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Pierangeli D, Aiello A, Conti C. Measuring the Tensorial Flow of Mosaic Vector Beams in Disordered Media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:243801. [PMID: 38949329 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.243801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Optical beams with nonuniform polarization offer enhanced capabilities for information transmission, boasting increased capacity, security, and resilience. These beams possess vectorial features that are spatially organized within localized three-dimensional regions, forming tensors that can be harnessed across a spectrum of applications spanning quantum physics, imaging, and machine learning. However, when subjected to the effect of the transmission channel, the tensorial propagation leads to a loss of data integrity due to the entanglement of spatial and polarization degrees of freedom. The challenge of quantifying this spatial-polarization coupling poses a significant obstacle to the utilization of vector beams in turbulent environments, multimode fibers, and disordered media. Here, we introduce and experimentally investigate mosaic vector beams, which consist of localized polarization tesserae that propagate in parallel, demonstrating accurate measurement of their behavior as they traverse strongly disordered channels and decoding their polarization structure in single-shot experiments. The resultant transmission tensor empowers polarization-based optical communication and imaging in complex media. These findings also hold promise for photonic machine learning, where the engineering of tensorial flow can enable optical computing with high throughput.
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Moriconi S, Rodríguez-Núñez O, Gros R, Felger LA, Maragkou T, Hewer E, Pierangelo A, Novikova T, Schucht P, McKinley R. Near-real-time Mueller polarimetric image processing for neurosurgical intervention. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2024; 19:1033-1043. [PMID: 38503943 PMCID: PMC11178587 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-024-03090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wide-field imaging Mueller polarimetry is a revolutionary, label-free, and non-invasive modality for computer-aided intervention; in neurosurgery, it aims to provide visual feedback of white matter fibre bundle orientation from derived parameters. Conventionally, robust polarimetric parameters are estimated after averaging multiple measurements of intensity for each pair of probing and detected polarised light. Long multi-shot averaging, however, is not compatible with real-time in vivo imaging, and the current performance of polarimetric data processing hinders the translation to clinical practice. METHODS A learning-based denoising framework is tailored for fast, single-shot, noisy acquisitions of polarimetric intensities. Also, performance-optimised image processing tools are devised for the derivation of clinically relevant parameters. The combination recovers accurate polarimetric parameters from fast acquisitions with near-real-time performance, under the assumption of pseudo-Gaussian polarimetric acquisition noise. RESULTS The denoising framework is trained, validated, and tested on experimental data comprising tumour-free and diseased human brain samples in different conditions. Accuracy and image quality indices showed significant ( p < 0.05 ) improvements on testing data for a fast single-pass denoising versus the state-of-the-art and high polarimetric image quality standards. The computational time is reported for the end-to-end processing. CONCLUSION The end-to-end image processing achieved real-time performance for a localised field of view ( ≈ 6.5 mm 2 ). The denoised polarimetric intensities produced visibly clear directional patterns of neuronal fibre tracts in line with reference polarimetric image quality standards; directional disruption was kept in case of neoplastic lesions. The presented advances pave the way towards feasible oncological neurosurgical translations of novel, label-free, interventional feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Moriconi
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Omar Rodríguez-Núñez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Romain Gros
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonard A Felger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theoni Maragkou
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Hewer
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Pierangelo
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Tatiana Novikova
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Philippe Schucht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard McKinley
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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Ku S, Kaniyala Melanthota S, U R, Rai S, Mahato KK, Mazumder N. Characterization and classification of ductal carcinoma tissue using four channel based stokes-mueller polarimetry and machine learning. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:123. [PMID: 38703302 PMCID: PMC11069477 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Interaction of polarized light with healthy and abnormal regions of tissue reveals structural information associated with its pathological condition. Even a slight variation in structural alignment can induce a change in polarization property, which can play a crucial role in the early detection of abnormal tissue morphology. We propose a transmission-based Stokes-Mueller microscope for quantitative analysis of the microstructural properties of the tissue specimen. The Stokes-Mueller based polarization microscopy provides significant structural information of tissue through various polarization parameters such as degree of polarization (DOP), degree of linear polarization (DOLP), and degree of circular polarization (DOCP), anisotropy (r) and Mueller decomposition parameters such as diattenuation, retardance and depolarization. Further, by applying a suitable image processing technique such as Machine learning (ML) output images were analysed effectively. The support vector machine image classification model achieved 95.78% validation accuracy and 94.81% testing accuracy with polarization parameter dataset. The study's findings demonstrate the potential of Stokes-Mueller polarimetry in tissue characterization and diagnosis, providing a valuable tool for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spandana Ku
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Sindhoora Kaniyala Melanthota
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Raghavendra U
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sharada Rai
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - K K Mahato
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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4
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Ren L, Yang X, Huang S, Zhong Z, Peng J, Ye L, Hou Y, Zhang B. Towards high-performance polarimeters with large-area uniform chiral shells: a comparative study on the polarization detection precision enabled by the Mueller matrix and deep learning algorithm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:16414-16425. [PMID: 38859268 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Polarization detection and imaging technologies have attracted significant attention for their extensive applications in remote sensing, biological diagnosis, and beyond. However, previously reported polarimeters heavily relied on polarization-sensitive materials and pre- established mapping relationships between the Stokes parameters and detected light intensities. This dependence, along with fabrication and detection errors, severely constrain the working waveband and detection precision. In this work, we demonstrated a highly precise, stable, and broadband full-Stokes polarimeter based on large-area uniform chiral shells and a post-established mapping relationship. By precisely controlling the geometry through the deposition of Ag on a large-area microsphere monolayer with a uniform lattice, the optical chirality and anisotropy of chiral shells can reach about 0.15 (circular dichroism, CD) and 1.7, respectively. The post-established mapping relationship between the Stokes parameters and detected light intensities is established through training a deep learning algorithm (DLA) or fitting the derived mapping-relationship formula based on the Mueller matrix theory with a large dataset collected from our home-built polarization system. For the detection precision with DLA, the mean squared errors (MSEs) at 710 nm can reach 0.10% (S1), 0.41% (S2), and 0.24% (S3), while for the Mueller matrix theory, the corresponding values are 0.14% (S1), 0.46% (S2), and 0.48% (S3). The in-depth comparative studies indicate that the DLA outperforms the Mueller matrix theory in terms of detection precision and robustness, especially for weak illumination, small optical anisotropy and chirality. The averaged MSEs over a broad waveband ranging from 500 nm to 750 nm are 0.16% (S1), 0.46% (S2), and 0.61% (S3), which are significantly smaller than those derived from the Mueller matrix theory (0.45% (S1), 1% (S2), and 39.8% (S3)). The optical properties of chiral shells, the theory and DLA enabled mapping-relationships, the combination modes of chiral shells, and the MSE spectra have been systematically investigated.
