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Non-contact optical in-vivo sensing of cilia motion by analyzing speckle patterns. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16614. [PMID: 36198733 PMCID: PMC9534876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia motion is an indicator of pathological-ciliary function, however current diagnosis relies on biopsies. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach for sensing cilia motility. We present an endoscopic configuration for measuring the motion frequency of cilia in the nasal cavity. The technique is based on temporal tracking of the reflected spatial distribution of defocused speckle patterns while illuminating the cilia with a laser. The setup splits the optical signal into two channels; One imaging channel is for the visualization of the physician and another is, defocusing channel, to capture the speckles. We present in-vivo measurements from healthy subjects undergoing endoscopic examination. We found an average motion frequency of around 7.3 Hz and 9.8 Hz in the antero-posterior nasal mucus (an area rich in cilia), which matches the normal cilia range of 7–16 Hz. Quantitative and precise measurements of cilia vibration will optimize the diagnosis and treatment of pathological-ciliary function. This method is simple, minimally invasive, inexpensive, and promising to distinguish between normal and ciliary dysfunction.
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Veletić M, Apu EH, Simić M, Bergsland J, Balasingham I, Contag CH, Ashammakhi N. Implants with Sensing Capabilities. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16329-16363. [PMID: 35981266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of the aging human population and increased numbers of surgical procedures being performed, there is a growing number of biomedical devices being implanted each year. Although the benefits of implants are significant, there are risks to having foreign materials in the body that may lead to complications that may remain undetectable until a time at which the damage done becomes irreversible. To address this challenge, advances in implantable sensors may enable early detection of even minor changes in the implants or the surrounding tissues and provide early cues for intervention. Therefore, integrating sensors with implants will enable real-time monitoring and lead to improvements in implant function. Sensor integration has been mostly applied to cardiovascular, neural, and orthopedic implants, and advances in combined implant-sensor devices have been significant, yet there are needs still to be addressed. Sensor-integrating implants are still in their infancy; however, some have already made it to the clinic. With an interdisciplinary approach, these sensor-integrating devices will become more efficient, providing clear paths to clinical translation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Veletić
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Technology and Innovation Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ehsanul Hoque Apu
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Mitar Simić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jacob Bergsland
- The Intervention Centre, Technology and Innovation Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.,The Intervention Centre, Technology and Innovation Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher H Contag
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Boologam AV, Krishnan K, Palaniswamy SK, Kumar S, Bhowmik S, Sharma N, Vaish D, Chatterjee S. On the Design and Development of Planar Monopole Antenna for Bone Crack/Void Detection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION 2022; 2022:1-12. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4663488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the design of a compact narrowband monopole antenna for bone crack detection is presented. The proposed antenna consists of a modified hexagon-shaped radiator with six triangular slits integrated on its bottom periphery, a rectangular-shaped ground plane, and a microstrip feed line of 50 Ω. The antenna is fabricated on the FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm, an overall size of 32 mm × 30 mm, and electrical dimensions of 0.13λ0 × 0.122λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength at 2.45 GHz. The resonant frequency of the designed antenna is 2.45 GHz. The antenna offers a gain of 1.68 dB and an efficiency of 85.3%. The presence of a crack in the bone is detected by observing the shift in the peak resonating frequency of the antenna. This method can detect bone fractures in a noninvasive manner. The human arm model is constructed, and the effect of bone cracks of different lengths on the resonating frequency is investigated. The pig bone and tissues are used to validate the simulated results. The simulated results are in agreement with the measured outcomes. Also, the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the antenna is calculated and found to be less than 0.57 W/kg. The designed monopole antenna has several advantages, including a small footprint, straightforward design, low cost, and easy integration with other devices. The proposed method is suitable for primary-level bone crack diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Venkatesan Boologam
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Kalimuthu Krishnan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Shreya Bhowmik
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Nivesh Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Deepesh Vaish
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Sourish Chatterjee
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
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Kalyuzhner Z, Agdarov S, Orr I, Beiderman Y, Bennett A, Zalevsky Z. Remote photonic detection of human senses using secondary speckle patterns. Sci Rep 2022; 12:519. [PMID: 35017632 PMCID: PMC8752628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity research has recently gained significant attention due to its association with sensory information and behavior control. However, the current methods of brain activity sensing require expensive equipment and physical contact with the tested subject. We propose a novel photonic-based method for remote detection of human senses. Physiological processes associated with hemodynamic activity due to activation of the cerebral cortex affected by different senses have been detected by remote monitoring of nano-vibrations generated by the transient blood flow to the specific regions of the human brain. We have found that a combination of defocused, self-interference random speckle patterns with a spatiotemporal analysis, using Deep Neural Network, allows associating between the activated sense and the seemingly random speckle patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Kalyuzhner
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano-Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Sergey Agdarov
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano-Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Itai Orr
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano-Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yafim Beiderman
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano-Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Aviya Bennett
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano-Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano-Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Duadi D, Ozana N, Shabairou N, Wolf M, Zalevsky Z, Primov-Fever A. Non-contact optical sensing of vocal fold vibrations by secondary speckle patterns. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:20040-20050. [PMID: 32680074 DOI: 10.1364/oe.387932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vocal folds lesions are commonly diagnosed using an endoscopic-stroboscope. However, the stroboscopic picture of the vocal folds vibrations is subjectively and qualitatively evaluated by the clinician and, due to technical limitations, is unable to accurately distinguish between healthy and pathologic regions. In this paper, we propose two optical approaches for objectively sensing the vocal folds vibrations, using either external or internal laser illumination, based on temporal tracking of the reflected spatial distribution of secondary speckle patterns. The external configuration (the neck) is noninvasive and the internal configuration (the larynx) allows simultaneous extraction of data from multiple sites on the vocal folds. In this paper, we present measurements of healthy human subjects. Quantitative and precise measurements of vibration parameters of the vocal folds will enable a better understanding of hidden pathologies and optimize the diagnosis and treatment.
