bulky devices typically employed to collimate light on chip (such as lenses or fibers). The nm-scale antenna cross section allows a dramatic reduction of the optical system footprint, from the mm-scale of previous approaches to a few µm2, yielding a notable reduction in the fabrication costs. This scheme paves the way to ultra-compact lab-on-a-chip devices that may enable new applications with potential impact on all branches of biological and health science.
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12
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Shrirao AB, Fritz Z, Novik EM, Yarmush GM, Schloss RS, Zahn JD, Yarmush ML. Microfluidic flow cytometry: The role of microfabrication methodologies, performance and functional specification. TECHNOLOGY 2018; 6:1-23. [PMID: 29682599 PMCID: PMC5907470 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547818300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is an invaluable tool utilized in modern biomedical research and clinical applications requiring high throughput, high resolution particle analysis for cytometric characterization and/or sorting of cells and particles as well as for analyzing results from immunocytometric assays. In recent years, research has focused on developing microfluidic flow cytometers with the motivation of creating smaller, less expensive, simpler, and more autonomous alternatives to conventional flow cytometers. These devices could ideally be highly portable, easy to operate without extensive user training, and utilized for research purposes and/or point-of-care diagnostics especially in limited resource facilities or locations requiring on-site analyses. However, designing a device that fulfills the criteria of high throughput analysis, automation and portability, while not sacrificing performance is not a trivial matter. This review intends to present the current state of the field and provide considerations for further improvement by focusing on the key design components of microfluidic flow cytometers. The recent innovations in particle focusing and detection strategies are detailed and compared. This review outlines performance matrix parameters of flow cytometers that are interdependent with each other, suggesting trade offs in selection based on the requirements of the applications. The ongoing contribution of microfluidics demonstrates that it is a viable technology to advance the current state of flow cytometry and develop automated, easy to operate and cost-effective flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Zachary Fritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Eric M Novik
- Hurel Corporation, 671, Suite B, U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902
| | - Gabriel M Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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13
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Asghari M, Serhatlioglu M, Ortaç B, Solmaz ME, Elbuken C. Sheathless Microflow Cytometry Using Viscoelastic Fluids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12342. [PMID: 28955054 PMCID: PMC5617843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microflow cytometry is a powerful technique for characterization of particles suspended in a solution. In this work, we present a microflow cytometer based on viscoelastic focusing. 3D single-line focusing of microparticles was achieved in a straight capillary using viscoelastic focusing which alleviated the need for sheath flow or any other actuation mechanism. Optical detection was performed by fiber coupled light source and photodetectors. Using this system, we present the detection of microparticles suspended in three different viscoelastic solutions. The rheological properties of the solutions were measured and used to assess the focusing performance both analytically and numerically. The results were verified experimentally, and it has been shown that polyethlyene oxide (PEO) and hyaluronic acid (HA) based sheathless microflow cytometer demonstrates similar performance to state-of-the art flow cytometers. The sheathless microflow cytometer was shown to present 780 particles/s throughput and 5.8% CV for the forward scatter signal for HA-based focusing. The presented system is composed of a single capillary to accommodate the fluid and optical fibers to couple the light to the fluid of interest. Thanks to its simplicity, the system has the potential to widen the applicability of microflow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asghari
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Serhatlioglu
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bülend Ortaç
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet E Solmaz
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Caglar Elbuken
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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14
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Etcheverry S, Faridi A, Ramachandraiah H, Kumar T, Margulis W, Laurell F, Russom A. High performance micro-flow cytometer based on optical fibres. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5628. [PMID: 28717236 PMCID: PMC5514097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is currently the gold standard for analysis of cells in the medical laboratory and biomedical research. Fuelled by the need of point-of-care diagnosis, a significant effort has been made to miniaturize and reduce cost of flow cytometers. However, despite recent advances, current microsystems remain less versatile and much slower than their large-scale counterparts. In this work, an all-silica fibre microflow cytometer is presented that measures fluorescence and scattering from particles and cells. It integrates cell transport in circular capillaries and light delivery by optical fibres. Single-stream cell focusing is performed by Elasto-inertial microfluidics to guarantee accurate and sensitive detection. The capability of this technique is extended to high flow rates (up to 800 µl/min), enabling a throughput of 2500 particles/s. The robust, portable and low-cost system described here could be the basis for a point-of-care flow cytometer with a performance comparable to commercial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Etcheverry
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Fibre Optics, RISE Acreo AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - A Faridi
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - H Ramachandraiah
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - T Kumar
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - W Margulis
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fibre Optics, RISE Acreo AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Laurell
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Russom
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
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15
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Pedrol E, Garcia-Algar M, Massons J, Nazarenus M, Guerrini L, Martínez J, Rodenas A, Fernandez-Carrascal A, Aguiló M, Estevez LG, Calvo I, Olano-Daza A, Garcia-Rico E, Díaz F, Alvarez-Puebla RA. Optofluidic device for the quantification of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623262 PMCID: PMC5473916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer patients require a continuous monitoring during the sequential treatment cycles to carefully evaluate their disease evolution. Repetition of biopsies is very invasive and not always feasible. Herein, we design and demonstrate a 3D-flow focusing microfluidic device, where all optics are integrated into the chip, for the fluorescence quantification of CTCs in real samples. To test the chip performance, two cell membrane targets, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM, and the receptor tyrosine-protein kinase, HER2, are selected. The efficiency of the platform is demonstrated on cell lines and in a variety of healthy donors and metastatic-breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pedrol