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Feng Y, Weng D, Huang J, Song J, Zhou J, Liu W, Li Z. Ultrafast polarization characterization with Mueller matrix based on optical time-stretch and spectral encoding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9128-9138. [PMID: 38571153 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
High-speed optical polarization characterization is highly desirable for a wide range of applications, including remote sensing, telecommunication, and medical diagnosis. The utilization of the Mueller matrix provides a superior systematic and comprehensive approach to represent polarization attributes when matter interacts with optical beams. However, the current measurement speed of Mueller matrix is limited to only seconds or milliseconds. In this study, we present an ultrafast Mueller matrix polarimetry (MMP) technique based on optical time-stretch and spectral encoding that enables us to achieve an impressive temporal resolution of 4.83 nanoseconds for accurate Mueller matrix measurements. The unique feature of optical time-stretch technology enables continuous, ultrafast single-shot spectroscopy, resulting in a remarkable speed of up to 207 MHz for spectral encoding Mueller matrix measurement. We have employed an effective Mueller linear reconstruction algorithm based on the measured modulation matrix, accounting for all potential non-ideal effects of polarization components like retardance error and azimuth error. To ensure high precision, prior to the actual measurement, high-order dispersion induced by time-stretch requires adjustment through proper modulation matrix design. Upon such correction, both the results of static and rapid dynamic samples measurements exhibit exceptional accuracy with root-mean-square error (RMSE) approximately equal to 0.04 and 0.07 respectively. This presented ultrafast MMP provides a significant advance over preceding endeavors, enabling superior accuracy and increased speed concurrently.
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Xin W, Zhong W, Shi Y, Shi Y, Jing J, Xu T, Guo J, Liu W, Li Y, Liang Z, Xin X, Cheng J, Hu W, Xu H, Liu Y. Low-Dimensional-Materials-Based Photodetectors for Next-Generation Polarized Detection and Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306772. [PMID: 37661841 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The vector characteristics of light and the vectorial transformations during its transmission lay a foundation for polarized photodetection of objects, which broadens the applications of related detectors in complex environments. With the breakthrough of low-dimensional materials (LDMs) in optics and electronics over the past few years, the combination of these novel LDMs and traditional working modes is expected to bring new development opportunities in this field. Here, the state-of-the-art progress of LDMs, as polarization-sensitive components in polarized photodetection and even the imaging, is the main focus, with emphasis on the relationship between traditional working principle of polarized photodetectors (PPs) and photoresponse mechanisms of LDMs. Particularly, from the view of constitutive equations, the existing works are reorganized, reclassified, and reviewed. Perspectives on the opportunities and challenges are also discussed. It is hoped that this work can provide a more general overview in the use of LDMs in this field, sorting out the way of related devices for "more than Moore" or even the "beyond Moore" research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Weiheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yujie Shi
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yimeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Jiawei Jing
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Tengfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Jiaxiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yuanzheng Li
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Zhongzhu Liang
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Xing Xin
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Jinluo Cheng
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Weida Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
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Pham TTH, Luu TN, Nguyen TV, Huynh NT, Phan QH, Le TH. Polarimetric imaging combining optical parameters for classification of mice non-melanoma skin cancer tissue using machine learning. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22081. [PMID: 38034801 PMCID: PMC10682661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarimetric imaging systems combining machine learning is emerging as a promising tool for the support of diagnosis and intervention decision-making processes in cancer detection/staging. A present study proposes a novel method based on Mueller matrix imaging combining optical parameters and machine learning models for classifying the progression of skin cancer based on the identification of three different types of mice skin tissues: healthy, papilloma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Three different machine learning algorithms (K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine (SVM)) are used to construct a classification model using a dataset consisting of Mueller matrix images and optical properties extracted from the tissue samples. The experimental results show that the SVM model is robust to discriminate among three classes in the training stage and achieves an accuracy of 94 % on the testing dataset. Overall, it is provided that polarimetric imaging systems and machine learning algorithms can dynamically combine for the reliable diagnosis of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thu-Hien Pham
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh-Ngan Luu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Thao-Vi Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc-Trinh Huynh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, HCMC, Viet Nam
| | - Quoc-Hung Phan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
| | - Thanh-Hai Le
- Department of Information Technology Specialization, FPT University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
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8
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Kim M, Lee S, Pahk H. Angle-resolving spectral ellipsometry using structured light for direct measurement of ellipsometric parameters. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8082-8090. [PMID: 38038103 DOI: 10.1364/ao.502202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We propose a compact angle-resolving spectral ellipsometry. Using the structured light generated from a digital micro-mirror device (DMD), what we believe to be a novel pattern is illuminated to the back focal plane of the high numerical aperture (NA) objective lens. As a result, ellipsometric parameters with fine resolution of both the wavelength and incidence angle domain can be directly measured. The incidence angle can be resolved by resolution under 1° ranging from 35° to 59° by the radius of the projected images. A spectrometer as a detector enables acquisition by the resolution of 0.7 nm from 410 to 700 nm, and the fiber reduces measurement spot size to a single micrometer. Additionally, the measurement process does not require any rotating optical components or moving parts, needing only digital modification of the projected image. This simplifies the sequences and reduces the measurement time. The 2D (angle of incidence and spectral domain) ellipsometric parameter plane measured by the proposed method was used to measure the thickness of various samples. The measurement result was verified in comparison with a commercial ellipsometer. The accuracy and precision of the result show that the proposed method is capable of precise measurement of thin films.
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9
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Theillier X, Rivet S, Dubreuil M, Le Grand Y. Systematic errors in a swept-wavelength null polarimeter for weak linear retardance measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:7529-7535. [PMID: 37855523 DOI: 10.1364/ao.499450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
We recently developed a high speed null polarimeter [Opt. Express30, 18889 (2022)OPEXFF1094-408710.1364/OE.454193] based on passive polarization optics and a high speed wavelength swept laser source, enabling the measurement of linear retardance with 3.1µd e g/H z resolution within a minimum acquisition time of 10 µs, corresponding to a linear retardation of 8.6×10-9 λ/H z. The counterpart of high sensitivity lies in the systematic errors unlike Mueller polarimeters, which can be calibrated but which are much less sensitive. This paper focuses on the accuracy of this null polarimeter and provides hardware and numerical solutions to improve both linear retardance and azimuth measurements. Experiments and theoretical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the relevancy of these solutions.
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Lima RLS, Araújo PT, Barbosa Neto NM. Troubleshooting spectral artifacts from biplate retarders for reliable Stokes spectropolarimetry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:103102. [PMID: 37796094 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Polarimetry is generally used to determine the polarization state of light beams in various research fields, such as biomedicine, astronomy, and materials science. In particular, the rotating quarter-wave plate polarimeter is an inexpensive and versatile option used in several single-wavelength applications to determine the four Stokes parameters. Extending this technique to broadband spectroscopic measurements is of great scientific interest since the information on light polarization is highly sensitive to anisotropic phenomena. However, the need for achromatic polarizing elements, especially quarter-wave plates, requires special attention in their modeling. In this study, we implemented a rotating retarder spectropolarimeter for broadband measurements using a commercially available quasi-achromatic biplate retarder over the visible range. Here, we present a comprehensive approach for troubleshooting this type of spectropolarimeter through the observation of artifacts stemming from the standard single-plate retarder model. Then, we derive a more suitable model for a quasi-achromatic retarder consisting of a biplate junction. This new biplate model requires knowledge of the intrinsic dispersive properties of the biplate, namely the equivalent retardance, fast axis tilt, and rotatory angle. Hence, in this study, we also show a self-consistent methodology to determine these biplate properties using the same polarimeter apparatus so that accurate Stokes parameters can be determined independently. Finally, the comparison of data generated with the standard single-plate and new biplate models shows a significant improvement in the measurement precision of the investigated polarization states, which confirms that remodeling the retarder for reliable spectropolarimetry is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan L S Lima
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Paulo T Araújo
- Departament of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Box 870324, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
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Eshaghi M, Dogariu A. Self-referenced single-shot low-power Stokes polarimetry. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4586-4589. [PMID: 37656561 DOI: 10.1364/ol.499817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a Stokes polarimeter that not only preserves the power of the light to be analyzed but also requires only a single measurement. The novel design relies on the distinctive characteristics of a corner-cube retroreflector. It is simple and robust, and it circumvents the need for a local oscillator or a controllable reference beam.
