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Duan L, Zhu Y, Bai H, Zhang C, Wang K, Bai J, Zhao W. Multi-Focal Laser Direct Writing through Spatial Light Modulation Guided by Scalable Vector Graphics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:824. [PMID: 37421057 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Multi-focal laser direct writing (LDW) based on phase-only spatial light modulation (SLM) can realize flexible and parallel nanofabrication with high-throughput potential. In this investigation, a novel approach of combining two-photon absorption, SLM, and vector path-guided by scalable vector graphics (SVGs), termed SVG-guided SLM LDW, was developed and preliminarily tested for fast, flexible, and parallel nanofabrication. Three laser focuses were independently controlled with different paths, which were optimized according to the SVG to improve fabrication and promote time efficiency. The minimum structure width could be as low as 81 nm. Accompanied by a translation stage, a carp structure of 18.10 μm × 24.56 μm was fabricated. This method shows the possibility of developing LDW techniques toward fully electrical systems, and provides a potential way to efficiently engrave complex structures on nanoscales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yueqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Haoxin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Kaige Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jintao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Photon-Technology in Western China Energy, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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Waheed S, Cabot JM, Macdonald NP, Lewis T, Guijt RM, Paull B, Breadmore MC. 3D printed microfluidic devices: enablers and barriers. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1993-2013. [PMID: 27146365 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00284f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has the potential to significantly change the field of microfluidics. The ability to fabricate a complete microfluidic device in a single step from a computer model has obvious attractions, but it is the ability to create truly three dimensional structures that will provide new microfluidic capability that is challenging, if not impossible to make with existing approaches. This critical review covers the current state of 3D printing for microfluidics, focusing on the four most frequently used printing approaches: inkjet (i3DP), stereolithography (SLA), two photon polymerisation (2PP) and extrusion printing (focusing on fused deposition modeling). It discusses current achievements and limitations, and opportunities for advancement to reach 3D printing's full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Waheed
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia. and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Joan M Cabot
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia. and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Niall P Macdonald
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia. and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Trevor Lewis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), Pharmacy School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia. and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia. and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia
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Zheng X, Deotte J, Alonso MP, Farquar GR, Weisgraber TH, Gemberling S, Lee H, Fang N, Spadaccini CM. Design and optimization of a light-emitting diode projection micro-stereolithography three-dimensional manufacturing system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:125001. [PMID: 23278017 DOI: 10.1063/1.4769050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid manufacture of complex three-dimensional micro-scale components has eluded researchers for decades. Several additive manufacturing options have been limited by either speed or the ability to fabricate true three-dimensional structures. Projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) is a low cost, high throughput additive fabrication technique capable of generating three-dimensional microstructures in a bottom-up, layer by layer fashion. The PμSL system is reliable and capable of manufacturing a variety of highly complex, three-dimensional structures from micro- to meso-scales with micro-scale architecture and submicron precision. Our PμSL system utilizes a reconfigurable digital mask and a 395 nm light-emitting diode (LED) array to polymerize a liquid monomer in a layer-by-layer manufacturing process. This paper discusses the critical process parameters that influence polymerization depth and structure quality. Experimental characterization and performance of the LED-based PμSL system for fabricating highly complex three-dimensional structures for a large range of applications is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zheng
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Geldhauser T, Kolloch A, Murazawa N, Ueno K, Boneberg J, Leiderer P, Scheer E, Misawa H. Quantitative measurement of the near-field enhancement of nanostructures by two-photon polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:9041-9046. [PMID: 22429023 DOI: 10.1021/la300219w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative determination of the strength of the near-field enhancement in and around nanostructures is essential for optimizing and using these structures for applications. We combine the gaussian intensity distribution of a laser profile and two-photon-polymerization of SU-8 to a suitable tool for the quantitative experimental measurement of the near-field enhancement of a nanostructure. Our results give a feedback to the results obtained by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The structures under investigation are gold nanotriangles on a glass substrate with 85 nm side length and a thickness of 40 nm. We compare the threshold fluence for polymerization for areas of the gaussian intensity profile with and without the near-field enhancement of the nanostructures. The experimentally obtained value of the near-field intensity enhancement is 600 ± 140, independent of the laser power, irradiation time, and spot size. The FDTD simulation shows a pointlike maximum of 2600 at the tip. In a more extended area with an approximate size close to the smallest polymerized structure of 25 nm in diameter, we find a value between 800 and 600. Using our novel approach, we determine the threshold fluence for polymerization of the commercially available photopolymerizable resin SU-8 by a femtosecond laser working at a wavelength of 795 nm and a repetition rate of 82 MHz to be 0.25 J/cm(2) almost independent of the irradiation time and the laser power used. This finding is important for future applications of the method because it enables one to use varying laser systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Geldhauser
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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Jariwala S, Venkatakrishnan K, Tan B. Single step self-enclosed fluidic channels via Two Photon Absorption (TPA) polymerization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:1630-1636. [PMID: 20173990 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a simple, fast and single-step method for fabricating self-enclosed fluidic channels via TPA. Pairs of parallel, polymerized ribs are linked by the subsequent polymerization with correctly predetermined offset between the ribs. The region, where the radicals are initiated but its concentration is below the threshold, we called it a sub-activated region. The subsequent polymerization is triggered by the overlap of the sub-activated regions of the two adjacent ribs. The dimensions of the self-enclosed channels depends on the offset between ribs, the scan speed as well as the laser parameters such as pulse energy, pulse width and repetition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jariwala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ryerson University, Ontario, Canada
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