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Wang XX, Xie C, Libby AE, Ranjit S, Levi J, Myakala K, Bhasin K, Jones BA, Orlicky DJ, Takahashi S, Dvornikov A, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Adorini L, Kopp JB, Krausz KW, Rosenberg A, McManaman JL, Robertson CE, Ir D, Frank DN, Luo Y, Gonzalez FJ, Gratton E, Levi M. The role of FXR and TGR5 in reversing and preventing progression of Western diet-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102530. [PMID: 36209823 PMCID: PMC9638804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most common chronic liver disease in the US, partly due to the increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The roles of bile acids and their receptors, such as the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5, on the development of NASH are not fully clear. C57BL/6J male mice fed a Western diet (WD) develop characteristics of NASH, allowing determination of the effects of FXR and TGR5 agonists on this disease. Here we show that the FXR-TGR5 dual agonist INT-767 prevents progression of WD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, as determined by histological and biochemical assays and novel label-free microscopy imaging techniques, including third harmonic generation, second harmonic generation, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Furthermore, we show INT-767 decreases liver fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid and cholesterol uptake, as well as liver inflammation. INT-767 markedly changed bile acid composition in the liver and intestine, leading to notable decreases in the hydrophobicity index of bile acids, known to limit cholesterol and lipid absorption. In addition, INT-767 upregulated expression of liver p-AMPK, SIRT1, PGC-1α, and SIRT3, which are master regulators of mitochondrial function. Finally, we found INT-767 treatment reduced WD-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Interestingly, the effects of INT-767 in attenuating NASH were absent in FXR-null mice, but still present in TGR5-null mice. Our findings support treatment and prevention protocols with the dual FXR-TGR5 agonist INT-767 arrest progression of WD-induced NASH in mice mediated by FXR-dependent, TGR5-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Cen Xie
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew E Libby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Suman Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jonathan Levi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kanchan Bhasin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bryce A Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alexander Dvornikov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avi Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- The Integrated Physiology Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Diana Ir
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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Liggett JR, Kang J, Ranjit S, Rodriguez O, Loh K, Patil D, Cui Y, Duttargi A, Nguyen S, He B, Lee Y, Oza K, Frank BS, Kwon D, Li HH, Kallakury B, Libby A, Levi M, Robson SC, Fishbein TM, Cui W, Albanese C, Khan K, Kroemer A. Oral N-acetylcysteine decreases IFN-γ production and ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury in steatotic livers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898799. [PMID: 36148239 PMCID: PMC9486542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Natural Killer T-cells (NKT1 cells) play a critical role in mediating hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Although hepatic steatosis is a major risk factor for preservation type injury, how NKT cells impact this is understudied. Given NKT1 cell activation by phospholipid ligands recognized presented by CD1d, we hypothesized that NKT1 cells are key modulators of hepatic IRI because of the increased frequency of activating ligands in the setting of hepatic steatosis. We first demonstrate that IRI is exacerbated by a high-fat diet (HFD) in experimental murine models of warm partial ischemia. This is evident in the evaluation of ALT levels and Phasor-Fluorescence Lifetime (Phasor-FLIM) Imaging for glycolytic stress. Polychromatic flow cytometry identified pronounced increases in CD45+CD3+NK1.1+NKT1 cells in HFD fed mice when compared to mice fed a normal diet (ND). This observation is further extended to IRI, measuring ex vivo cytokine expression in the HFD and ND. Much higher interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expression is noted in the HFD mice after IRI. We further tested our hypothesis by performing a lipidomic analysis of hepatic tissue and compared this to Phasor-FLIM imaging using "long lifetime species", a byproduct of lipid oxidation. There are higher levels of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in HFD mice. Since N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is able to limit hepatic steatosis, we tested how oral NAC supplementation in HFD mice impacted IRI. Interestingly, oral NAC supplementation in HFD mice results in improved hepatic enhancement using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to HFD control mice and normalization of glycolysis demonstrated by Phasor-FLIM imaging. This correlated with improved biochemical serum levels and a decrease in IFN-γ expression at a tissue level and from CD45+CD3+CD1d+ cells. Lipidomic evaluation of tissue in the HFD+NAC mice demonstrated a drastic decrease in triacylglycerol, suggesting downregulation of the PPAR-γ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedson R Liggett
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Surgery, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, United States
| | - Jiman Kang
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Suman Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Microscopy & Imaging Shared Resource, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Katrina Loh
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Digvijay Patil
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Yuki Cui
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anju Duttargi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sang Nguyen
- Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Britney He
- Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Yichien Lee
- Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kesha Oza
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brett S Frank
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - DongHyang Kwon
- Department of Pathology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Heng-Hong Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Andrew Libby
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Simon C Robson
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas M Fishbein
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Wanxing Cui
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Chris Albanese
- Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Radiology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Khalid Khan
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alexander Kroemer
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and the Center for Translational Transplant Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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Dvornikov A, Malacrida L, Gratton E. The DIVER Microscope for Imaging in Scattering Media. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:E53. [PMID: 31234383 PMCID: PMC6632175 DOI: 10.3390/mps2020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe an advanced DIVER (Deep Imaging Via Emission Recovery) detection system for two-photon fluorescence microscopy that allows imaging in multiple scattering media, including biological tissues, up to a depth of a few mm with micron resolution. This detection system is more sensitive to low level light signals than conventional epi-detection used in two-photon fluorescence microscopes. The DIVER detector efficiently collects scattered emission photons from a wide area of turbid samples at almost any entrance angle in a 2π spherical angle. Using an epi-detection scheme only photons coming from a relatively small area of a sample and at narrow acceptance angle can be detected. The transmission geometry of the DIVER imaging system makes it exceptionally suitable for Second and Third Harmonic Generation (SHG, THG) signal detection. It also has in-depth fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) capability. Using special optical filters with sin-cos spectral response, hyperspectral analysis of images acquired in-depth in scattering media can be performed. The system was successfully employed in imaging of various biological tissues. The DIVER detector can be plugged into a standard microscope stage and used as an external detector with upright commercial two-photon microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dvornikov
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República-Uruguay, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Ranjit S, Dvornikov A, Dobrinskikh E, Wang X, Luo Y, Levi M, Gratton E. Measuring the effect of a Western diet on liver tissue architecture by FLIM autofluorescence and harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3143-3154. [PMID: 28717559 PMCID: PMC5508820 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The phasor approach to auto-fluorescence lifetime imaging was used to identify and characterize a long lifetime species (LLS) (~7.8 ns) in livers of mice fed with a Western diet. The size of the areas containing this LLS species depends on the type of diet and the size distribution shows Western diet has much larger LLS sizes. Combination of third harmonic generation images with FLIM identified the LLS species with fat droplets and the droplet size distribution was estimated. Second harmonic generation microscopy combined with phasor FLIM shows that there is an increase in fibrosis with a Western diet. A new decomposition in three components of the phasor plot shows that a Western diet is correlated with a higher fraction of free NADH, signifying more reducing condition and more glycolytic condition. Multiparametric analysis of phasor distribution shows that from the distribution of phasor points, a Western diet fed versus a low fat diet fed samples of mice livers can be separated. The phasor approach for the analysis of FLIM images of autofluorescence in liver specimens can result in discovery of new fluorescent species and then these new fluorescent species can help assess tissue architecture. Finally integrating FLIM and second and third harmonic analysis provides a measure of the advancement of fibrosis as an effect of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ranjit
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Dvornikov
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Moshe Levi
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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