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12
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Changenet P, Hache F. Artifact-free balanced detection for the measurement of circular dichroism with a sub-picosecond time resolution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:21296-21310. [PMID: 37381232 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the development of a subpicosecond spectropolarimeter enabling high sensitivity balanced detection of time-resolved circular dichroism (TRCD) signals from chiral sample in solution. The signals are measured with a conventional femtosecond pump-probe set-up using the combination of a quarter-waveplate and a Wollaston prism. This simple and robust method allows access to TRCD signals with improved signal-to-noise ratio and very short acquisition times. We provide a theoretical analysis of the artifacts of such detection geometry and the strategy to eliminate them. We illustrate the potential of this new detection with the study of the [Ru(phen)3]·2PF6 complexes in acetonitrile.
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Felger L, Rodríguez-Núñez O, Gros R, Maragkou T, McKinley R, Moriconi S, Murek M, Zubak I, Novikova T, Pierangelo A, Schucht P. Robustness of the wide-field imaging Mueller polarimetry for brain tissue differentiation and white matter fiber tract identification in a surgery-like environment: an ex vivo study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:2400-2415. [PMID: 37206128 PMCID: PMC10191649 DOI: 10.1364/boe.486438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During neurooncological surgery, the visual differentiation of healthy and diseased tissue is often challenging. Wide-field imaging Muller polarimetry (IMP) is a promising technique for tissue discrimination and in-plane brain fiber tracking in an interventional setup. However, the intraoperative implementation of IMP requires realizing imaging in the presence of remanent blood, and complex surface topography resulting from the use of an ultrasonic cavitation device. We report on the impact of both factors on the quality of polarimetric images of the surgical resection cavities reproduced in fresh animal cadaveric brains. The robustness of IMP is observed under adverse experimental conditions, suggesting a feasible translation of IMP for in vivo neurosurgical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Felger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Omar Rodríguez-Núñez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Romain Gros
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theoni Maragkou
- Institute of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard McKinley
- SCAN, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Moriconi
- SCAN, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Murek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irena Zubak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Novikova
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Philippe Schucht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Hussain F, Mazumder N, Roy S. Possibilities of simulation of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 by using light scattering approach. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:107. [PMID: 37076645 PMCID: PMC10115601 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Issues related to human coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) are a burning topic of research in present times. Due to its easily contagious nature, real experimentation under laboratory conditions requires a high level of biosafety. A powerful algorithm serves as a potential tool for the analysis of these particles. We attempted to simulate the light scattering from coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) model. Different images were modelled using a modified version of a Monte Carlo code. The results indicate that spikes on the viruses exhibit a significant scattering profile and that the presence of spikes during modelling contributes to the distinctiveness of the scattering profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Hussain
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya, District- Ri Bhoi, Baridua, Meghalaya, 793101, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sanchita Roy
- Department of Physics, Royal School of Applied and Pure Sciences, Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India.
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Li Y, Li Y, Liu K, Zhou G, Liu L, Liu A, Ma Z. Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter at the wavelength of 265 nm. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:2945-2951. [PMID: 37133139 DOI: 10.1364/ao.484956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix imaging polarimeters (MMIPs) have been developed in the wavelength region of >400n m with great potential in many fields yet leaving a void of instrumentation and application in the ultraviolet (UV) region. For the first time to our knowledge, an UV-MMIP is developed for high resolution, sensitivity, and accuracy at the wavelength of 265 nm. A modified polarization state analyzer is designed and applied to suppress stray light for nice polarization images, and the errors of the measured Mueller matrices are calibrated to lower than 0.007 in pixel level. The finer performance of the UV-MMIP is demonstrated by the measurements of unstained cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) specimens. The contrasts of depolarization images obtained by the UV-MMIP are dramatically improved over those obtained by our previous VIS-MMIP at the wavelength of 650 nm. A distinct evolution of depolarization in normal cervical epithelium tissue, CIN-I, CIN-II, and CIN-III specimens can be observed by the UV-MMIP with mean depolarization promotion by up to 20 times. This evolution could provide important evidence for CIN staging but can hardly be distinguished by the VIS-MMIP. The results prove that the UV-MMIP could be an effective tool in polarimetric applications with higher sensitivity.
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16
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Pierangeli D, Conti C. Single-shot polarimetry of vector beams by supervised learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1831. [PMID: 37005410 PMCID: PMC10067938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
States of light encoding multiple polarizations - vector beams - offer unique capabilities in metrology and communication. However, their practical application is limited by the lack of methods for measuring many polarizations in a scalable and compact way. Here we demonstrate polarimetry of vector beams in a single shot without any polarization optics. We map the beam polarization content into a spatial intensity distribution through light scattering and exploit supervised learning for single-shot measurements of multiple polarizations. We characterize structured light encoding up to nine polarizations with accuracy beyond 95% on each Stokes parameter. The method also allows us to classify beams with an unknown number of polarization modes, a functionality missing in conventional techniques. Our findings enable a fast and compact polarimeter for polarization-structured light, a general tool that may radically impact optical devices for sensing, imaging, and computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pierangeli
- Institute for Complex Systems - National Research Council (ISC-CNR), 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Conti
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Research Center Enrico Fermi (CREF), 00184, Rome, Italy
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17
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Nelson MS, Liu Y, Wilson HM, Li B, Rosado-Mendez IM, Rogers JD, Block WF, Eliceiri KW. Multiscale Label-Free Imaging of Fibrillar Collagen in the Tumor Microenvironment. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2614:187-235. [PMID: 36587127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2914-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With recent advances in cancer therapeutics, there is a great need for improved imaging methods for characterizing cancer onset and progression in a quantitative and actionable way. Collagen, the most abundant extracellular matrix protein in the tumor microenvironment (and the body in general), plays a multifaceted role, both hindering and promoting cancer invasion and progression. Collagen deposition can defend the tumor with immunosuppressive effects, while aligned collagen fiber structures can enable tumor cell migration, aiding invasion and metastasis. Given the complex role of collagen fiber organization and topology, imaging has been a tool of choice to characterize these changes on multiple spatial scales, from the organ and tumor scale to cellular and subcellular level. Macroscale density already aids in the detection and diagnosis of solid cancers, but progress is being made to integrate finer microscale features into the process. Here we review imaging modalities ranging from optical methods of second harmonic generation (SHG), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to the medical imaging approaches of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These methods have enabled scientists and clinicians to better understand the impact collagen structure has on the tumor environment, at both the bulk scale (density) and microscale (fibrillar structure) levels. We focus on imaging methods with the potential to both examine the collagen structure in as natural a state as possible and still be clinically amenable, with an emphasis on label-free strategies, exploiting intrinsic optical properties of collagen fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Nelson
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuming Liu
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Helen M Wilson
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ivan M Rosado-Mendez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeremy D Rogers
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Walter F Block
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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18
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Li Y, Li Y, Zhou G, Yan X, Ning T, Liu K, Liu L, Liu A, Ma Z. Holistic and efficient calibration method for Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter with a high numerical aperture. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:9937-9945. [PMID: 36606825 DOI: 10.1364/ao.474531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-numerical aperture (N A>0.6) Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter (MMIP) (high-NA MMIP) is urgently needed for higher resolution. Usually, the working distance of high-NA MMIP is too short to perform in situ calibration by a usual reference sample, such as polarizer and retarder plates. The polarization effects of the substrate that attach the sample are never calibrated. So, the resolution and accuracy of the MMIP is hard to further promote. In this paper, a holistic and efficient calibration method is innovated for high-NA MMIP. Two film polarizers and a film retarder as well as a blank substrate are first adopted as the reference samples in calibration. Different from the conventional eigenvalue calibration method (ECM), the holistic calibration theory and process are established. All polarimetric errors arising from the devices, subsystems, and the substrate can be calibrated in one process. The normalized measurement error is less than 0.0024 for NA 0.95 MMIP, which is an order of magnitude lower than those of NA 0.1 and 0.2 MMIPs in publications. The excellent performance of calibrated high-NA MMIP is demonstrated by tissue polarimetry with higher resolution, accuracy, and more appropriate dynamic range.
