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Kaushik V, Dąbrowski M, Gessa L, Kumar N, Fernandes H. Two-photon excitation fluorescence in ophthalmology: safety and improved imaging for functional diagnostics. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1293640. [PMID: 38235268 PMCID: PMC10791900 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1293640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) is emerging as a powerful imaging technique with superior penetration power in scattering media, allowing for functional imaging of biological tissues at a subcellular level. TPEF is commonly used in cancer diagnostics, as it enables the direct observation of metabolism within living cells. The technique is now widely used in various medical fields, including ophthalmology. The eye is a complex and delicate organ with multiple layers of different cell types and tissues. Although this structure is ideal for visual perception, it generates aberrations in TPEF eye imaging. However, adaptive optics can now compensate for these aberrations, allowing for improved imaging of the eyes of animal models for human diseases. The eye is naturally built to filter out harmful wavelengths, but these wavelengths can be mimicked and thereby utilized in diagnostics via two-photon (2Ph) excitation. Recent advances in laser-source manufacturing have made it possible to minimize the exposure of in vivo measurements within safety, while achieving sufficient signals to detect for functional images, making TPEF a viable option for human application. This review explores recent advances in wavefront-distortion correction in animal models and the safety of use of TPEF on human subjects, both of which make TPEF a potentially powerful tool for ophthalmological diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Kaushik
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luca Gessa
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nelam Kumar
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Humberto Fernandes
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Różanowska MB. Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2111. [PMID: 38136230 PMCID: PMC10740933 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin accumulates with age as intracellular fluorescent granules originating from incomplete lysosomal digestion of phagocytosed and autophagocytosed material. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress and/or lysosomal dysfunction in lipofuscin accumulation and its consequences, particularly for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Next, the fluorescence of lipofuscin, spectral changes induced by oxidation, and its contribution to retinal fluorescence are discussed. This is followed by reviewing recent developments in fluorescence imaging of the retina and the current evidence on the prognostic value of retinal fluorescence for the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major blinding disease affecting elderly people in developed countries. The evidence of lipofuscin oxidation in vivo and the evidence of increased oxidative damage in AMD retina ex vivo lead to the conclusion that imaging of spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence may serve as a useful biomarker of oxidative damage, which can be helpful in assessing the efficacy of potential antioxidant therapies in retinal degenerations associated with accumulation of lipofuscin and increased oxidative stress. Finally, amendments to currently used fluorescence imaging instruments are suggested to be more sensitive and specific for imaging spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK;
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
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3
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Intravital microscopy for real-time monitoring of drug delivery and nanobiological processes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114528. [PMID: 36067968 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) expands our understanding of cellular and molecular processes, with applications ranging from fundamental biology to (patho)physiology and immunology, as well as from drug delivery to drug processing and drug efficacy testing. In this review, we highlight modalities, methods and model organisms that make up today's IVM landscape, and we present how IVM - via its high spatiotemporal resolution - enables analysis of metabolites, small molecules, nanoparticles, immune cells, and the (tumor) tissue microenvironment. We furthermore present examples of how IVM facilitates the elucidation of nanomedicine kinetics and targeting mechanisms, as well as of biological processes such as immune cell death, host-pathogen interactions, metabolic states, and disease progression. We conclude by discussing the prospects of IVM clinical translation and examining the integration of machine learning in future IVM practice.
