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Wang Q, Pan M, Kreiss L, Samaei S, Carp SA, Johansson JD, Zhang Y, Wu M, Horstmeyer R, Diop M, Li DDU. A comprehensive overview of diffuse correlation spectroscopy: Theoretical framework, recent advances in hardware, analysis, and applications. Neuroimage 2024; 298:120793. [PMID: 39153520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a powerful tool for assessing microvascular hemodynamic in deep tissues. Recent advances in sensors, lasers, and deep learning have further boosted the development of new DCS methods. However, newcomers might feel overwhelmed, not only by the already-complex DCS theoretical framework but also by the broad range of component options and system architectures. To facilitate new entry to this exciting field, we present a comprehensive review of DCS hardware architectures (continuous-wave, frequency-domain, and time-domain) and summarize corresponding theoretical models. Further, we discuss new applications of highly integrated silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors in DCS, compare SPADs with existing sensors, and review other components (lasers, sensors, and correlators), as well as data analysis tools, including deep learning. Potential applications in medical diagnosis are discussed and an outlook for the future directions is provided, to offer effective guidance to embark on DCS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mingliang Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Kreiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Saeed Samaei
- Department of Medical and Biophysics, Schulich School of Medical & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, Imaging Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan A Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | | | - Yuanzhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Roarke Horstmeyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mamadou Diop
- Department of Medical and Biophysics, Schulich School of Medical & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, Imaging Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Day-Uei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Chen L, Wang S, Feng Y, Yu J, Coudyzer W, Van Ongeval C, Geng L, Li Y, Ni Y. Development and characterization of a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) based platform for evaluation of vasoactive medications. Microvasc Res 2022; 142:104372. [PMID: 35483521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among various anti-cancer therapies, tumor vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) play a crucial role, for which their off-targeting effects on normal vessels need also to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to set up an in-ovo platform that combines a laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) modality with chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) to real-time monitor vascular diameters and perfusion without and with intravascular injection. Two eggshell windows for both observation or measurement and injection were opened. Dynamic blood perfusion images and corresponding statistic graphs were acquired by using a LSCI unit on CAMs from embryo date (ED) 9 to ED15. A dedicated fine needle catheter was made for slow intravascular administration over 30 min with simultaneous LSCI acquisition. To verify the connectivity between CAM vessels and the embryonic circulations in the egg, contrast-enhanced 3D micro computed tomography (μCT), 2D angiography and histology were executed. This platform was successfully established to acquire, quantify and demonstrate vascular and hemodynamic information from the CAM. Chick embryos even with air cell opened remained alive from ED9 to ED15. Through collecting LSCI derived CAM vascular diameter and perfusion parameters, ED12 was determined as the best time window for vasoactive drug studies. A reverse correlation between CAM vessel diameter and blood perfusion rate was found (p < 0.002). Intravascular infusion and simultaneous LSCI acquisition for 30 min in ovo proved feasible. Contrast-enhanced angiography and histomorphology could characterize the connectivity between CAM vasculature and embryonic circulation. This LSCI-CAM platform was proved effective for investigating the in-ovo hemodynamics, which paves the road for further preclinical research on vasoactive medications including VDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- KU Leuven, Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Shuncong Wang
- KU Leuven, Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Yuanbo Feng
- KU Leuven, Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Jie Yu
- KU Leuven, Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Walter Coudyzer
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chantal Van Ongeval
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lei Geng
- School of Life Science, TianGong University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China.