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19
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Thermal-stress-induced birefringence management of complex laser systems by means of polarimetry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18334. [PMID: 36316439 PMCID: PMC9622912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel method of the thermally-induced polarization changes driven power losses (TIPCL) analysis in the complex laser systems has been developed. The measurement has been tested on the amplifier chain of the 100 J / 10 Hz laser system 'Bivoj' operated at HiLASE Centre. By the usage of the measured non-uniform Mueller matrix of the amplifier chain, the optimization of the ideal input and output polarization state has been calculated numerically. The results of the optimization have been applied to the laser system, thus reducing the TIPCL from originally observed more than 33% to 7.9% for CW beam and to 9% for pulsed laser beam, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this result represents the most efficient TIPCL suppression method for complex laser systems so far. The method also allows the definition of the ideal fully polarized non-uniform pre-compensation of input beam consequently suffering from zero TIPCL.
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20
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Gao Y, Cai Y, Friberg AT, Visser TD. Polarization-resolved scintillations in Young's experiment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:19081-19089. [PMID: 36221694 DOI: 10.1364/oe.458662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The conventional scintillation, or intensity fluctuation, that occurs in random electromagnetic beams is just one member of a broader class of four interconnected, polarization-resolved scintillations. We examine these generalized scintillations, called Stokes scintillations, that occur when two stochastic electromagnetic beams are made to interfere in Young's experiment. We find that the magnitude of the conventional scintillation can be decreased, within certain limits, at the expense of an increase of one or more of the other Stokes scintillations. For certain applications however, it may be beneficial to suppress the latter.
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21
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Applications of Mueller Matrix Polarimetry to Biological and Agricultural Diagnostics: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The review contains a systematization of the main approaches to the practical implementation of Mueller matrix polarimetry and the prospects for its application in biology and agriculture. The most typical optical layouts for measuring the Mueller matrix of various objects, such as disperse systems, tissues and surface structures, are discussed. Mueller matrix measurements, being integrated into standard schemes of conventional optical methods, such as scatterometry, optical coherence tomography, fluorimetry, spectrophotometry and reflectometry, can significantly expand their capabilities in the characterization of biological systems and bioorganic materials. Additionally, microwave Mueller matrix polarimetry can be used for monitoring soil conditions and crop growth. The proposed systematization is aimed at outlining the conceptual directions for the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools based on measuring the Mueller matrix, primarily with a focus on biological research and agricultural practice.
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22
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Gu H, Jiang H, Chen X, Zhang C, Liu S. Superachromatic polarization modulator for stable and complete polarization measurement over an ultra-wide spectral range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:15113-15133. [PMID: 35473241 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The polarization measurement system deals with polarized light-matter interactions, and has been a kind of powerful optical metrology applied in wide fields of physics and material. In this paper, we address several general theoretical aspects related to the system model and optimization for linear polarization systems from a view of the matrix algebra. Based on these theories, we propose a new framework of superachromatic polarization modulator (PM) by combining a linear polarizer and a sequence of parallel linear retarders (LRs) for a typical kind of linear polarization system based on the rotating compensator (RC) principle. In the proposed PM, the LRs are made of quarter-wave plates and as a whole act as the RC. Compared with conventional achromatic/superachromatic composite waveplates, the LR sequence has general axis orientations and is optimized by the condition number of the instrument matrix of the PM, which thereby provide much more flexibility to achieve uniform, stable and complete polarization modulation over ultra-wide spectral range. The intrinsic mechanisms, including the working principle, optimization strategy and in-situ calibration method of the proposed PM, are presented and revealed mathematically by the matrix algebra. Results on several prototypes of the PM demonstrate the validity and capability of the proposed methods for applications in broadband polarization measurement systems. The fabricated PM is further applied to a home-made dual RC Mueller matrix ellipsometer, and the accuracy and precision in the full Mueller matrix measurement are better than 2‰ and 0.6‰ respectively over the ultra-wide spectral range of 200∼1000 nm. Compared with existing techniques, the proposed PM has advantages due to superachromatic performances over ultra-wide spectral ranges, stable and complete modulation of the polarized light, and convenience for adjustment and calibration.