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4
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Walters S, Feeks JA, Huynh KT, Hunter JJ. Adaptive optics two-photon excited fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium in the living non-human primate eye. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:389-407. [PMID: 35154879 PMCID: PMC8803039 DOI: 10.1364/boe.444550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging has demonstrated promise as a quantitative measure of cell health. Adaptive optics two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) ophthalmoscopy enables excitation of intrinsic retinal fluorophores involved in cellular metabolism and the visual cycle, providing in vivo visualization of retinal structure and function at the cellular scale. Combining these technologies revealed that macaque cones had a significantly longer mean TPEF lifetime than rods at 730 nm excitation. At 900 nm excitation, macaque photoreceptors had a significantly longer mean TPEF lifetime than the retinal pigment epithelium layer. AOFLIO can measure the fluorescence lifetime of intrinsic retinal fluorophores on a cellular scale, revealing differences in lifetime between retinal cell classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Walters
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Currently with IDEX Health & Science, West Henrietta, NY 14586, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - James A. Feeks
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Currently with IDEX Health & Science, West Henrietta, NY 14586, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Khang T. Huynh
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Hunter
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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5
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Boguslawski J, Palczewska G, Tomczewski S, Milkiewicz J, Kasprzycki P, Stachowiak D, Komar K, Marzejon MJ, Sikorski BL, Hudzikowski A, Głuszek A, Łaszczych Z, Karnowski K, Soboń G, Palczewski K, Wojtkowski M. In vivo imaging of the human eye using a two-photon excited fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscope. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:154218. [PMID: 34847075 PMCID: PMC8759795 DOI: 10.1172/jci154218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive assessment of metabolic processes that sustain regeneration of human retinal visual pigments (visual cycle) is essential to improve ophthalmic diagnostics and to accelerate development of new treatments to counter retinal diseases. Fluorescent vitamin A derivatives, which are the chemical intermediates of these processes, are highly sensitive to UV light; thus, safe analyses of these processes in humans are currently beyond the reach of even the most modern ocular imaging modalities. METHODS We present a compact fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscope (TPEF-SLO) and spectrally resolved images of the human retina based on two-photon excitation (TPE) with near-infrared (IR) light. A custom Er:fiber laser with integrated pulse selection, along with intelligent post-processing of data, enables excitation with low laser power and precise measurement of weak signals. RESULTS We demonstrate spectrally resolved TPE fundus images of human subjects. Comparison of TPE data between human and mouse models of retinal diseases revealed similarity with mouse models that rapidly accumulate bisretinoid condensation products. Thus, visual cycle intermediates and toxic byproducts of this metabolic pathway can be measured and quantified by TPE imaging. CONCLUSION Our work establishes a TPE instrument and measurement method for noninvasive metabolic assessment of the human retina. This approach opens the possibility for monitoring eye diseases in the earliest stages before structural damage to the retina occurs. FUNDING NIH, Research to Prevent Blindness, Foundation for Polish Science, European Regional Development Fund, Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange and Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Boguslawski
- International Center for Translational Eye Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Palczewska
- Department of Medical Devices, Polgenix, Inc., Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Slawomir Tomczewski
- International Center for Translational Eye Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Milkiewicz
- International Center for Translational Eye Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kasprzycki
- International Center for Translational Eye Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Stachowiak
- Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Komar
- International Center for Translational Eye Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin J Marzejon
- International Center for Translational Eye Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz L Sikorski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Hudzikowski
- Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Głuszek
- Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Łaszczych
- Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karol Karnowski
- International Center for Translational Eye Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Soboń
- Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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McAleer S, Fast A, Xue Y, Seiler MJ, Tang WC, Balu M, Baldi P, Browne AW. Deep Learning-Assisted Multiphoton Microscopy to Reduce Light Exposure and Expedite Imaging in Tissues With High and Low Light Sensitivity. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34668935 PMCID: PMC8543395 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.12.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) reveals information about tissue function. Concerns for phototoxicity demand lower light exposure during imaging. Reducing excitation light reduces the quality of the image by limiting fluorescence emission. We applied deep learning (DL) super-resolution techniques to images acquired from low light exposure to yield high-resolution images of retinal and skin tissues. Methods We analyzed two methods: a method based on U-Net and a patch-based regression method using paired images of skin (550) and retina (1200), each with low- and high-resolution paired images. The retina dataset was acquired at low and high laser powers from retinal organoids, and the skin dataset was obtained from averaging 7 to 15 frames or 70 frames. Mean squared error (MSE) and the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) were outcome measures for DL algorithm performance. Results For the skin dataset, the patches method achieved a lower MSE (3.768) compared with U-Net (4.032) and a high SSIM (0.824) compared with U-Net (0.783). For the retinal dataset, the patches method achieved an average MSE of 27,611 compared with 146,855 for the U-Net method and an average SSIM of 0.636 compared with 0.607 for the U-Net method. The patches method was slower (303 seconds) than the U-Net method (<1 second). Conclusions DL can reduce excitation light exposure in 2PEF imaging while preserving image quality metrics. Translational Relevance DL methods will aid in translating 2PEF imaging from benchtop systems to in vivo imaging of light-sensitive tissues such as the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McAleer
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Fast
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,InfraDerm, LLC, Irvine, CA
| | - Yuntian Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Magdalene J Seiler
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William C Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mihaela Balu
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrew W Browne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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7
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Wynne N, Carroll J, Duncan JL. Promises and pitfalls of evaluating photoreceptor-based retinal disease with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100920. [PMID: 33161127 PMCID: PMC8639282 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) allows visualization of the living human retina with exquisite single-cell resolution. This technology has improved our understanding of normal retinal structure and revealed pathophysiological details of a number of retinal diseases. Despite the remarkable capabilities of AOSLO, it has not seen the widespread commercial adoption and mainstream clinical success of other modalities developed in a similar time frame. Nevertheless, continued advancements in AOSLO hardware and software have expanded use to a broader range of patients. Current devices enable imaging of a number of different retinal cell types, with recent improvements in stimulus and detection schemes enabling monitoring of retinal function, microscopic structural changes, and even subcellular activity. This has positioned AOSLO for use in clinical trials, primarily as exploratory outcome measures or biomarkers that can be used to monitor disease progression or therapeutic response. AOSLO metrics could facilitate patient selection for such trials, to refine inclusion criteria or to guide the choice of therapy, depending on the presence, absence, or functional viability of specific cell types. Here we explore the potential of AOSLO retinal imaging by reviewing clinical applications as well as some of the pitfalls and barriers to more widespread clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Wynne
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Dave VP, Kumar S, Mulani Y, Richhariya A, Pappuru RR, Das T. Foveal cone count reduction in resolved endophthalmitis: an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO)-based prospective pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:1520-1524. [PMID: 32917628 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report the foveal cone count in eyes with resolved endophthalmitis vis-à-vis normal fellow eyes using an indigenous adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO). METHODS In a prospective cross-sectional comparative pilot study, we recruited patients with resolved endophthalmitis in one eye (study eye) and a normal fellow eye (control eye). Collected data included measurement of the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and AO-SLO imaging and cone counting at the fovea in both eyes. RESULTS The study included 12 eyes of 6 patients. The mean age was 51.66±11.97 years (median 56 years). BCVA in all control eyes was 20/20 (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) 0), and in the study, eyes was 0.21±0.13 (median 0.19, Snellen 20/30; p=0.001; 95% CI -0.39 to -0.09). The follow-up was 18.66±12.32 (median 20 months). The cone count at the fovea in the control eye was 4356.33±1993.93 (median 4498), and in the study eye, it was 2357.16±1541.17 (median 2187.5; p=0.03; 95% CI -3556 to -1082). CONCLUSIONS Eyes with resolved endophthalmitis with near-normal vision have reduced number of foveal cones even in absence of OCT-detected gross structural changes. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE The current work describes the application of cellular-level imaging technique called adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) to the clinical condition of resolved endophthalmitis. The study of retinal cell biology at the cellular level is possible using the emerging technology of AO-SLO. This new investigative modality that has the potential to image the retina at the cellular level until the photoreceptors is more likely to unravel the pathophysiology of a variety of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Pravin Dave
- Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Engineering Department, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yasmeen Mulani
- Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashutosh Richhariya
