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Xu Y, Li L, Jeong H, Kim S, Kim I, Rho J, Liu Y. Subwavelength control of light transport at the exceptional point by non-Hermitian metagratings. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3510. [PMID: 37172089 PMCID: PMC10181182 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The concept of non-Hermitian physics, originally developed in the context of quantum field theory, has been investigated on distinct photonic platforms and created a plethora of counterintuitive phenomena. Interfacing non-Hermitian photonics and nanoplasmonics, here, we demonstrate unidirectional excitation and reflection of surface plasmon polaritons by elaborately designing the permittivity profile of non-Hermitian metagratings, in which the eigenstates of the system can coalesce at an exceptional point. Continuous tuning of the excitation or reflection ratios is also possible through altering the geometry of the metagrating. The controllable directionality and robust performance are attributed to the phase transition near the exceptional point, which is fully confirmed by the theoretic calculation, numerical simulation, and experimental characterization. Our work pushes non-Hermitian photonics to the nanoscale regime and paves the way toward high-performance plasmonic devices with superior controllability, performance, and robustness by using the topological effect associated with non-Hermitian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heonyeong Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Sun X, Wang X, Wang C, Sun X, Liu H, Wang F, Cao Y, Wang S, Lu X, Huang C. Effects of nanoparticle sizes, shapes, and permittivity on plasmonic imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:6051-6060. [PMID: 35209551 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic imaging has exhibited superiority in label-free and fast detection to single nanoparticles due to its high sensitivity and high temporal resolution, which plays an important role in environmental monitoring and biomedical research. As containing plenty of information associated with particle features, plasmonic imaging has been used for identifying the particle sizes, shapes, and permittivity. Yet, the effects of the nanoparticle features on plasmonic imaging are not investigated, which hinders the in-depth understanding to plasmonic imaging and its applications in particle identification. In this work, we analyzed five types of nanoparticles, including polystyrene (PS), Au, silicon nanospheres as well as PS and Ag nanowires. We illustrated the effects of nanoparticle sizes, shapes, and permittivity on spatial resolution, imaging contrast, and interference fringes. We found that nanoparticle sizes and permittivity influenced the imaging contrast. Via introducing size parameter relevant to interference fringes, the connection between particle shape and reduction rate of size parameter is built, and the effects of particle shapes on the interference patterns are revealed. Our research provides a basis for improving the plasmonic imaging and presents guidance for applications on particle identification in nano-detection, biosensor, and environmental monitoring.
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3
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Singh L, Maccaferri N, Garoli D, Gorodetski Y. Directional Plasmonic Excitation by Helical Nanotips. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051333. [PMID: 34069339 PMCID: PMC8158748 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of coupling between light and surface plasmon polaritons requires specific momentum matching conditions. In the case of a single scattering object on a metallic surface, such as a nanoparticle or a nanohole, the coupling between a broadband effect, i.e., scattering, and a discrete one, such as surface plasmon excitation, leads to Fano-like resonance lineshapes. The necessary phase matching requirements can be used to engineer the light–plasmon coupling and to achieve a directional plasmonic excitation. Here, we investigate this effect by using a chiral nanotip to excite surface plasmons with a strong spin-dependent azimuthal variation. This effect can be described by a Fano-like interference with a complex coupling factor that can be modified thanks to a symmetry breaking of the nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeju Singh
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Nicolò Maccaferri
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
| | - Denis Garoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Libera Università di Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuri Gorodetski
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics Department, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (Y.G.)