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23
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Lin Z, Lin Y, Li H, Xu M, He M, Ke W, Tan H, Han Y, Li Z, Wang D, Yao XS, Fu S, Yu S, Cai X. High-performance polarization management devices based on thin-film lithium niobate. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:93. [PMID: 35418182 PMCID: PMC9008021 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-speed polarization management is highly desirable for many applications, such as remote sensing, telecommunication, and medical diagnosis. However, most of the approaches for polarization management rely on bulky optical components that are slow to respond, cumbersome to use, and sometimes with high drive voltages. Here, we overcome these limitations by harnessing photonic integrated circuits based on thin-film lithium niobate platform. We successfully realize a portfolio of thin-film lithium niobate devices for essential polarization management functionalities, including arbitrary polarization generation, fast polarization measurement, polarization scrambling, and automatic polarization control. The present devices feature ultra-fast control speeds, low drive voltages, low optical losses and compact footprints. Using these devices, we achieve high fidelity polarization generation with a polarization extinction ratio up to 41.9 dB and fast polarization scrambling with a scrambling rate up to 65 Mrad s-1, both of which are best results in integrated optics. We also demonstrate the endless polarization state tracking operation in our devices. The demonstrated devices unlock a drastically new level of performance and scales in polarization management devices, leading to a paradigm shift in polarization management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yanmei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingbo He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heyun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Han
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Steve Yao
- Photonics Information Innovation Center and Hebei Provincial Center for Optical Sensing Innovations, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, 071002, Baoding, China
| | - Songnian Fu
- Institute of Advanced Photonics Technology, School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinlun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
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24
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Lee YS, Mohammadi K, Babcock L, Higgins BL, Podmore H, Jennewein T. Robotized polarization characterization platform for free-space quantum communication optics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:033101. [PMID: 35364970 DOI: 10.1063/5.0070176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We develop a polarization characterization platform for optical devices in free-space quantum communications. We demonstrate an imaging polarimeter, which analyzes both incident polarization states and the angle of incidence, attached to a six-axis collaborative robot arm, enabling polarization characterization at any position and direction with consistent precision. We present a detailed description of each subsystem, including the calibration and polarization-test procedure, and analyze polarization measurement errors caused by imperfect orientations of the robot arm using a Mueller-matrix model of polarimeters at tilt incidence. We perform a proof-of-principle experiment for an angle-dependent polarization test for a commercial silver-coated mirror for which the polarization states of the reflected light can be accurately calculated. Quantitative agreement between the theory and experiment validates our methodology. We demonstrate the polarization test for a 20.3 cm lens designed for a quantum optical transmitter in Canada's Quantum Encryption and Science Satellite mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Seok Lee
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kimia Mohammadi
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lindsay Babcock
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Brendon L Higgins
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hugh Podmore
- Honeywell Aerospace, 303 Terry Fox Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K2K 3J1, Canada
| | - Thomas Jennewein
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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25
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Ma J, Fang C, Liang L, Wang H, Li D. Full-Stokes Polarimeter Based on Chiral Perovskites with Chirality and Large Optical Anisotropy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103855. [PMID: 34643061 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Full-Stokes polarimeters, equipped with the capability of discriminating light polarization states, can find important applications in various optical and optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, currently most full-Stokes polarimeters require complex and bulky optical elements or optical metasystems integrated with metasurfaces, which can increase the cost and cause energy loss. Here, the anisotropy of chiral 2D perovskite single crystals is explored and the full-Stokes polarimeter based on pure chiral 2D perovskite single crystals is reported. By using optical anisotropy and the ability to distinguish the helicity of the circularly polarized light, chiral 2D perovskite polarimeter integrates the polarizer, waveplate, and photodetector together and thus can be able to discriminate the polarization states of light. The as-fabricated device exhibits a photoresponsivity of 0.136 A W-1 and a detectivity of 1.2 × 1010 Jones. This study provides a paradigm to construct filterless on-chip Stokes polarimeter with great simplicity and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ma
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chen Fang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lihan Liang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dehui Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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26
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He C, He H, Chang J, Chen B, Ma H, Booth MJ. Polarisation optics for biomedical and clinical applications: a review. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:194. [PMID: 34552045 PMCID: PMC8458371 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many polarisation techniques have been harnessed for decades in biological and clinical research, each based upon measurement of the vectorial properties of light or the vectorial transformations imposed on light by objects. Various advanced vector measurement/sensing techniques, physical interpretation methods, and approaches to analyse biomedically relevant information have been developed and harnessed. In this review, we focus mainly on summarising methodologies and applications related to tissue polarimetry, with an emphasis on the adoption of the Stokes-Mueller formalism. Several recent breakthroughs, development trends, and potential multimodal uses in conjunction with other techniques are also presented. The primary goal of the review is to give the reader a general overview in the use of vectorial information that can be obtained by polarisation optics for applications in biomedical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Honghui He
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jintao Chang
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Binguo Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Guangdong Engineering Center of Polarisation Imaging and Sensing Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Martin J Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
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Lane C, Rode D, Rösgen T. Two-dimensional birefringence measurement technique using a polarization camera. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:8435-8444. [PMID: 34612943 DOI: 10.1364/ao.433066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional birefringence measurement method is described. In this procedure, we send light through a rotatable linear polarizer and subsequently through a transparent and birefringent specimen. A polarization camera measures the state of linear polarization from which the relative position of the refractive index axes and the relative phase difference is determined. The measurement range of the phase difference is up to π rad, which corresponds to an optical retardation of half the wavelength of the light. The imaging system can measure a large sample area within one measurement cycle. Measurement performance is demonstrated with a quarter-wave plate, and an exemplary test case is shown.
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28
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Gómez de Castro AI, De Isidro-Gómez AI. Constraints for Use of Ultraviolet Spectropolarimetry to Detect Chiral Amino Acids from Comets. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:718-728. [PMID: 33798393 PMCID: PMC8219194 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Life is pervasive on planet Earth, but whether life is ubiquitous in the Galaxy and sustainable over timescales comparable to stellar evolution is unknown. Evidence suggests that life first appeared on Earth more than 3.77 Gyr ago, during a period of heavy meteoric bombardment. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, have been demonstrated to exist in interstellar ice. As such, the contribution of space-generated amino acids to those existing on Earth should be considered. However, detection of space amino acids is challenging. In this study, we used analytical data from several meteorites and in situ measurements of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko collected by the Rosetta probe to evaluate the detectability of alanine by ultraviolet spectropolarimetry. Alanine is the second-most abundant amino acid after glycine and is optically active. This chirality produces a unique signature that enables reliable identification of this amino acid using the imprint of optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism (CD) in the ultraviolet spectrum (130-230 nm). Here, we show that the ORD signature could be detected in comets by using ultraviolet spectropolarimetric observations conducted at middle size space observatories. These observations can also provide crucial information for the study of sources of enantiomeric imbalance on Earth.
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29
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Dual-Retarder Mueller Polarimetry System for Extraction of Optical Properties of Serum Albumin Protein Media. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21103442. [PMID: 34063354 PMCID: PMC8156731 DOI: 10.3390/s21103442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A dual liquid-crystal variable retarder Mueller polarimetry system incorporating a gold-based surface plasmon resonance prism coupler was proposed for extracting the optical properties of serum albumin protein media in the reflectance configuration. The feasibility of the proposed system was demonstrated by measuring the circular dichroism and circular birefringence properties of glucose tissue phantom solutions with different albumin concentrations. The results showed that the circular dichroism increased with albumin concentration, while the optical rotation angle increased with glucose concentration. Both properties reduced over time as a result of the protein glycation effect, which led to a gradual reduction in the glucose content of the sample.
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30
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Lee SW, Choi G, Lee SY, Cho Y, Pahk HJ. Coaxial spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry for volumetric thickness measurement. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:67-74. [PMID: 33362075 DOI: 10.1364/ao.410945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry that can measure spectral ellipsometric signals in the entire field of view simultaneously without areal scanning or operation of polarization devices. The proposed imaging ellipsometry is configured in a coaxial optical structure so that the high magnification objective lens is applicable and the spatial resolution is highly increased. Without the operation of polarization components and to efficiently obtain the spectral data in the object plane, the ellipsometric parameters are encoded into the high frequency in the spectral domain and are measured by an imaging Michelson interferometer. The volumetric thickness measurement by the proposed method was verified by comparing the thickness results of the SiO2/Si sample that has four different thicknesses with commercial ellipsometer results.
