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Abstract
For diabetics, taking regular blood glucose measurements is crucial. However, traditional blood glucose monitoring methods are invasive and unfriendly to diabetics. Recent studies have proposed a biofluid-based glucose sensing technique that creatively combines wearable devices with noninvasive glucose monitoring technology to enhance diabetes management. This is a revolutionary advance in the diagnosis and management of diabetes, reflects the thoughtful modernization of medicine, and promotes the development of digital medicine. This paper reviews the research progress of noninvasive continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM), with a focus on the biological liquids that replace blood in monitoring systems, the technical principles of continuous noninvasive glucose detection, and the output and calibration of sensor signals. In addition, the existing limits of noninvasive CGM systems and prospects for the future are discussed. This work serves as a resource for further promoting the development of noninvasive CGM systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
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2
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Sobczak M, Asejczyk M, Wilczyński M. The effect of pupil size on the measurement of corneal birefringence properties: preliminary study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17439. [PMID: 37838761 PMCID: PMC10576786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a partial Mueller matrix polarimeter to measure the corneal anisotropic properties at three pupil sizes (dilated, natural, and constricted). The geometrical parameters of first order isochromes were described by quadrilaterals. These parameters are statistically significantly different between the three pupil sizes. The pupillary size changes do not influence the azimuth angle distribution α. The retardation R and birefringence distributions show asymmetry in the nasal-temporal cross-section. There are differences between pupil sizes for both nasal and temporal parts of the cornea for these distributions. Iridial light scattering and diffraction might be the reason for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Sobczak
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, 800 Atwater, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
| | - Magdalena Asejczyk
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Wilczyński
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
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Vala D, Mičica M, Cvejn D, Postava K. Broadband Mueller ellipsometer as an all-in-one tool for spectral and temporal analysis of mutarotation kinetics. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6582-6592. [PMID: 36860536 PMCID: PMC9969180 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00101f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopic Mueller matrix ellipsometry is becoming increasingly routine across physical branches of science, even outside optics. The highly sensitive tracking of the polarization-related physical properties offers a reliable and non-destructive analysis of virtually any sample at hand. If coupled with a physical model, it is impeccable in performance and irreplaceable in versatility. Nonetheless, this method is rarely adopted interdisciplinarily, and when it is, it often plays a supporting role, which does not take benefit of its full potential. To bridge this gap, we present Mueller matrix ellipsometry in the context of chiroptical spectroscopy. In this work, we utilize a commercial broadband Mueller ellipsometer to analyze the optical activity of a saccharides solution. We verify the correctness of the method in the first place by studying the well-known rotatory power of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. By employing a physically meaningful dispersion model, we obtain 2π-unwrapped absolute specific rotations. Besides that, we demonstrate the capability of tracing the glucose mutarotation kinetics from just one set of measurements. Coupling the Mueller matrix ellipsometry with the proposed dispersion model ultimately leads to the precisely determined mutarotation rate constants and spectrally and temporally resolved gyration tensor of individual glucose anomers. In this view, Mueller matrix ellipsometry may stand as an offbeat yet equal technique to those considered classical chiroptical spectroscopy techniques, which may help open new opportunities for broader polarimetric applications in biomedicine and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vala
- IT4Innovations, National Supercomputing Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mičica
- IT4Innovations, National Supercomputing Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8023 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Daniel Cvejn
- ENET Centre, CEET, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Postava
- IT4Innovations, National Supercomputing Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
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Sobczak M, Owczarek M, Woźniak WA, Kurzynowski P. In vivo measurements of corneal birefringence properties using the one-way reflective Mueller polarimetry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15356-15365. [PMID: 33985236 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the results of in vivo measurements of human corneal birefringence properties using the one-way reflective polariscope, in which the same module is used to generate and analyze the light polarization state. Data analysis was performed with the use of Mueller polarimetry techniques. The distribution of the azimuth angle and the phase retardation was determined on the paracentral and limbal areas. The results indicate growth of the phase retardation magnitude and the radial orientation of the azimuth angle in the cornea's peripheral region, which confirms our assumptions and the results presented by other researchers.
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Du Le VN, Saytashev I, Saha S, Lopez PF, Laughrey M, Ramella-Roman JC. Depth-resolved Mueller matrix polarimetry microscopy of the rat cornea. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5982-5994. [PMID: 33150000 PMCID: PMC7587284 DOI: 10.1364/boe.402201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix polarimetry (MMP) is a promising linear imaging modality that can enable visualization and measurement of the polarization properties of the cornea. Although the distribution of corneal birefringence has been reported, depth resolved MMP imaging of the cornea has not been archived and remains challenging. In this work, we perform depth-resolved imaging of the cornea using an improved system that combines Mueller matrix reflectance and transmission microscopy together with nonlinear microscopy utilizing second harmonic generation (SHG) and two photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF). We show that TPEF can reveal corneal epithelial cellular network while SHG can highlight the presence of corneal stromal lamellae. We then demonstrate that, in confocal reflectance measurement, as depth increases from 0 to 80 μm both corneal depolarization and retardation increase. Furthermore, it is shown that the spatial distribution of corneal depolarization and retardation displays similar complexity in both reflectance (confocal and non-confocal) and transmission measurement, likely due to the strong degree of heterogeneity in the stromal lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Du Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Ilyas Saytashev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Pedro F Lopez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Megan Laughrey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jessica C Ramella-Roman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Artificial Pancreas Control Strategies Used for Type 1 Diabetes Control and Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis. APPLIED SYSTEM INNOVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/asi3030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive survey about the fundamental components of the artificial pancreas (AP) system including insulin administration and delivery, glucose measurement (GM), and control strategies/algorithms used for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treatment and control. Our main focus is on the T1DM that emerges due to pancreas’s failure to produce sufficient insulin due to the loss of beta cells (β-cells). We discuss various insulin administration and delivery methods including physiological methods, open-loop, and closed-loop schemes. Furthermore, we report several factors such as hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and many other physical factors that need to be considered while infusing insulin in human body via AP systems. We discuss three prominent control algorithms including proportional-integral- derivative (PID), fuzzy logic, and model predictive, which have been clinically evaluated and have all shown promising results. In addition, linear and non-linear insulin infusion control schemes have been formally discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work which systematically covers recent developments in the AP components with a solid foundation for future studies in the T1DM field.