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Ozana N, Bauer R, Ashkenazy K, Sasson N, Schwarz A, Shemer A, Zalevsky Z. Demonstration of a Speckle Based Sensing with Pulse-Doppler Radar for Vibration Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1409. [PMID: 29751525 PMCID: PMC5982637 DOI: 10.3390/s18051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In previous works, an optical technique for extraction and separation of remote static vibrations has been demonstrated. In this paper, we will describe an approach in which RF speckle movement is used to extract remote vibrations of a static target. The use of conventional radar Doppler methods is not suitable for detecting vibrations of static targets. In addition, the speckle method has an important advantage, in that it is able to detect vibrations at far greater distances than what is normally detected in classical optical methods. The experiment described in this paper was done using a motorized vehicle, which engine was turned on and off. The results showed that the system was able to distinguish between the different engine states, and in addition, was able to determine the vibration frequency of the engine. The first step towards real time detection of human vital signs using RF speckle patterns is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisan Ozana
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - Reuven Bauer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
- ELTA Systems Ltd., P.O.B. 330 Ashdod 7710202, Israel.
| | | | - Nissim Sasson
- ELTA Systems Ltd., P.O.B. 330 Ashdod 7710202, Israel.
| | - Ariel Schwarz
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - Amir Shemer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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Fatigue as the missing link between bone fragility and fracture. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:62-71. [DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ozana N, Beiderman Y, Anand A, Javidi B, Polani S, Schwarz A, Shemer A, Garcia J, Zalevsky Z. Noncontact speckle-based optical sensor for detection of glucose concentration using magneto-optic effect. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:65001. [PMID: 27251076 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.6.065001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally verify a speckle-based technique for noncontact measurement of glucose concentration in the bloodstream. The final device is intended to be a single wristwatch-style device containing a laser, a camera, and an alternating current (ac) electromagnet generated by a solenoid. The experiments presented are performed in vitro as proof of the concept. When a glucose substance is inserted into a solenoid generating an ac magnetic field, it exhibits Faraday rotation, which affects the temporal changes of the secondary speckle pattern distributions. The temporal frequency resulting from the ac magnetic field was found to have a lock-in amplification role, which increased the observability of the relatively small magneto-optic effect. Experimental results to support the proposed concept are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisan Ozana
- Bar-Ilan University, Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yevgeny Beiderman
- Bar-Ilan University, Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Arun Anand
- MS University of Baroda, Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Optics Laboratory, Vadodara 390001, India
| | - Baharam Javidi
- University of Connecticut, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4157, United States
| | - Sagi Polani
- ContinUse Biometrics Ltd., Tel-Aviv 6912209, Israel
| | | | - Amir Shemer
- Bar-Ilan University, Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Javier Garcia
- Universitat de València, Departamento de Óptica, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Bar-Ilan University, Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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9
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Bishitz Y, Ozana N, Schwarz A, Beiderman Y, Garcia J, Zalevsky Z. Optical configuration of pigmented lesion detection by frequency analysis of skin speckle patterns. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1003-14. [PMID: 27231603 PMCID: PMC4866444 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present a novel approach of realizing a safe, simple, and inexpensive sensor applicable to pigmented lesions detection. The approach is based on temporal tracking of back-reflected secondary speckle patterns generated while illuminating the affected area with a laser and applying periodic pressure to the surface via a controlled vibration source. When applied to pigmented lesions, the technique is superior to visual examination in avoiding many false positives and resultant unnecessary biopsies. Applying a series of different vibration frequencies at the examined tissue and analyzing the 2-D time varying speckle patterns in response to the applied periodic pressure creates a unique signature for each and different pigmented lesion. Analyzing these signatures is the first step toward detection of malignant melanoma. In this paper we present preliminary experiments that show the validity of the developed sensor for the classification of pigmented lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Bishitz
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
- These authors contributed equally to the paper
| | - Nisan Ozana
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
- These authors contributed equally to the paper
| | - Ariel Schwarz
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yevgeny Beiderman
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Javier Garcia
- Departamento de O ´ptica, Universitat de46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nano Technology Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Ando T, Horisaki R, Tanida J. Speckle-learning-based object recognition through scattering media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:33902-33910. [PMID: 26832049 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.033902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated object recognition through scattering media based on direct machine learning of a number of speckle intensity images. In the experiments, speckle intensity images of amplitude or phase objects on a spatial light modulator between scattering plates were captured by a camera. We used the support vector machine for binary classification of the captured speckle intensity images of face and non-face data. The experimental results showed that speckles are sufficient for machine learning.
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