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Li L, Wang J, Kang L, Liu W, Yu L, Zheng B, Brongersma ML, Werner DH, Lan S, Shi Y, Xu Y, Wang X. Monolithic Full-Stokes Near-Infrared Polarimetry with Chiral Plasmonic Metasurface Integrated Graphene-Silicon Photodetector. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16634-16642. [PMID: 33197172 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect the full-Stokes polarization of light is vital for a variety of applications that often require complex and bulky optical systems. Here, we report an on-chip polarimeter comprising four metasurface-integrated graphene-silicon photodetectors. The geometric chirality and anisotropy of the metasurfaces result in circular and linear polarization-resolved photoresponses, from which the full-Stokes parameters, including the intensity, orientation, and ellipticity of arbitrarily polarized incident infrared light (1550 nm), can be obtained. The design presents an ultracompact architecture while excluding the standard bulky optical components and structural redundancy. Computational extraction of full-Stokes parameters from mutual information among four detectors eliminates the need for a large absorption contrast between different polarization states. Our monolithic plasmonic metasurface integrated polarimeter is ideal for a variety of polarization-based applications including biological sensing, quantum information processing, and polarization photography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Li
- School of Micro-Nanoelectronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, State Key Labs of Silicon Materials and Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Micro-Nanoelectronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, State Key Labs of Silicon Materials and Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Binjie Zheng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Douglas H Werner
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shoufeng Lan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Micro-Nanoelectronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, State Key Labs of Silicon Materials and Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Xiaomu Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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32
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Yousaf MS, Khurshid A, Mahmood R, Ikram M. Polarimetric comparison of fresh and frozen skeletal muscle tissues of goat. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102071. [PMID: 33130029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Optical properties can provide rich information about morphology and structure of tissues. Fresh and frozen muscle tissue samples of goat are investigated using imaging polarimetry to understand its structural nature. The outcomes demonstrate that the muscle tissues lose, to some extent, their integrity and organization on freezing. The fresh tissues offer very small circular retardance as compared to frozen samples. However, linear retardance is the main contributor in fresh muscle samples. Ultimately, linear and circular retardance can be used to differentiate fresh and frozen tissues. These investigations illustrate the capabilities of optical polarimetry for the characterization of muscle tissue structures. Specifically, the structure of biological tissue samples can be differentiated using real-time, cost effective and non-invasive optical polarimetry in the field of meat industry and biomedical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid Yousaf
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmat Khurshid
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan; Photomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Mahmood
- Photomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
| | - Masroor Ikram
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan; Photomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics (DPAM), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, 45650, Pakistan
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33
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Eshaghi M, Dogariu A. Single-shot omnidirectional Stokes polarimetry. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4340-4343. [PMID: 32735293 DOI: 10.1364/ol.396528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many active sensing applications benefit from measuring, as fast as possible, the polarization state of target reflections. Traditional polarimetry, however, relies on (1) the assumption of field transversality and (2) a given direction of wave propagation. When this is not known, one must regard the field as being three-dimensional, which inherently complicates the polarimetry due to experimental constraints imposed by the planar geometry of detector arrays. We demonstrate a single-shot, Stokes polarimetry approach that alleviates these limitations. The approach is based on the spatial Fourier analysis of the interference between the unknown wave and controlled reference fields.
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34
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Abbasian V, Moradi AR. Microsphere-assisted super-resolved Mueller matrix microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4336-4339. [PMID: 32735292 DOI: 10.1364/ol.395735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrix microscopy (MMM) is a powerful approach to probe microstructural and optical information of many important specimens (e.g., tissue and bacteria), which otherwise cannot be obtained directly from intensity or spectral images. Achieving high lateral resolution in MMM, similar to other microscopy approaches, remains a challenge. Here, we extend the idea of microsphere (MS) -assisted microscopy into MMM toward resolution-enhanced polarimetric imaging. The goal is achieved by insertion of a transparent MS in the working distance of the imaging microscope objective in the optical train of an MMM system. We experimentally show that an MS close to the sample in MMM may increase the resolution beyond the intrinsic diffraction limit of the system by redirecting the higher spatial frequencies of the sample into the acceptance cone. In order to be a case in point, the experiment is conducted on a standard holographic diffraction grating with 1 µm line-width, which is beyond the diffraction limit of a 10× objective. Two-dimensional images of the Mueller matrix and some of the widely used quantitative polarimetric parameters of the sample are calculated and compared in the two cases before and after insertion of MS. The proposed arrangement is easy to implement and has the potential to serve as a high-resolution polarimetric microscope for visualizing the polarization characteristics of the microscopic objects.
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35
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Guo SM, Yeh LH, Folkesson J, Ivanov IE, Krishnan AP, Keefe MG, Hashemi E, Shin D, Chhun BB, Cho NH, Leonetti MD, Han MH, Nowakowski TJ, Mehta SB. Revealing architectural order with quantitative label-free imaging and deep learning. eLife 2020; 9:e55502. [PMID: 32716843 PMCID: PMC7431134 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report quantitative label-free imaging with phase and polarization (QLIPP) for simultaneous measurement of density, anisotropy, and orientation of structures in unlabeled live cells and tissue slices. We combine QLIPP with deep neural networks to predict fluorescence images of diverse cell and tissue structures. QLIPP images reveal anatomical regions and axon tract orientation in prenatal human brain tissue sections that are not visible using brightfield imaging. We report a variant of U-Net architecture, multi-channel 2.5D U-Net, for computationally efficient prediction of fluorescence images in three dimensions and over large fields of view. Further, we develop data normalization methods for accurate prediction of myelin distribution over large brain regions. We show that experimental defects in labeling the human tissue can be rescued with quantitative label-free imaging and neural network model. We anticipate that the proposed method will enable new studies of architectural order at spatial scales ranging from organelles to tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Hao Yeh
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Matthew G Keefe
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ezzat Hashemi
- Department of Neurology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - David Shin
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Nathan H Cho
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - May H Han
- Department of Neurology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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36
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Choi G, Woo Lee S, Yong Lee S, Jae Pahk H. Single-shot multispectral angle-resolved ellipsometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:6296-6303. [PMID: 32749292 DOI: 10.1364/ao.396907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe an instantaneous measurement scheme of multispectral angle-resolved ellipsometry with a color camera. A back focal plane image captured by the color camera enables us to simultaneously measure various polarization states along incidence angles and a multispectral domain. Modified parameters based on the principle of micro-ellipsometry are derived for an adequate form in a red, green and blue (RGB) domain by considering the wideband multispectral acquisition. The proposed method is validated by the measurement of uniformly deposited films and comparing our results with a commercial ellipsometer. The comparison shows that our proposed method enables real-time inspection with high precision.
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37
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Butt MA, Mamonova D, Petrov Y, Proklova A, Kritchenkov I, Manshina A, Banzer P, Leuchs G. Hybrid Orthorhombic Carbon Flakes Intercalated with Bimetallic Au-Ag Nanoclusters: Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Optical Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071376. [PMID: 32679699 PMCID: PMC7407132 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, planar carbonaceous structures such as graphene did not show any birefringence under normal incidence. In contrast, a recently reported novel orthorhombic carbonaceous structure with metal nanoparticle inclusions does show intrinsic birefringence, outperforming other natural orthorhombic crystalline materials. These flake-like structures self-assemble during a laser-induced growth process. In this article, we explore the potential of this novel material and the design freedom during production. We study in particular the dependence of the optical and geometrical properties of these hybrid carbon-metal flakes on the fabrication parameters. The influence of the laser irradiation time, concentration of the supramolecular complex in the solution, and an external electric field applied during the growth process are investigated. In all cases, the self-assembled metamaterial exhibits a strong linear birefringence in the visible spectral range, while the wavelength-dependent attenuation was found to hinge on the concentration of the supramolecular complex in the solution. By varying the fabrication parameters one can steer the shape and size of the flakes. This study provides a route towards fabrication of novel hybrid carbon-metal flakes with tailored optical and geometrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah Butt
- Emeritus Group Leuchs, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daria Mamonova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yuri Petrov
- Faculty of physics, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra Proklova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Kritchenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alina Manshina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Peter Banzer
- Emeritus Group Leuchs, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Emeritus Group Leuchs, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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38
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Patton RJ, Reano RM. Framework for tunable polarization state generation using Berry's phase in silicon waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:20845-20857. [PMID: 32680136 DOI: 10.1364/oe.384543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a framework for an arbitrary polarization state generator exploiting Berry's phase through a cascade of in-plane and out-of-plane silicon strip waveguides. We establish two criteria required for a passive device to achieve 90° polarization rotation, and derive explicit equations to satisfy the criteria. The results define regions within the parameter space where active tuning of the polarization state is possible over the entire Poincaré sphere. We use numerical modeling to show ±30 dB tuning of the polarization extinction ratio between the quasi-transverse electric and magnetic modes for a range of devices with deflection angles ranging from 5° to 45°, and modal birefringence from 0 to 0.05. We envision control of optical polarization on the chip-scale in integrated waveguides for communications, sensing, and computing applications.