| | - Yicheng Ni
- KU Leuven, Biomedical Group, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Pagliazzi M, Colombo L, Vidal-Rosas EE, Dragojević T, Parfentyeva V, Culver JP, Konugolu Venkata Sekar S, Di Sieno L, Contini D, Torricelli A, Pifferi A, Dalla Mora A, Durduran T. Time resolved speckle contrast optical spectroscopy at quasi-null source-detector separation for non-invasive measurement of microvascular blood flow. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1499-1511. [PMID: 33796368 PMCID: PMC7984782 DOI: 10.1364/boe.418882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Time (or path length) resolved speckle contrast optical spectroscopy (TD-SCOS) at quasi-null (2.85 mm) source-detector separation was developed and demonstrated. The method was illustrated by in vivo studies on the forearm muscle of an adult subject. The results have shown that selecting longer photon path lengths results in higher hyperemic blood flow change and a faster return to baseline by a factor of two after arterial cuff occlusion when compared to SCOS without time resolution. This indicates higher sensitivity to the deeper muscle tissue. In the long run, this approach may allow the use of simpler and cheaper detector arrays compared to time resolved diffuse correlation spectroscopy that are based on readily available technologies. Hence, TD-SCOS may increase the performance and decrease cost of devices for continuous non-invasive, deep tissue blood flow monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pagliazzi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ernesto E. Vidal-Rosas
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanja Dragojević
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veronika Parfentyeva
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph P. Culver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Laura Di Sieno
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08015 Barcelona, Spain
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Low frequency oscillations assessed by diffuse speckle contrast analysis for foot angiosome concept. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17153. [PMID: 33051486 PMCID: PMC7553923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An angiosome refers to a 3D tissue volume that is vascularized by a single artery and is a relatively new concept that is useful in vascular surgery; however, the direct relationship between arterial blood flow and micro-perfusion is still controversial. Here, we propose a diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA), which is an emerging tissue perfusion monitoring modality, to investigate the correlations among low frequency oscillations (LFOs) measured from different areas on the feet of healthy subjects. We obtained reproducible results from the correlation analyses of LFOs, and their physiological implications were discussed. In order to confirm the changes in the frequency oscillations, we analyzed and compared the power spectral density changes due to heart rate variability in the electrocardiographic signal during reactive hyperemia and head-up tilt protocols.
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Bi R, Du Y, Singh G, Ho CJH, Zhang S, Attia ABE, Li X, Olivo M. Fast pulsatile blood flow measurement in deep tissue through a multimode detection fiber. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-10. [PMID: 32406214 PMCID: PMC7219964 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.5.055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Noninvasive in vivo fast pulsatile blood flow measurement in deep tissue is important because the blood flow waveform is correlated with physiological parameters, such as blood pressure and elasticity of blood vessels. Compromised blood flow may cause diseases, such as stroke, foot ulcer, and myocardial ischemia. There is great clinical demand for a portable and cost-effective device for noninvasive pulsatile blood flow measurement. AIM A diffuse-optics-based method, diffuse speckle pulsatile flowmetry (DSPF), was developed for fast measurement (∼300 Hz) of deep tissue blood flow noninvasively. To validate its performance, both a phantom experiment and in vivo demonstration were conducted. APPROACH Over the past two decades, single-mode fibers have been used as detection fibers in most diffuse-optics-based deep tissue blood flow measurement modalities. We used a multimode (MM) detection fiber with a core size of 200 μm for diffused speckle pattern detection. A background intensity correction algorithm was implemented for speckle contrast calculation. The MM detection fiber helped to achieve a level of deep tissue blood flow measurement similar to that of conventional modalities, such as diffuse correlation spectroscopy and diffuse speckle contrast analysis, but it increases the measurement rate of blood flow to 300 Hz. RESULTS The design and implementation of the DSPF system were introduced. The theory of the background intensity correction for the diffused speckle pattern detected by the MM fiber was explained. A flow phantom was built for validation of the performance of the DSPF system. An in vivo cuff-induced occlusion experiment was performed to demonstrate the capability of the proposed DSPF system. CONCLUSIONS An MM detection fiber can help to achieve fast (∼300 Hz) pulsatile blood flow measurement in the proposed DSPF method. The cost-effective device and the fiber-based flexible probe increase the usability of the DSPF system significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhe Bi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Yao Du
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiuting Li
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
- Address all correspondence to Malini Olivo, E-mail:
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Lee K. Diffuse Speckle Contrast Analysis (DSCA) for Deep Tissue Blood Flow Monitoring. ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.14326/abe.9.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kijoon Lee
- College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)
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Yeo CB, Jo WR, Kim HJ, Song C. Diffuse Speckle Contrast Analysis Assisted Intraoperative Blood Flow Monitoring in the Rat Model of Femoral Arterial Occlusion. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:858-861. [PMID: 30440526 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The rodent model has been largely used for understanding specific disease pathophysiology, with low cost and the large spectrum from genetic strains. Here, we present a diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA) system to measure blood flow changes non-invasively in rat's thigh and paw during femoral arterial occlusion (FAO) surgery which is the procedure for inducing peripheral arterial disease. The blood flow index in rat's paw showed significant decrease according to arterial occlusion. Moreover, we analyzed cross-correlation between two measurement positions. The results showed the affinity with hemodynamic response. In conclusion, the DSCA system secured the intraoperative blood flow monitoring during FAO surgery in a rat model.