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Shokrekhodaei M, Quinones S. Review of Non-invasive Glucose Sensing Techniques: Optical, Electrical and Breath Acetone. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1251. [PMID: 32106464 PMCID: PMC7085605 DOI: 10.3390/s20051251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Annual deaths in the U.S. attributed to diabetes are expected to increase from 280,210 in 2015 to 385,840 in 2030. The increase in the number of people affected by diabetes has made it one of the major public health challenges around the world. Better management of diabetes has the potential to decrease yearly medical costs and deaths associated with the disease. Non-invasive methods are in high demand to take the place of the traditional finger prick method as they can facilitate continuous glucose monitoring. Research groups have been trying for decades to develop functional commercial non-invasive glucose measurement devices. The challenges associated with non-invasive glucose monitoring are the many factors that contribute to inaccurate readings. We identify and address the experimental and physiological challenges and provide recommendations to pave the way for a systematic pathway to a solution. We have reviewed and categorized non-invasive glucose measurement methods based on: (1) the intrinsic properties of glucose, (2) blood/tissue properties and (3) breath acetone analysis. This approach highlights potential critical commonalities among the challenges that act as barriers to future progress. The focus here is on the pertinent physiological aspects, remaining challenges, recent advancements and the sensors that have reached acceptable clinical accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryamsadat Shokrekhodaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Stella Quinones
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
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Sobczak M, Asejczyk-Widlicka M, Szafraniec A, Kurzynowski P. Analysis of torsional eye movements using the corneal birefringence pattern. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:B23-B27. [PMID: 31044951 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.000b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The literature mentions several invasive methods to measure the degree of the compensatory torsional eye movement during a head-tilt. Nevertheless, none of them have yielded universally clinical tests. This study focuses on an optical system (with a circular polarizer) for noninvasive acquisition of corneal birefringence patterns (isochromes). The acquired isochromes are quadrangular in shape and unique for each eye, as well as independent of the head-rotation angle. The results obtained suggest that isochrome orientation analysis could be an effective method to accurately measure the degree of compensatory torsional eye movement.
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Diattenuation Imaging reveals different brain tissue properties. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1939. [PMID: 30760789 PMCID: PMC6374401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When transmitting polarised light through histological brain sections, different types of diattenuation (polarisation-dependent attenuation of light) can be observed: In some brain regions, the light is minimally attenuated when it is polarised parallel to the nerve fibres (referred to as D+), in others, it is maximally attenuated (referred to as D−). The underlying mechanisms of these effects and their relationship to tissue properties were so far unknown. Here, we demonstrate in experimental studies that diattenuation of both types D+ and D− can be observed in brain tissue samples from different species (rodent, monkey, and human) and that the strength and type of diattenuation depend on the nerve fibre orientations. By combining finite-difference time-domain simulations and analytical modelling, we explain the observed diattenuation effects and show that they are caused both by anisotropic absorption (dichroism) and by anisotropic light scattering. Our studies demonstrate that the diattenuation signal depends not only on the nerve fibre orientations but also on other brain tissue properties like tissue homogeneity, fibre size, and myelin sheath thickness. This allows to use the diattenuation signal to distinguish between brain regions with different tissue properties and establishes Diattenuation Imaging as a valuable imaging technique.
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Menzel M, Reckfort J, Weigand D, Köse H, Amunts K, Axer M. Diattenuation of brain tissue and its impact on 3D polarized light imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3163-3197. [PMID: 28717561 PMCID: PMC5508822 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
3D-polarized light imaging (3D-PLI) reconstructs nerve fibers in histological brain sections by measuring their birefringence. This study investigates another effect caused by the optical anisotropy of brain tissue - diattenuation. Based on numerical and experimental studies and a complete analytical description of the optical system, the diattenuation was determined to be below 4 % in rat brain tissue. It was demonstrated that the diattenuation effect has negligible impact on the fiber orientations derived by 3D-PLI. The diattenuation signal, however, was found to highlight different anatomical structures that cannot be distinguished with current imaging techniques, which makes Diattenuation Imaging a promising extension to 3D-PLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Menzel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425,
Germany
| | - Julia Reckfort
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425,
Germany
| | - Daniel Weigand
- JARA-Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056,
Germany
| | - Hasan Köse
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425,
Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425,
Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40204,
Germany
| | - Markus Axer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425,
Germany
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Azzam RMA. Stokes-vector and Mueller-matrix polarimetry [Invited]. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2016; 33:1396-408. [PMID: 27409699 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.33.001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current status of instruments for measuring the full 4×1 Stokes vector S, which describes the state of polarization (SOP) of totally or partially polarized light, and the 4×4 Mueller matrix M, which determines how the SOP is transformed as light interacts with a material sample or an optical element or system. The principle of operation of each instrument is briefly explained by using the Stokes-Mueller calculus. The development of fast, automated, imaging, and spectroscopic instruments over the last 50 years has greatly expanded the range of applications of optical polarimetry and ellipsometry in almost every branch of science and technology. Current challenges and future directions of this important branch of optics are also discussed.
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