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39
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Pjotr Stoevelaar L, Berzinš J, Silvestri F, Fasold S, Zangeneh Kamali K, Knopf H, Eilenberger F, Setzpfandt F, Pertsch T, Bäumer SMB, Gerini G. Nanostructure-modulated planar high spectral resolution spectro-polarimeter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19818-19836. [PMID: 32680054 DOI: 10.1364/oe.392536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a planar spectro-polarimeter based on Fabry-Pérot cavities with embedded polarization-sensitive high-index nanostructures. A 7 µm-thick spectro-polarimetric system for 3 spectral bands and 2 linear polarization states is experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, an optimal design is theoretically proposed, estimating that a system with a bandwidth of 127 nm and a spectral resolution of 1 nm is able to reconstruct the first three Stokes parameters with a signal-to-noise ratio of -13.14 dB with respect to the the shot noise limited SNR. The pixelated spectro-polarimetric system can be directly integrated on a sensor, thus enabling applicability in a variety of miniaturized optical devices, including but not limited to satellites for Earth observation.
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40
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Hannonen A, Hoenders BJ, Elsässer W, Friberg AT, Setälä T. Ghost polarimetry using Stokes correlations. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:714-719. [PMID: 32400701 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.385851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present here a novel ghost polarimeter based on Stokes parameter correlations and a spatially incoherent classical source with adjustable polarization state and Gaussian statistics. The setup enables extracting the four amplitudes and three phase differences related to the spectral $ 2 \times 2 $2×2 complex Jones matrix of any transmissive polarization-sensitive object. Our work extends the ghost imaging methods from the traditional intensity correlation measurements to the detection of polarization state correlations.
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41
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Borovkova M, Bykov A, Popov A, Meglinski I. Role of scattering and birefringence in phase retardation revealed by locus of Stokes vector on Poincaré sphere. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 32436372 PMCID: PMC7238295 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.5.057001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Biological tissues are typically characterized by high anisotropic scattering and may also exhibit linear form birefringence. Both scattering and birefringence bias the phase shift between transverse electric field components of polarized light. These phase alterations are associated with particular structural malformations in the tissue. In fact, the majority of polarization-based techniques are unable to distinguish the nature of the phase shift induced by birefringence or scattering of light. AIM We explore the distinct contributions of scattering and birefringence in the phase retardation of circularly polarized light propagated in turbid tissue-like scattering medium. APPROACH The circularly polarized light in frame of Stokes polarimetry approach is used for the screening of biotissue phantoms and chicken skin samples. The change of optical properties in chicken skin is accomplished by optical clearing, which reduces scattering, and mechanical stretch, which induces birefringence. The change of optical properties of skin tissue is confirmed by spectrophotometric measurements and second-harmonic generation imaging. RESULTS The contributions of scattering and birefringence in the phase retardation of circularly polarized light propagated in biological tissues are distinguished by the locus of the Stokes vector mapped on the Poincaré sphere. The phase retardation of circularly polarized light due to scattering alterations is assessed. The value of birefringence in chicken skin is estimated as 0.3 × 10-3, which agrees with alternative studies. The change of birefringence of skin tissue due to mechanical stretch in the order of 10-6 is detected. CONCLUSIONS While the polarimetric parameters on their own do not allow distinguishing the contributions of scattering and birefringence, the resultant Stokes vector trajectory on the Poincaré sphere reveals the role of scattering and birefringence in the total phase retardation. The described approach, applied independently or in combination with Mueller polarimetry, can be beneficial for the advanced characterization of various types of malformations within biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Borovkova
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- Address all correspondence to Mariia Borovkova, E-mail: ; Igor Meglinski, E-mail:
| | - Alexander Bykov
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexey Popov
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Oulu, Finland
| | - Igor Meglinski
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- National Research Tomsk State University, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), Moscow, Russia
- Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Address all correspondence to Mariia Borovkova, E-mail: ; Igor Meglinski, E-mail:
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42
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Keyser CK, Martin RK, Lopez-Aviles H, Nguyen K, Adams AM, Christodoulides D. Single-pulse, Kerr-effect Mueller matrix LiDAR polarimeter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:13694-13713. [PMID: 32403839 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel light detection and ranging (LiDAR) polarimeter that enables measurement of 12 of 16 sample Mueller matrix elements in a single, 10 ns pulse. The new polarization state generator (PSG) leverages Kerr phase modulation in a birefringent optical fiber, creating a probe pulse characterized by temporally varying polarization. Theoretical expressions for the Polarization State Generator (PSG) Stokes vector are derived for birefringent walk-off and no walk-off and incorporated into a time-dependent polarimeter signal model employing multiple polarization state analyzers (PSA). Polarimeter modeling compares the Kerr effect and electro-optic phase modulator-based PSG using a single Polarization State Analyzer (PSA) and a scattering sample yielding similarly good performance for both. We include results from an experimental demonstration of the Kerr effect PSG.
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43
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Rubin NA, D'Aversa G, Chevalier P, Shi Z, Chen WT, Capasso F. Matrix Fourier optics enables a compact full-Stokes polarization camera. Science 2020; 365:365/6448/eaax1839. [PMID: 31273096 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments have enabled the practical realization of optical elements in which the polarization of light may vary spatially. We present an extension of Fourier optics-matrix Fourier optics-for understanding these devices and apply it to the design and realization of metasurface gratings implementing arbitrary, parallel polarization analysis. We show how these gratings enable a compact, full-Stokes polarization camera without standard polarization optics. Our single-shot polarization camera requires no moving parts, specially patterned pixels, or conventional polarization optics and may enable the widespread adoption of polarization imaging in machine vision, remote sensing, and other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah A Rubin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gabriele D'Aversa
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Section de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Chevalier
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhujun Shi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Wei Ting Chen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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44
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Ito K, Haraguchi E, Kaneshima K, Sekikawa T. Polarimetry of a single-order circularly polarized high harmonic separated by a time-delay compensated monochromator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:38735-38743. [PMID: 31878635 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monochromatic elliptically polarized (CP) ultrashort extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source with higher ellipticity than 0.80 is developed for the investigation of molecular chirality and electromagnetic phenomena. Elliptically polarized 47-nm high harmonic (HH) is monochromatized from the comb spectrum of HHs by a time-delay compensated monochromator (TDCM) consisting of a pair of Pt-coated toroidal gratings. The ellipticity of EUV light, which is higher than 0.10 at high harmonic generation, is compensated by the anisotropies of the diffraction efficiency and of the phase shift of the toroidal gratings. The degree of polarization is also improved by the diffraction on the gratings. Prior to the polarization compensation, the unknown optical parameters of the toroidal grating at 47 and 50 nm were determined using CP light source and Mueller matrices. The optical parameters were found to be close to those of coated substance Pt. The single-order CP HH light source will be versatile both for spectroscopy and for diffractive imaging.
