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Payne K, O'Bryan CA, Marcy JA, Crandall PG. Detection and prevention of foreign material in food: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19574. [PMID: 37809834 PMCID: PMC10558841 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the critical concern foreign material contamination poses across the food processing industry and provides information on methods and implementations to minimize the hazards caused by foreign materials. A foreign material is defined as any non-food, foreign bodies that may cause illness or injury to the consumer and are not typically part of the food. Foreign materials can enter the food processing plant as part of the raw materials such as fruit pits, bones, or contaminants like stones, insects, soil, grit, or pieces of harvesting equipment. Over the past 20 years, foreign materials have been responsible for about one out of ten recalls of foods, with plastic fragments being the most common complaint. The goal of this paper is to further the understanding of the risks foreign materials are to consumers and the tools that could be used to minimize the risk of foreign objects in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Payne
- Food Safety and Quality Assurance, Tyson Foods, Springdale, AR, USA
| | - Corliss A. O'Bryan
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - John A. Marcy
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Philip G. Crandall
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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2
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How YY, Paganin DM, Morgan KS. On the quantification of sample microstructure using single-exposure x-ray dark-field imaging via a single-grid setup. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11001. [PMID: 37419926 PMCID: PMC10329004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The size of the smallest detectable sample feature in an x-ray imaging system is usually restricted by the spatial resolution of the system. This limitation can now be overcome using the diffusive dark-field signal, which is generated by unresolved phase effects or the ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering from unresolved sample microstructures. A quantitative measure of this dark-field signal can be useful in revealing the microstructure size or material for medical diagnosis, security screening and materials science. Recently, we derived a new method to quantify the diffusive dark-field signal in terms of a scattering angle using a single-exposure grid-based approach. In this manuscript, we look at the problem of quantifying the sample microstructure size from this single-exposure dark-field signal. We do this by quantifying the diffusive dark-field signal produced by 5 different sizes of polystyrene microspheres, ranging from 1.0 to 10.8 µm, to investigate how the strength of the extracted dark-field signal changes with the sample microstructure size, [Formula: see text]. We also explore the feasibility of performing single-exposure dark-field imaging with a simple equation for the optimal propagation distance, given microstructure with a specific size and thickness, and show consistency between this model and experimental data. Our theoretical model predicts that the dark-field scattering angle is inversely proportional to [Formula: see text], which is also consistent with our experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ying How
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - David M Paganin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kaye S Morgan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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3
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Yang JS, Jeon SY, Choi JH. Acquisition of a single grid-based phase-contrast X-ray image using instantaneous frequency and noise filtering. Biomed Eng Online 2022; 21:92. [PMID: 36575491 PMCID: PMC9793636 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-022-01061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To obtain phase-contrast X-ray images, single-grid imaging systems are effective, but Moire artifacts remain a significant issue. The solution for removing Moire artifacts from an image is grid rotation, which can distinguish between these artifacts and sample information within the Fourier space. However, the mechanical movement of grid rotation is slower than the real-time change in Moire artifacts. Thus, Moire artifacts generated during real-time imaging cannot be removed using grid rotation. To overcome this problem, we propose an effective method to obtain phase-contrast X-ray images using instantaneous frequency and noise filtering. RESULT The proposed phase-contrast X-ray image using instantaneous frequency and noise filtering effectively suppressed noise with Moire patterns. The proposed method also preserved the clear edge of the inner and outer boundaries and internal anatomical information from the biological sample, outperforming conventional Fourier analysis-based methods, including absorption, scattering, and phase-contrast X-ray images. In particular, when comparing the phase information for the proposed method with the x-axis gradient image from the absorption image, the proposed method correctly distinguished two different types of soft tissue and the detailed information, while the latter method did not. CONCLUSION This study successfully achieved a significant improvement in image quality for phase-contrast X-ray images using instantaneous frequency and noise filtering. This study can provide a foundation for real-time bio-imaging research using three-dimensional computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Suk Yang
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Jeon
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hwan Choi
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
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4