- Ophthalmic Engineering Group-Srujana Centre for Innovation, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev Reddy Pappuru
- Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Taraprasad Das
- Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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9
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Dhakal KR, Walters S, McGregor JE, Schwarz C, Strazzeri JM, Aboualizadeh E, Bateman B, Huxlin KR, Hunter JJ, Williams DR, Merigan WH. Localized Photoreceptor Ablation Using Femtosecond Pulses Focused With Adaptive Optics. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:16. [PMID: 32832223 PMCID: PMC7414617 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.7.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The development of new approaches to human vision restoration could be greatly accelerated with the use of nonhuman primate models; however, there is a paucity of primate models of outer retina degeneration with good spatial localization. To limit ablation to the photoreceptors, we developed a new approach that uses a near-infrared ultrafast laser, focused using adaptive optics, to concentrate light in a small focal volume within the retina. Methods In the eyes of eight anesthetized macaques, 187 locations were exposed to laser powers from 50 to 210 mW. Laser exposure locations were monitored for up to 18 months using fluorescein angiography (FA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) reflectance imaging, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) ophthalmoscopy, histology, and calcium responses of retinal ganglion cells. Results This method produced localized photoreceptor loss with minimal axial spread of damage to other retinal layers, verified by in-vivo structural imaging and histologic examination, although in some cases evidence of altered autofluorescence was found in the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Functional assessment using blood flow imaging of the retinal plexus and calcium imaging of the response of ganglion cells above the photoreceptor loss shows that inner retinal circuitry was preserved. Conclusions Although different from a genetic model of retinal degeneration, this model of localized photoreceptor loss may provide a useful testbed for vision restoration studies in nonhuman primates. Translational Relevance With this model, a variety of vision restoration methods can be tested in the non-human primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal R Dhakal
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Walters
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Christina Schwarz
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Brittany Bateman
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Krystel R Huxlin
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer J Hunter
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David R Williams
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - William H Merigan
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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10
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Qin Z, He S, Yang C, Yung JSY, Chen C, Leung CKS, Liu K, Qu JY. Adaptive optics two-photon microscopy enables near-diffraction-limited and functional retinal imaging in vivo. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:79. [PMID: 32411364 PMCID: PMC7203252 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo fundus imaging offers non-invasive access to neuron structures and biochemical processes in the retina. However, optical aberrations of the eye degrade the imaging resolution and prevent visualization of subcellular retinal structures. We developed an adaptive optics two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (AO-TPEFM) system to correct ocular aberrations based on a nonlinear fluorescent guide star and achieved subcellular resolution for in vivo fluorescence imaging of the mouse retina. With accurate wavefront sensing and rapid aberration correction, AO-TPEFM permits structural and functional imaging of the mouse retina with submicron resolution. Specifically, simultaneous functional calcium imaging of neuronal somas and dendrites was demonstrated. Moreover, the time-lapse morphological alteration and dynamics of microglia were characterized in a mouse model of retinal disorder. In addition, precise laser axotomy was achieved, and degeneration of retinal nerve fibres was studied. This high-resolution AO-TPEFM is a promising tool for non-invasive retinal imaging and can facilitate the understanding of a variety of eye diseases as well as neurodegenerative disorders in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongya Qin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sicong He
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jasmine Sum-Yee Yung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Congping Chen
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Kai Liu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianan Y. Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Abstract
Retinal function has long been studied with psychophysical methods in humans, whereas detailed functional studies of vision have been conducted mostly in animals owing to the invasive nature of physiological approaches. There are exceptions to this generalization, for example, the electroretinogram. This review examines exciting recent advances using in vivo retinal imaging to understand the function of retinal neurons. In some cases, the methods have existed for years and are still being optimized. In others, new methods such as optophysiology are revealing novel patterns of retinal function in animal models that have the potential to change our understanding of the functional capacity of the retina. Together, the advances in retinal imaging mark an important milestone that shifts attention away from anatomy alone and begins to probe the function of healthy and diseased eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Hunter