- Física i Cristal•lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials and EmaS. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Garcia-Algar
- Departamento de Química Física e Inorgánica and EmaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jaume Massons
- Física i Cristal•lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials and EmaS. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Moritz Nazarenus
- Departamento de Química Física e Inorgánica and EmaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Luca Guerrini
- Departamento de Química Física e Inorgánica and EmaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez
- Física i Cristal•lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials and EmaS. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Airan Rodenas
- Física i Cristal•lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials and EmaS. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ana Fernandez-Carrascal
- Departamento de Química Física e Inorgánica and EmaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Aguiló
- Física i Cristal•lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials and EmaS. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura G Estevez
- Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales, San Bernardo 101, 28015, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Integral Oncologico Clara Campal (CIOCC), Oña 10, 28050, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Calvo
- Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales, San Bernardo 101, 28015, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Integral Oncologico Clara Campal (CIOCC), Oña 10, 28050, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Olano-Daza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario HM Torrelodones, Castillo de Olivares s/n, 28250, Torrelodones, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Rico
- Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales, San Bernardo 101, 28015, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro Integral Oncologico Clara Campal (CIOCC), Oña 10, 28050, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario HM Torrelodones, Castillo de Olivares s/n, 28250, Torrelodones, Spain. .,School of Medicine, San Pablo CEU, Calle Julián Romea, 18, 28003, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francesc Díaz
- Física i Cristal•lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials and EmaS. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Ramon A Alvarez-Puebla
- Departamento de Química Física e Inorgánica and EmaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel•lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain. .,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Zhang W, Zhu L, Zhang F, Lou X, Liu C, Meng X. Evaluating the liquid path stability of a flow cytometer. Cytometry A 2016; 89:941-948. [PMID: 27632708 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Precision in flow cytometry depends on many factors, the first of which is accurate and stable positioning of the hydrodynamically focused cells. However, no method exists to evaluate the stability of laminar flow and single-cell flow in the flow chamber of the flow cytometer directly because of the small size of the rectangular channel of the flow chamber. In this paper, a method of high-speed particle image velocimetry is proposed to solve this problem. The velocity stability of the particles in the flow chamber is used to evaluate the flow stability of the fluid path of the flow cytometer. The side scattering images of particles are obtained by a high-speed camera. Upon exposure, cells were imaged at random positions in the flow cell, resulting in four different types of the images: blank, inadequate, normal, or overlapped. Normal images were identified utilizing a grey cluster analysis algorithm based on trapezoid whitenization weight functions. A mid-point method is applied to determine the length of the particle track at a fixed exposure time. The variation of the trajectory lengths of the normal images are used to evaluate the stability of the liquid path. Experiments are carried out to verify the feasibility of our method in which different diameter microspheres at different flow rates. The results indicate that the standard deviation and relative standard deviation of the trajectory lengths can be used as the evaluation indices of the liquid path stability of the flow cytometer. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Zhang
- School of Instrumentation Science & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Optoelectronics Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Lianqing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optoelectronics Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China. .,Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optoelectronics Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Xiaoping Lou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optoelectronics Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optoelectronics Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Xiaochen Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optoelectronics Measurement Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China
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17
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Eluru G, Julius LAN, Gorthi SS. Single-layer microfluidic device to realize hydrodynamic 3D flow focusing. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4133-4141. [PMID: 27714001 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00935b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent rapid growth of microfluidic applications has witnessed the emergence of several particle flow focusing techniques for analysis and/or further processing. The majority of flow focusing techniques employ an external sheath fluid to achieve sample flow focusing independent of the flow rate, in contrast to sheath-free techniques. However, the introduction of a sheath fluid to surround the sample fluid has complicated the device design and fabrication, generally involving multi-layer fabrication and bonding of multiple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers. Several promising efforts have been made to reduce the complexity of fabrication. However, most of these methods involved the use of inertial/Dean effects, which in turn demanded the use of higher sample flow rates. In this paper, we report a method of flow focusing that uses a sheath fluid to enclose the sample in a single layer of PDMS, and that possesses applicability for a wide range of sample flow rates. This method of flow focusing uses abrupt channel depth variation and a shift of one of the sample-sheath junctions (termed as 'junction-shift') against the direction of the sample flow. This configuration serves to manipulate the sample fluid with respect to the sheath fluid and achieve the desired flow focusing. This design facilitates the attainment of 3D flow focusing in two sequential steps (depth-wise and then along the lateral direction) and in distinct regions, hence enabling the regions to be used in imaging and non-imaging flow cytometric applications, respectively. Simulations were performed to characterize and determine the optimum set of design parameters. Experimental demonstrations of this technique were carried out by focusing fluorescein dye and blood cells in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhar Eluru
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012 India.
| | - Lourdes Albina Nirupa Julius
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012 India.
| | - Sai Siva Gorthi
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012 India.