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Low-density foreign body detection in food products using single-shot grid-based dark-field X-ray imaging. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Letzel A, Reich S, Dos Santos Rolo T, Kanitz A, Hoppius J, Rack A, Olbinado MP, Ostendorf A, Gökce B, Plech A, Barcikowski S. Time and Mechanism of Nanoparticle Functionalization by Macromolecular Ligands during Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3038-3047. [PMID: 30646687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablation of gold in liquids with nanosecond laser pulses in aqueous solutions of inorganic electrolytes and macromolecular ligands for gold nanoparticle size quenching is probed inside the laser-induced cavitation bubble by in situ X-ray multicontrast imaging with a Hartmann mask (XHI). It is found that (i) the in situ size quenching power of sodium chloride (NaCl) in comparison to the ablation in pure water can be observed by the scattering contrast from XHI already inside the cavitation bubble, while (ii) for polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a macromolecular model ligand an in situ size quenching cannot be observed. Complementary ex situ characterization confirms the overall size quenching ability of both additive types NaCl and PVP. The macromolecular ligand as well as its monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) are mainly effective for growth quenching of larger nanoparticles on later time scales, leading to the conclusion of an alternative interaction mechanism with ablated nanoparticles compared to the electrolyte NaCl, probably outside of the cavitation bubble, in the surrounding liquid phase. While monomer and polymer have similar effects on the particle properties, with the polymer being slightly more efficient, only the polymer is effective against hydrodynamic aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Letzel
- Department of Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Stefan Reich
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Tomy Dos Santos Rolo
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Southern University of Science and Technology , 518055 Shenzen , China
| | - Alexander Kanitz
- Applied Laser Technologies , Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , 44801 Bochum , Germany
| | - Jan Hoppius
- Applied Laser Technologies , Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , 44801 Bochum , Germany
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 30843 Grenoble , France
| | - Margie P Olbinado
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 30843 Grenoble , France
| | - Andreas Ostendorf
- Applied Laser Technologies , Ruhr-University Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , 44801 Bochum , Germany
| | - Bilal Gökce
- Department of Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Anton Plech
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- Department of Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany
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6
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Yashiro W, Noda D, Kajiwara K. Effect of insufficient temporal coherence on visibility contrast in X-ray grating interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:1012-1027. [PMID: 29401974 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray grating interferometry, which has been spotlighted in the last decade as a multi-modal X-ray imaging technique, can provide three independent images, i.e., absorption, differential-phase, and visibility-contrast images. We report on a cause of the visibility contrast, an effect of insufficient temporal coherence, that can be observed when continuous-spectrum X-rays are used. This effect occurs even for a sample without unresolvable random structures, which are known as the main causes of visibility contrast. We performed an experiment using an acrylic cylinder and quantitatively explained the visibility contrast due to this effect.
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7
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X-ray Scatter Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Mouse Model Using Nanoparticle Contrast Agents. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15673. [PMID: 26511147 PMCID: PMC4625152 DOI: 10.1038/srep15673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide and is almost uniformly fatal. Current methods of detection include ultrasound examination and imaging by CT scan or MRI; however, these techniques are problematic in terms of sensitivity and specificity, and the detection of early tumors (<1 cm diameter) has proven elusive. Better, more specific, and more sensitive detection methods are therefore urgently needed. Here we discuss the application of a newly developed x-ray imaging technique called Spatial Frequency Heterodyne Imaging (SFHI) for the early detection of HCC. SFHI uses x-rays scattered by an object to form an image and is more sensitive than conventional absorption-based x-radiography. We show that tissues labeled in vivo with gold nanoparticle contrast agents can be detected using SFHI. We also demonstrate that directed targeting and SFHI of HCC tumors in a mouse model is possible through the use of HCC-specific antibodies. The enhanced sensitivity of SFHI relative to currently available techniques enables the x-ray imaging of tumors that are just a few millimeters in diameter and substantially reduces the amount of nanoparticle contrast agent required for intravenous injection relative to absorption-based x-ray imaging.
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8
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Yashiro W, Momose A. Effects of unresolvable edges in grating-based X-ray differential phase imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:9233-9251. [PMID: 25968757 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.009233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated effects of unresolvable sharp edges on images obtained in a grating-based X-ray differential phase imaging technique. Results of numerical calculations for monochromatic X-rays show that an unresolvable sharp edge generates not only differential-phase contrast but also visibility contrast. The latter shows that the visibility contrast has another major origin other than ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) from randomly distributed unresolvable microstructures, which has been considered the main origin for the contrast. The effects were experimentally confirmed using a synchrotron X-ray source.