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA; , ,
- The Institute of Optics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA
| | - William H Merigan
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA; , ,
| | - Jesse B Schallek
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA; , ,
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA
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12
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Wahl DJ, Ju MJ, Jian Y, Sarunic MV. Non-invasive cellular-resolution retinal imaging with two-photon excited fluorescence. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4859-4873. [PMID: 31565530 PMCID: PMC6757458 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) imaging of the retina is a developing technique that provides non-invasive compound-specific measurements from the retina. In this report, we demonstrate high-resolution TPEF imaging of the mouse retina using sensorless adaptive optics (SAO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). A single near-infrared light source was used for simultaneous multi-modal imaging with OCT and TPEF. The image-based SAO could be performed using the en face OCT or the TPEF for aberration correction. Our results demonstrate OCT and TPEF for angiography. Also, we demonstrate non-invasive cellular-resolution imaging of fluorescently labelled cells and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Wahl
- Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Myeong Jin Ju
- Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Yifan Jian
- Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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13
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Abstract
Two-photon (2P) microscopy is a powerful tool for imaging and exploring label-free biological tissues at high resolution. Although this type of microscopy has been demonstrated in ex vivo ocular tissues of both humans and animal models, imaging the human eye in vivo has always been challenging. This work presents a novel compact 2P microscope for non-contact imaging of the anterior part of the living human eye. The performance of the instrument was tested and the maximum permissible exposure to protect ocular tissues established. To the best of our knowledge, 2P images of the in vivo human cornea, the sclera and the trabecular meshwork are shown for the very first time. Acquired images are of enough quality to visualize collagen arrangement and morphological features of clinical interest. Future implementations of this technique may constitute a potential tool for early diagnosis of ocular diseases at submicron scale.
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14
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Jayabalan GS, Bille JF, Mao XW, Gimbel HV, Rauser ME, Wenz F, Fan JT. Retinal safety evaluation of two-photon laser scanning in rats. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3217-3231. [PMID: 31467775 PMCID: PMC6706040 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Safe use of retinal imaging with two-photon excitation in human eyes is crucial, as the effects of ultrashort pulsed lasers on the retina are relatively unknown. At the time of the study, the laser safety standards were inadequate due to the lack of biological data. This article addresses the feasibility of two-photon retinal imaging with respect to laser safety. In this study, rat retinas were evaluated at various laser exposure levels and with different laser parameters to determine the effects of laser-induced optical damage. The results were experimentally verified using confocal reflectance imaging, two-photon fluorescein angiography, immunohistochemistry, and correlated to the IEC 60825-1 laser safety standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Swamy Jayabalan
- Clinic for Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Loma Linda University Eye Institute, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Josef F. Bille
- Clinic for Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of basic sciences, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
| | | | | | - Frederik Wenz
- Clinic for Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joseph T. Fan
- Loma Linda University Eye Institute, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of basic sciences, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
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15
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Burns SA, Elsner AE, Sapoznik KA, Warner RL, Gast TJ. Adaptive optics imaging of the human retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 68:1-30. [PMID: 30165239 PMCID: PMC6347528 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive Optics (AO) retinal imaging has provided revolutionary tools to scientists and clinicians for studying retinal structure and function in the living eye. From animal models to clinical patients, AO imaging is changing the way scientists are approaching the study of the retina. By providing cellular and subcellular details without the need for histology, it is now possible to perform large scale studies as well as to understand how an individual retina changes over time. Because AO retinal imaging is non-invasive and when performed with near-IR wavelengths both safe and easily tolerated by patients, it holds promise for being incorporated into clinical trials providing cell specific approaches to monitoring diseases and therapeutic interventions. AO is being used to enhance the ability of OCT, fluorescence imaging, and reflectance imaging. By incorporating imaging that is sensitive to differences in the scattering properties of retinal tissue, it is especially sensitive to disease, which can drastically impact retinal tissue properties. This review examines human AO retinal imaging with a concentration on the use of the Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). It first covers the background and the overall approaches to human AO retinal imaging, and the technology involved, and then concentrates on using AO retinal imaging to study the structure and function of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Burns