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18
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Zhao J, You Z. A Microflow Cytometer with a Rectangular Quasi-Flat-Top Laser Spot. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16091474. [PMID: 27626428 PMCID: PMC5038752 DOI: 10.3390/s16091474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This work develops a microflow cytometer, based on a microfluidic chip for three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing and a binary optical element (BOE) for shaping and homogenizing a laser beam. The microfluidic chip utilizes sheath flows to confine the sample flow along the channel centerline with a narrow cross section. In addition to hydrodynamic focusing, secondary flows are generated to strengthen the focusing in the vertical direction. In experiments, the chip was able to focus the sample flow with cross sections of 15 μm high and 8-30 μm wide at 5 m/s, under the condition of the sample flow rates between 10 and 120 μL/min. Instead of using the conventional elliptical Gaussian spot for optical detection, we used a specially designed BOE and obtained a 50 μm × 10 μm rectangular quasi-flat-top spot. The microflow cytometer combining the chip and the BOE was tested to count 3, 5, and 7 μm fluorescence microbeads, and the experimental results were comparable to or better than those derived from two commercial instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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19
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Yan CS, Wang YN. Multi-parameter analysis using photovoltaic cell-based optofluidic cytometer. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3585-3595. [PMID: 27699122 PMCID: PMC5030034 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A multi-parameter optofluidic cytometer based on two low-cost commercial photovoltaic cells and an avalanche photodetector is proposed. The optofluidic cytometer is fabricated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate and is capable of detecting side scattered (SSC), extinction (EXT) and fluorescence (FL) signals simultaneously using a free-space light transmission technique without the need for on-chip optical waveguides. The feasibility of the proposed device is demonstrated by detecting fluorescent-labeled polystyrene beads with sizes of 3 μm, 5 μm and 10 μm, respectively, and label-free beads with a size of 7.26 μm. The detection experiments are performed using both single-bead population samples and mixed-bead population samples. The detection results obtained using the SSC/EXT, EXT/FL and SSC/FL signals are compared with those obtained using a commercial flow cytometer. It is shown that the optofluidic cytometer achieves a high detection accuracy for both single-bead population samples and mixed-bead population samples. Consequently, the proposed device provides a versatile, straightforward and low-cost solution for a wide variety of point-of-care (PoC) cytometry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Shun Yan
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Nan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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20
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Zhang Y, Watts BR, Guo T, Zhang Z, Xu C, Fang Q. Optofluidic Device Based Microflow Cytometers for Particle/Cell Detection: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7040070. [PMID: 30407441 PMCID: PMC6189758 DOI: 10.3390/mi7040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optofluidic devices combining micro-optical and microfluidic components bring a host of new advantages to conventional microfluidic devices. Aspects, such as optical beam shaping, can be integrated on-chip and provide high-sensitivity and built-in optical alignment. Optofluidic microflow cytometers have been demonstrated in applications, such as point-of-care diagnostics, cellular immunophenotyping, rare cell analysis, genomics and analytical chemistry. Flow control, light guiding and collecting, data collection and data analysis are the four main techniques attributed to the performance of the optofluidic microflow cytometer. Each of the four areas is discussed in detail to show the basic principles and recent developments. 3D microfabrication techniques are discussed in their use to make these novel microfluidic devices, and the integration of the whole system takes advantage of the miniaturization of each sub-system. The combination of these different techniques is a spur to the development of microflow cytometers, and results show the performance of many types of microflow cytometers developed recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Benjamin R Watts
- ArtIC Photonics, 260 Terence Matthews Cres, Ottawa, ON K2M 2C7, Canada.
| | - Tianyi Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Information and Communication Technologies, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Qiyin Fang
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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21
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Dynamic manipulation of particles via transformative optofluidic waveguides. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15170. [PMID: 26471003 PMCID: PMC4607948 DOI: 10.1038/srep15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optofluidics is one of the most remarkable areas in the field of microfluidic research. Particle manipulation with optofluidic platforms has become central to optical chromatography, biotechnology, and μ-total analysis systems. Optical manipulation of particles depends on their sizes and refractive indices (n), which occasionally leads to undesirable separation consequences when their optical mobilities are identical. Here, we demonstrate rapid and dynamic particle manipulation according to n, regardless of size. Integrated liquid-core/solid-cladding (LS) and liquid-core/liquid-cladding (L2) waveguides were fabricated and their characteristics were experimentally and theoretically determined. The high and low n particles showed the opposite behaviors by controlling the contrast of their n values to those of the working fluids. The LS waveguide was found to successfully manipulate particles according to n, and the L2 waveguide was found to provide additional system stability and flexibility, compared to the LS system.
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