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9
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Rand D, Walsh EG, Derdak Z, Wands JR, Rose-Petruck C. A highly sensitive x-ray imaging modality for hepatocellular carcinoma detection in vitro. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:769-84. [PMID: 25559398 PMCID: PMC4323189 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/2/769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innovations that improve sensitivity and reduce cost are of paramount importance in diagnostic imaging. The novel x-ray imaging modality called spatial frequency heterodyne imaging (SFHI) is based on a linear arrangement of x-ray source, tissue, and x-ray detector, much like that of a conventional x-ray imaging apparatus. However, SFHI rests on a complete paradigm reversal compared to conventional x-ray absorption-based radiology: while scattered x-rays are carefully rejected in absorption-based x-ray radiology to enhance the image contrast, SFHI forms images exclusively from x-rays scattered by the tissue. In this study we use numerical processing to produce x-ray scatter images of hepatocellular carcinoma labeled with a nanoparticle contrast agent. We subsequently compare the sensitivity of SFHI in this application to that of both conventional x-ray imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although SFHI is still in the early stages of its development, our results show that the sensitivity of SFHI is an order of magnitude greater than that of absorption-based x-ray imaging and approximately equal to that of MRI. As x-ray imaging modalities typically have lower installation and service costs compared to MRI, SFHI could become a cost effective alternative to MRI, particularly in areas of the world with inadequate availability of MRI facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rand
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University. 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (USA)
| | - Edward G. Walsh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University. 185 Meeting Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (USA)
| | - Zoltan Derdak
- The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. 55 Claverick Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903 (USA)
| | - Jack R. Wands
- The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. 55 Claverick Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903 (USA)
| | - Christoph Rose-Petruck
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University. 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (USA)
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10
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Schunk FM, Rand D, Rose-Petruck C. Spatial frequency heterodyne imaging of aqueous phase transitions inside multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:31237-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04508h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spatial frequency heterodyne imaging of aqueous phase transitions in carbon nanotubes demonstrates the applicability of thermodynamics to nano-confined water.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Schunk
- Department of Chemistry
- Brown University
- Providence
- USA
| | - D. Rand
- Department of Chemistry
- Brown University
- Providence
- USA
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11
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Rand D, Uchida M, Douglas T, Rose-Petruck C. X-ray spatial frequency heterodyne imaging of protein-based nanobubble contrast agents. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:23290-23298. [PMID: 25321797 PMCID: PMC4247185 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.023290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spatial Frequency Heterodyne Imaging (SFHI) is a novel x-ray scatter imaging technique that utilizes nanoparticle contrast agents. The enhanced sensitivity of this new technique relative to traditional absorption-based x-ray radiography makes it promising for applications in biomedical and materials imaging. Although previous studies on SFHI have utilized only metal nanoparticle contrast agents, we show that nanomaterials with a much lower electron density are also suitable. We prepared protein-based "nanobubble" contrast agents that are comprised of protein cage architectures filled with gas. Results show that these nanobubbles provide contrast in SFHI comparable to that of gold nanoparticles of similar size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rand
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912,
USA
| | - Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405,
USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405,
USA
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12
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Nagai K. A phase demodulation method for two-dimensional grating-based X-ray interferometry. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:20130034. [PMID: 24470416 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach to achieving high spatial resolution in the demodulation of images produced by a two-dimensional X-ray Talbot interferometry (XTI) system. Currently, demodulation of XTI images is mainly performed by either phase-stepping (PS) or Fourier transform (FT) methods. However, the PS method for two-dimensional XTI demodulation requires a larger number of exposures and a more complex grating control process than that of one-dimensional XTI. On the other hand, although the FT method uses only a single-fringe image, it gives lower spatial resolution than the PS method. For practical application of two-dimensional XTI, a simpler exposure process with high spatial resolution is required. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid method combining the PS and FT methods. This method simplifies the exposure process in comparison with the PS method required in two-dimensional XTI while achieving higher spatial resolution than the FT method in the demodulation of images. The method works by using additional exposures to eliminate unnecessary spectral components that appear in the FT method. Furthermore, the proposed method is demonstrated by using actual two-dimensional XTI data and shown to achieve high spatial resolution in the demodulation of images for both the x- and y-differential phase components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nagai
- Frontier Research Center, Corporate R&D Headquarters, , Canon Inc., 3-30-2 Shimaruko, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
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13
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Bevins N, Zambelli J, Li K, Qi Z, Chen GH. Multicontrast x-ray computed tomography imaging using Talbot-Lau interferometry without phase stepping. Med Phys 2012; 39:424-8. [PMID: 22225312 DOI: 10.1118/1.3672163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that multicontrast computed tomography (CT) imaging can be performed using a Talbot-Lau interferometer without phase stepping, thus allowing for an acquisition scheme like that used for standard absorption CT. METHODS Rather than using phase stepping to extract refraction, small-angle scattering (SAS), and absorption signals, the two gratings of a Talbot-Lau interferometer were rotated slightly to generate a moiré pattern on the detector. A Fourier analysis of the moiré pattern was performed to obtain separate projection images of each of the three contrast signals, all from the same single-shot of x-ray exposure. After the signals were extracted from the detector data for all view angles, image reconstruction was performed to obtain absorption, refraction, and SAS CT images. A physical phantom was scanned to validate the proposed data acquisition method. The results were compared with a phantom scan using the standard phase stepping approach. RESULTS The reconstruction of each contrast mechanism produced the expected results. Signal levels and contrasts match those obtained using the phase stepping technique. CONCLUSIONS Absorption, refraction, and SAS CT imaging can be achieved using the Talbot-Lau interferometer without the additional overhead of long scan time and phase stepping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bevins