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45
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Mueller Matrix Measurement of Electrospun Fiber Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122062. [PMID: 31835798 PMCID: PMC6960730 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospun fiber scaffolds are gaining in importance in the area of tissue engineering. They can be used, for example, to fabricate graded implants to mimic the tendon bone junction. For the grading of the tensile strength of the fiber scaffolds, the orientation of the fibers plays a major role. This is currently measured by hand in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. In this work, a correlation between polarimetric information generated by measuring the Mueller matrix (MM) and the orientation of the fibers of electrospun fiber scaffolds is reported. For this, the MM of fiber scaffolds, which were manufactured with different production parameters, was measured and analyzed. These data were correlated with fiber orientation and mechanical properties, which were evaluated in an established manner. We found that by measurement of the MM the production parameters as well as the relative orientation of the fibers in space can be determined. Thus, the MM measurement is suitable as an alternative tool for non-contact, non-destructive determination of the production parameters and, thus, the degree of alignment of electrospun fiber scaffolds.
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46
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Vella A, Alonso MA. Optimal birefringence distributions for imaging polarimetry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:36799-36814. [PMID: 31873452 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.036799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Star test polarimetry is an imaging polarimetry technique in which an element with spatially-varying birefringence is placed in the pupil plane to encode polarization information into the point-spread function (PSF) of an imaging system. In this work, a variational calculation is performed to find the optimal birefringence distribution that effectively encodes polarization information while producing the smallest possible PSF, thus maximizing the resolution for imaging polarimetry. This optimal solution is found to be nearly equivalent to the birefringence distribution that results from a glass window being subjected to three uniformly spaced stress points at its edges, which has been used in previous star test polarimetry setups.
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47
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Yuan WH, Liu HL, Wei WZ, Ma ZY, Hao P, Deng Z, Deng K, Zhang J, Lu ZH. A simple method for in situ measurement of vacuum window birefringence. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:113001. [PMID: 31779433 DOI: 10.1063/1.5121568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple method to measure the degrees of circular polarization (DoCP) of laser light inside a vacuum chamber and the birefringence of a vacuum window by detecting the fluorescence emitted by Doppler cooled ions in an ion trap. Imperfect laser polarization will cause ions to be pumped to the dark state which will decrease the fluorescence rates of the ions. With a simulation based on the rate equations of the relevant energy levels of 25Mg+ ions, we find that the fluorescence rate is sensitive to the DoCP of the laser. Based on the simulation result, we present a new method to optimize the DoCP of the laser inside the vacuum chamber by adjusting fast axis azimuthal angles of a half-wave plate and a quarter-wave plate outside the vacuum chamber. The laser light is optimized to be circularly polarized with an uncertainty of the DoCP of 7.8 × 10-5. With the obtained polarization information on both sides of the vacuum window and treating the vacuum window as an unknown wave plate, the phase delay and the fast axis azimuthal angle of the vacuum window can be determined in the form of Mueller matrix. The phase delay is determined to be 197.60(39)°, and the fast axis azimuthal angle is determined to be 104.00(5)°.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - H L Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - W Z Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Y Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - P Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - K Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - J Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Z H Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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Li X, Hu H, Goudail F, Liu T. Fundamental precision limits of full Stokes polarimeters based on DoFP polarization cameras for an arbitrary number of acquisitions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:31261-31272. [PMID: 31684361 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.031261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging technology, division-of-focal-plane (DoFP) polarization cameras have raised attention due to their integrated structure. In this paper, we address the fundamental precision limits of full Stokes polarimeters based on a linear DoFP polarization camera and a controllable retarder in the presence of additive and Poisson shot noise. We demonstrate that if the number of image acquisitions is greater than or equal to three, there exists retarder configurations that reach the theoretical lower bound on estimation variance. Examples of such configurations are one rotatable retarder with fixed retardance of 125.26° or two rotatable quarter-waveplates (QWPs) in pair. In contrast, the lower bound cannot be reached with a single QWP or a single variable retarder with fixed orientation. These results are important to get the most out of DoFP polarization imagers in real applications.
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49
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Maurya S, Nyman M, Kaivola M, Shevchenko A. Highly birefringent metamaterial structure as a tunable partial polarizer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:27335-27344. [PMID: 31674596 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.027335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We consider a highly anisotropic metamaterial structure, composed of parallel metal nanostripes, and show that a thin layer of the material can be used as a tunable partial polarizer. The transmittance of the structure for TE-polarized waves depends strongly on the incidence angle, while for TM-polarized waves, it stays high and essentially constant. In particular, using the structure, the degree of polarization of a partially polarized or unpolarized light can be tuned by changing the incidence angle. The TE-wave transmittance drops from, c.a., 1 to 0 when the incidence angle increases by 5 deg only, owing to the presence of an unusual higher-order odd-symmetric TM mode that we have revealed in the structure. The tuning can be made smoother by introducing another layer of a similar metal-nanostripe structure on top of the first one. The new design allows the TE-wave transmittance to decrease gradually towards 0 with the incidence angle increasing from 0 to about 30 deg. Our structures serve as an essential optical component for studies involving partially polarized light.
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50
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Butt MA, Lesina AC, Neugebauer M, Bauer T, Ramunno L, Vaccari A, Berini P, Petrov Y, Danilov D, Manshina A, Banzer P, Leuchs G. Investigating the Optical Properties of a Laser Induced 3D Self-Assembled Carbon-Metal Hybrid Structure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900512. [PMID: 30957965 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based and carbon-metal hybrid materials hold great potential for applications in optics and electronics. Here, a novel material made of carbon and gold-silver nanoparticles is discussed, fabricated using a laser-induced self-assembly process. This self-assembled metamaterial manifests itself in the form of cuboids with lateral dimensions on the order of several micrometers and a height of tens to hundreds of nanometers. The carbon atoms are arranged following an orthorhombic unit cell, with alloy nanoparticles intercalated in the crystalline carbon matrix. The optical properties of this metamaterial are analyzed experimentally using a microscopic Müller matrix measurement approach and reveal a high linear birefringence across the visible spectral range. Theoretical modeling based on local-field theory applied to the carbon matrix links the birefringence to the orthorhombic unit cell, while finite-difference time-domain simulations of the metamaterial relates the observed optical response to the distribution of the alloy nanoparticles and the optical density of the carbon matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah Butt
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonino Calà Lesina
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Research in Photonics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Martin Neugebauer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Bauer
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Lora Ramunno
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Research in Photonics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alessandro Vaccari
- Centre for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Pierre Berini
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Research in Photonics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yuriy Petrov
- Faculty of physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Denis Danilov
- Interdisciplinary Resource center for Nanotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Alina Manshina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Peter Banzer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Ottawa Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
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