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Zhang Y, Nallathamby PD, Vigil GD, Khan AA, Mason DE, Boerckel JD, Roeder RK, Howard SS. Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy by stepwise optical saturation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1613-1629. [PMID: 29675306 PMCID: PMC5905910 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is an important tool in biomedical research for its ability to discern features smaller than the diffraction limit. However, due to its difficult implementation and high cost, the super-resolution microscopy is not feasible in many applications. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a saturation-based super-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique that can be easily implemented and requires neither additional hardware nor complex post-processing. The method is based on the principle of stepwise optical saturation (SOS), where M steps of raw fluorescence images are linearly combined to generate an image with a [Formula: see text]-fold increase in resolution compared with conventional diffraction-limited images. For example, linearly combining (scaling and subtracting) two images obtained at regular powers extends the resolution by a factor of 1.4 beyond the diffraction limit. The resolution improvement in SOS microscopy is theoretically infinite but practically is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. We perform simulations and experimentally demonstrate super-resolution microscopy with both one-photon (confocal) and multiphoton excitation fluorescence. We show that with the multiphoton modality, the SOS microscopy can provide super-resolution imaging deep in scattering samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
| | - Prakash D. Nallathamby
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
- Notre Dame Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
| | - Genevieve D. Vigil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
| | - Aamir A. Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
| | - Devon E. Mason
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
| | - Joel D. Boerckel
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
| | - Ryan K. Roeder
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
- Notre Dame Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
| | - Scott S. Howard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
- Notre Dame Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556,
USA
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