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Liu J, Wang H, Wang P, Jin Z, Li W, Zhang H, Shen Z, Xiong D. Establishing the quantitative relationship between diffuse speckle contrast analysis signals with absolute blood flow. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4792-4806. [PMID: 30319903 PMCID: PMC6179414 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA) measures blood flow in deep tissues by taking advantage of the sensitivity of the speckle contrast signal to red blood cells (RBCs) motions. However, there has yet to be presented a clearly defined relationship between the absolute blood flow BFabs and the measured speckle contrast signal. Here, we derive an expression of linear approximation function for speckle contrast, taking into account both shear-induced diffusive and correlated advective RBCs motions in the vessels. We provide a linear relationship between the slope k slope of this linear function and BFabs. The feasibility of this relationship is validated by Monte Carlo simulations of heterogeneous tissue with varying vessel radii. Furthermore, based on this quantitative relationship, we can determine the relative contributions of diffusive RBCs motion on the reduction of speckle contrast, considering different vascular morphology and flow profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Zhiliang Jin
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhonghua Shen
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Daxi Xiong
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Street, Suzhou 215163, China
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Yeo CB, Lee KJ, Song C. Angiosome based time series analysis of deep tissue perfusion using diffuse speckle contrast analysis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:4054-4057. [PMID: 29060787 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An angiosome is a three dimensional volume of biological tissue which a specific artery governs. Although proven useful for vascular surgery, the direct relationship between arterial flow and microcirculation in specific angiosome remains controversial. Here, we present new optical approach, a four-channel diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA) which can simultaneously measure blood perfusion at different foot area. Based on the hypothesis that same angiosome will support similar low frequency oscillation, we investigated cross-correlation among different DSCA channels. Our preliminary results show that the LFO signal from the channel closest to posterior tibial artery is leading the signal from the other channels.
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Liu J, Zhang H, Lu J, Ni X, Shen Z. Simultaneously extracting multiple parameters via multi-distance and multi-exposure diffuse speckle contrast analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4537-4550. [PMID: 29082083 PMCID: PMC5654798 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA) have opened the path for noninvasive acquisition of deep tissue microvasculature blood flow. In fact, in addition to blood flow index αDB , the variations of tissue optical absorption μa , reduced scattering coefficients [Formula: see text], as well as coherence factor β can modulate temporal fluctuations of speckle patterns. In this study, we use multi-distance and multi-exposure DSCA (MDME-DSCA) to simultaneously extract multiple parameters such as μa , [Formula: see text], αDB , and β. The validity of MDME-DSCA has been validated by the simulated data and phantoms experiments. Moreover, as a comparison, the results also show that it is impractical to simultaneously obtain multiple parameters by multi-exposure DSCA (ME-DSCA).
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Liu J, Zhang H, Lu J, Ni X, Shen Z. Quantitative model of diffuse speckle contrast analysis for flow measurement. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:76016. [PMID: 28742921 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.7.076016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA) is a noninvasive optical technique capable of monitoring deep tissue blood flow. However, a detailed study of the speckle contrast model for DSCA has yet to be presented. We deduced the theoretical relationship between speckle contrast and exposure time and further simplified it to a linear approximation model. The feasibility of this linear model was validated by the liquid phantoms which demonstrated that the slope of this linear approximation was able to rapidly determine the Brownian diffusion coefficient of the turbid media at multiple distances using multiexposure speckle imaging. Furthermore, we have theoretically quantified the influence of optical property on the measurements of the Brownian diffusion coefficient which was a consequence of the fact that the slope of this linear approximation was demonstrated to be equal to the inverse of correlation time of the speckle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowu Ni
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghua Shen
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Science, Nanjing, China
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