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Ann E Elsner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Kaitlyn A Sapoznik
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Raymond L Warner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Thomas J Gast
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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16
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Walters S, Schwarz C, Sharma R, Rossi EA, Fischer WS, DiLoreto DA, Strazzeri J, Nelidova D, Roska B, Hunter JJ, Williams DR, Merigan WH. Cellular-scale evaluation of induced photoreceptor degeneration in the living primate eye. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:66-82. [PMID: 30775083 PMCID: PMC6363191 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress is needed in developing animal models of photoreceptor degeneration and evaluating such models with longitudinal, noninvasive techniques. We employ confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and high-resolution retinal imaging to noninvasively observe the retina of non-human primates with induced photoreceptor degeneration. Photoreceptors were imaged at the single-cell scale in three modalities of adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy: traditional confocal reflectance, indicative of waveguiding; a non-confocal offset aperture technique visualizing scattered light; and two-photon excited fluorescence, the time-varying signal of which, at 730 nm excitation, is representative of visual cycle function. Assessment of photoreceptor structure and function using these imaging modalities revealed a reduction in retinoid production in cone photoreceptor outer segments while inner segments appeared to remain present. Histology of one retina confirmed loss of outer segments and the presence of intact inner segments. This unique combination of imaging modalities can provide essential, clinically-relevant information on both the structural integrity and function of photoreceptors to not only validate models of photoreceptor degeneration but potentially evaluate the efficacy of future cell and gene-based therapies for vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Walters
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christina Schwarz
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Currently with the Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robin Sharma
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Currently with Facebook Reality Labs, Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Ethan A. Rossi
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Currently with the Departments of Ophthalmology & Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Strazzeri
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dasha Nelidova
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Botond Roska
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer J. Hunter
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David R. Williams
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - William H. Merigan
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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17
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Schwarz C, Sharma R, Cheong SK, Keller M, Williams DR, Hunter JJ. Selective S Cone Damage and Retinal Remodeling Following Intense Ultrashort Pulse Laser Exposures in the Near-Infrared. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:5973-5984. [PMID: 30556839 PMCID: PMC6298064 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Infrared ultrashort pulse lasers are becoming increasingly popular for applications in the living eye. However, safety standards are not yet well established. Here we investigate retinal damage close to threshold for this pulse regime in the living macaque eye. Methods Retinal radiant exposures between 214 and 856 J/cm2 were delivered to the photoreceptor layer with an ultrashort pulse laser (730 nm, 55 fs, 80 MHz) through a two-photon adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope. Retinal exposures were followed up immediately after and over several weeks with high-resolution reflectance and two-photon excited fluorescence ophthalmoscopy, providing structural and functional information. Results Retinal radiant exposures of 856 J/cm2 resulted in permanent S cone damage. Immediately after the exposure, the affected cones emitted about 2.6 times less two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and showed an altered TPEF time course. Several weeks after the initial exposure, S cone outer and inner segments had disappeared. The space was filled by rods in the peripheral retina and cones near the fovea. Conclusion Interestingly, S cones are the receptor class with the lowest sensitivity in the near-infrared but are known to be particularly susceptible to ultraviolet and blue light. This effect of selective S cone damage after intense infrared ultrashort pulse laser exposure may be due to nonlinear absorption and distinct from pure thermal and mechanical mechanisms often associated with ultrashort pulse lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schwarz
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Robin Sharma
- Facebook Reality Labs, Redmond, Washington, United States
| | - Soon Keen Cheong
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Matthew Keller
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - David R. Williams
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Hunter
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
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18