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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14
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Stutman D, Beck TJ, Carrino JA, Bingham CO. Talbot phase-contrast x-ray imaging for the small joints of the hand. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:5697-720. [PMID: 21841214 PMCID: PMC3166798 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/17/015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A high-resolution radiographic method for soft tissues in the small joints of the hand would aid in the study and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), which often attacks these joints. Of particular interest would be imaging with <100 µm resolution the joint cartilage, whose integrity is a main indicator of disease. Differential phase-contrast (DPC) or refraction-based x-ray imaging with Talbot grating interferometers could provide such a method, since it enhances soft tissue contrast and can be implemented with conventional x-ray tubes. A numerical joint phantom was first developed to assess the angular sensitivity and spectrum needed for a hand DPC system. The model predicts that, due to quite similar refraction indexes for joint soft tissues, the refraction effects are very small, requiring high angular resolution. To compare our model to experiment we built a high-resolution bench-top interferometer using 10 µm period gratings, a W anode tube and a CCD-based detector. Imaging experiments on animal cartilage and on a human finger support the model predictions. For instance, the estimated difference between the index of refraction of cartilage and water is of only several percent at ∼25 keV mean energy, comparable to that between the linear attenuation coefficients. The potential advantage of DPC imaging thus comes mainly from the edge enhancement at the soft tissue interfaces. Experiments using a cadaveric human finger are also qualitatively consistent with the joint model, showing that refraction contrast is dominated by tendon embedded in muscle, with the cartilage layer difficult to observe in our conditions. Nevertheless, the model predicts that a DPC radiographic system for the small hand joints of the hand could be feasible using a low energy quasi-monochromatic source, such as a K-edge filtered Rh or Mo tube, in conjunction with a ∼2 m long 'symmetric' interferometer operated in a high Talbot order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Stutman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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15
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Lynch SK, Pai V, Auxier J, Stein AF, Bennett EE, Kemble CK, Xiao X, Lee WK, Morgan NY, Wen HH. Interpretation of dark-field contrast and particle-size selectivity in grating interferometers. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:4310-9. [PMID: 21833104 PMCID: PMC3407965 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In grating-based x-ray phase sensitive imaging, dark-field contrast refers to the extinction of the interference fringes due to small-angle scattering. For configurations where the sample is placed before the beamsplitter grating, the dark-field contrast has been quantified with theoretical wave propagation models. Yet when the grating is placed before the sample, the dark-field contrast has only been modeled in the geometric optics regime. Here we attempt to quantify the dark-field effect in the grating-before-sample geometry with first-principle wave calculations and understand the associated particle-size selectivity. We obtain an expression for the dark-field effect in terms of the sample material's complex refractive index, which can be verified experimentally without fitting parameters. A dark-field computed tomography experiment shows that the particle-size selectivity can be used to differentiate materials of identical x-ray absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K. Lynch
- Lab of Imaging Physics, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vinay Pai
- Lab of Imaging Physics, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Julie Auxier
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | | | - Eric E. Bennett
- Lab of Imaging Physics, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Camille K. Kemble
- Lab of Imaging Physics, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Wah-Keat Lee
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Nicole Y. Morgan
- Lab of Imaging Physics, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Han Harold Wen
- Lab of Imaging Physics, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Corresponding author:
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16
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Rand D, Ortiz V, Liu Y, Derdak Z, Wands JR, Tatíček M, Rose-Petruck C. Nanomaterials for X-ray imaging: gold nanoparticle enhancement of X-ray scatter imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2678-83. [PMID: 21644516 PMCID: PMC3138192 DOI: 10.1021/nl200858y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of a new imaging technique for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma that utilizes surface-modified gold nanoparticles in combination with X-ray imaging. Tissues labeled with these electron-dense particles show enhanced X-ray scattering over normal tissues, distinguishing cells containing gold nanoparticles from cells without gold in X-ray scatter images. Our results suggest that this novel approach could enable the in vivo detection of tumors as small as a few millimeters in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rand
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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17
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Liu Y, Ahr B, Linkin A, Diebold GJ, Rose-Petruck C. X-ray spatial harmonic imaging of phase objects. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:2209-2211. [PMID: 21685969 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Refractive index gradients in materials or at material interfaces lead to x-ray diffraction. Interference of this radiation with adjacent x-ray waves causes phase contrast that can be used for imaging purposes if an x-ray source with sufficient spatial coherence is used. The imaging modality presented here uses hard x radiation diffracted at interfaces, but requires only little spatial coherence. We report experiments showing, first, that image contrast is not diminished by motional blurring, and second, that contrast can be increased by orders of magnitude relative to in-line x-ray phase-contrast imaging. These properties substantially broaden the applicability of phase-sensitive imaging to moving samples and very weak density gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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