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Puerto D, Gallego S, Francés J, Márquez A, Pascual I, Beléndez A. Phase-Shift Optimization in AA/PVA Photopolymers by High-Frequency Pulsed Laser. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091887. [PMID: 32825693 PMCID: PMC7565850 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photopolymers can be used to fabricate different holographic optical elements, although maximization of the phase-shift in photopolymers has been a challenge for the last few decades. Different material compositions and irradiation conditions have been studied in order to achieve it. One of the main conclusions has been that with continuous laser exposure better results are achieved. However, our results show for the first time that higher phase-shift can be achieved using a pulsed laser. The study has been conducted with crosslinked acrylamide-based photopolymers exposed with a pulsed laser (532 nm). The increment of the phase-shift between the pulsed laser and continuous laser exposure is 17%, achieving a maximum phase-shift of 3π radians and a refractive index shift of 0.0084 at the zero spatial frequency limit, where monomer diffusion does not take place. This allows this photopolymer to be used in large-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Puerto
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergi Gallego
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Jorge Francés
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Andrés Márquez
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain; (S.G.); (J.F.); (A.M.); (A.B.)
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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Suar M, Melchert O, Rahlves M, Roth B. Experimental and theoretical study of the formation process of photopolymer based self-written waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:38326-38336. [PMID: 31878601 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.038326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The realization of optical interconnects between multimode (MM) optical fibers and waveguides based on a self-writing process in photopolymer media represents an efficient approach for fast and easy-to-implement connection of light-guiding elements. When light propagates through photopolymer media, it modulates the material properties of the media and confines the spreading of the light beam to create a waveguide along the beam propagation direction. This self-writing process can be realized with a single photopolymer medium and is also suited to connect optical fibers or waveguides with active elements such as light sources and detectors. Numerical simulations of the underlying light-induced polymerization process is carried out by using a diffusion based material model which takes account both monomer diffusion and its conversion to polymer chains in regions exposed to light fields. In this work experimental results obtained from a one-polymer approach are validated with theoretical predictions from the diffusion model. The study involved the demonstration of temporal dynamics and transmittance from self-written waveguide (SWW) couplers during the self-writing process. The measured attenuation coefficient from experiment αexperiment = (8.43 ± 0.3) × 10-5 dB/µm showed good agreement with the theoretically predicted attenuation coefficient αsimulation = 7.93 × 10-5 dB/µm, thus demonstrating a successful application of the diffusion model to epoxy based acrylate SWWs. For comparison, attenuation measurements between optical fibers with SWWs as interconnects and one without SWW, i.e. with an air gap in between, were performed. The obtained results reveal that the theoretical approach correctly describes the waveguide formation process so that in the next step the studies can be extended towards including further relevant parameters such as temperature.
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Ben Belgacem M, Kamoun S, Gargouri M, Honorat Dorkenoo KD, Barsella A, Mager L. Light induced self-written waveguides interactions in photopolymer media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:20841-8. [PMID: 26367937 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.020841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental and theoretical study of the interaction of Light Induced Self-Written (LISW) waveguides in photopolymers. We show that the diffusion of the monomer controls the refractive index distribution. Consequently it influences the interaction between the LISW channels allowing the observation of anti-crossing behavior or the propagation of an array of non interacting LISW waveguides.
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Fernández R, Gallego S, Márquez A, Francés J, Marínez FJ, Beléndez A. Influence of index matching on AA/PVA photopolymers for low spatial frequency recording. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:3132-3140. [PMID: 25967296 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.003132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymers present appealing optical properties for holographic and diffractive applications. They enable modulation of the electrical permittivity and thickness and are self-processing, and layers with a wide range of thicknesses and properties can be fabricated on demand. In order to obtain a complete characterization of the material, low spatial frequency analysis has become a fundamental tool because the motion of the components inside of the material can be measured. We propose to use an index matching component to carry out a complete characterization and to differentiate the "apparent" and the real monomer diffusion. We also have quantified the minimum thickness to obtain the phase modulation of 2π required for the fabrication of many diffractive elements such as lenses, axicons, or blazed gratings. Finally, we have studied the influence of the thermal effects in the thickness variations.
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Gallego S, Márquez A, Ortuño M, Francés J, Pascual I, Beléndez A. Relief diffracted elements recorded on absorbent photopolymers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:11218-11231. [PMID: 22565744 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.011218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Relief surface changes provide interesting possibilities for storing diffractive optical elements on photopolymers and are an important source of information for characterizing and understanding the material behavior. In this paper we use a 3-dimensional model, based on direct parameter measurements, for predicting the relief structures generated on without-coverplate photopolymers. We have analyzed different spatial frequency and recording intensity distributions such as binary and blazed periodic patterns. This model was successfully applied to different photopolymers with different values of monomer diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gallego
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
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Biophotopol: A Sustainable Photopolymer for Holographic Data Storage Applications. MATERIALS 2012; 5:772-783. [PMID: 28817008 PMCID: PMC5458969 DOI: 10.3390/ma5050772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymers have proved to be useful for different holographic applications such as holographic data storage or holographic optical elements. However, most photopolymers have certain undesirable features, such as the toxicity of some of their components or their low environmental compatibility. For this reason, the Holography and Optical Processing Group at the University of Alicante developed a new dry photopolymer with low toxicity and high thickness called biophotopol, which is very adequate for holographic data storage applications. In this paper we describe our recent studies on biophotopol and the main characteristics of this material.
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