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Wilson AM, Mazzaferri J, Bergeron É, Patskovsky S, Marcoux-Valiquette P, Costantino S, Sapieha P, Meunier M. In Vivo Laser-Mediated Retinal Ganglion Cell Optoporation Using K V1.1 Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6981-6988. [PMID: 30285455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vision loss caused by retinal diseases affects hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide. The retina is a delicate central nervous system tissue stratified into layers of cells with distinct roles. Currently, there is a void in treatments that selectively target diseased retinal cells, and current therapeutic paradigms present complications associated with off-target effects. Herein, as a proof of concept, we introduce an in vivo method using a femtosecond laser to locally optoporate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) targeted with functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). We provide evidence that AuNPs functionalized with an antibody toward the cell-surface voltage-gated K+ channel subunit KV1.1 can selectively deliver fluorescently tagged siRNAs or fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran dye into retinal cells when irradiated with an 800 nm 100 fs laser. Importantly, neither AuNP administration nor irradiation resulted in RGC death. This system provides a novel, non-viral-based approach that has the potential to selectively target retinal cells in diseased regions while sparing healthy areas and may be harnessed in future cell-specific therapies for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel M Wilson
- Department of Engineering Physics , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada , H3C 3A7
| | | | - Éric Bergeron
- Department of Engineering Physics , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada , H3C 3A7
| | - Sergiy Patskovsky
- Department of Engineering Physics , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada , H3C 3A7
| | - Paule Marcoux-Valiquette
- Department of Engineering Physics , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada , H3C 3A7
| | | | | | - Michel Meunier
- Department of Engineering Physics , Polytechnique Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada , H3C 3A7
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19
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Palczewska G, Stremplewski P, Suh S, Alexander N, Salom D, Dong Z, Ruminski D, Choi EH, Sears AE, Kern TS, Wojtkowski M, Palczewski K. Two-photon imaging of the mammalian retina with ultrafast pulsing laser. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121555. [PMID: 30185665 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging of visual system components in vivo is critical for understanding the causal mechanisms of retinal diseases and for developing therapies for their treatment. However, ultraviolet light needed to excite endogenous fluorophores that participate in metabolic processes of the retina is highly attenuated by the anterior segment of the human eye. In contrast, 2-photon excitation fluorescence imaging with pulsed infrared light overcomes this obstacle. Reducing retinal exposure to laser radiation remains a major barrier in advancing this technology to studies in humans. To increase fluorescence intensity and reduce the requisite laser power, we modulated ultrashort laser pulses with high-order dispersion compensation and applied sensorless adaptive optics and custom image recovery software and observed an over 300% increase in fluorescence of endogenous retinal fluorophores when laser pulses were shortened from 75 fs to 20 fs. No functional or structural changes to the retina were detected after exposure to 2-photon excitation imaging light with 20-fs pulses. Moreover, wide bandwidth associated with short pulses enables excitation of multiple fluorophores with different absorption spectra and thus can provide information about their relative changes and intracellular distribution. These data constitute a substantial advancement for safe 2-photon fluorescence imaging of the human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrycjusz Stremplewski
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Susie Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nathan Alexander
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David Salom
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhiqian Dong
- Polgenix, Inc., Department of Medical Devices, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Ruminski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Elliot H Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Avery E Sears
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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20
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Zhang B, Li N, Kang J, He Y, Chen XM. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in fundus imaging, a review and update. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1751-1758. [PMID: 29181321 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.11.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) has been a promising technique in funds imaging with growing popularity. This review firstly gives a brief history of adaptive optics (AO) and AO-SLO. Then it compares AO-SLO with conventional imaging methods (fundus fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence, indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography) and other AO techniques (adaptive optics flood-illumination ophthalmoscopy and adaptive optics optical coherence tomography). Furthermore, an update of current research situation in AO-SLO is made based on different fundus structures as photoreceptors (cones and rods), fundus vessels, retinal pigment epithelium layer, retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer and lamina cribrosa. Finally, this review indicates possible research directions of AO-SLO in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi He
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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