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4
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Lee H, Rhee WJ, Moon G, Im S, Son T, Shin JS, Kim D. Plasmon-enhanced fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for super-localized detection of nanoscale subcellular dynamics. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 184:113219. [PMID: 33895690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we investigate plasmon-enhanced imaging fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (p-FCS). p-FCS takes advantage of extreme light confinement by localization at nanogap-based plasmonic nanodimer arrays (PNAs) for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and improved precision by registration with surface plasmon microscopy images. Theoretical results corroborate the enhancement by PNAs in the far-field. Near-field scanning optical microscopy was used to confirm near-field localization experimentally. Experimental confirmation was also conducted with fluorescent nanobeads. The concept was further applied to studying the diffusion dynamics of lysosomes in HEK293T cells stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment. It was found that lysosomes demonstrate stronger super-diffusive behavior with relatively weaker sub-diffusion after stimulation. SNR measured of p-FCS was improved by 9.77 times over conventional FCS. This report is expected to serve as the foundation for an enhanced analytical tool to explore subcellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongki Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Woo Joong Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Gwiyeong Moon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Seongmin Im
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Taehwang Son
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea; Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, BK21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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5
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Spies RM, Cole GH, Engevik MA, Nordberg BG, Scharnick EA, Vliem IM, Brolo AG, Lindquist NC. Digital plasmonic holography with iterative phase retrieval for sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3026-3037. [PMID: 33770910 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Propagating surface plasmon waves have been used for many applications including imaging and sensing. However, direct in-plane imaging of micro-objects with surface plasmon waves suffers from the lack of simple, two-dimensional lenses, mirrors, and other optical elements. In this paper, we apply lensless digital holographic techniques and leakage radiation microscopy to achieve in-plane surface imaging with propagating surface plasmon waves. As plasmons propagate in two-dimensions and scatter from various objects, a hologram is formed over the surface. Iterative phase retrieval techniques applied to this hologram remove twin image interference for high-resolution in-plane imaging and enable further applications in real-time plasmonic phase sensing.
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6
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Wei R, Jiang L, Sun X, Liu H, Wang X, Wang C, Lu X, Huang C. Detecting the morphology of single graphene sheets by dual channel sampling plasmonic imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4686-4693. [PMID: 32121701 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their excellent physical and chemical properties, graphene sheets are widely used in industry, which makes detection important to guarantee their performance. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are the most common detection methods, which is either time-consuming or easily destructive. In this work, we presented a fast and nondestructive method to detect single graphene sheets by using plasmonic imaging. Dual channel sampling plasmonic imaging combining the image processing algorithm is used to improve the deterioration from propagation length of surface plasmon polaritons and reconstruct the complete morphology of single graphene sheets. The fast and nondestructive detection method paves the way to applications of graphene, and can be extended to the detections of two-dimensional materials, single biological molecule, viruses, and nanomaterials.
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7
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Brown BS, Hartland GV. Chemical interface damping for propagating surface plasmon polaritons in gold nanostripes. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:024707. [PMID: 31941288 DOI: 10.1063/1.5133958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leakage radiation microscopy has been used to examine chemical interface damping (CID) for the propagating surface plasmon polariton (PSPP) modes of Au nanostripes-nanofabricated structures with heights of 40 or 50 nm, widths between 2 and 4 µm, and 100 µm lengths. Real space imaging was used to determine the propagation lengths LSPP of the leaky PSPP modes, and back focal plane measurements generated ω vs k dispersion curves, which yield the PSPP group velocities vg. The combination of these two experiments was used to calculate the PSPP lifetime via T1 = LSPP/vg. The difference in T1 times between bare and thiol coated nanostripes was used to determine the dephasing rate due to CID ΓCID for the adsorbed thiol molecules. A variety of different thiol molecules were examined, as well as nanostripes with different dimensions. The values of ΓCID are similar for the different systems and are an order-of-magnitude smaller than the typical values observed for the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of Au nanoparticles. Scaling the measured ΓCID values by the effective path length for electron-surface scattering shows that the CID effect for the PSPP modes of the nanostripes is similar to that for the LSPR modes of nanoparticles. This is somewhat surprising given that PSPPs and LSPRs have different properties: PSPPs have a well-defined momentum, whereas LSPRs do not. The magnitude of ΓCID for the nanostripes could be increased by reducing their dimensions, principally the height of the nanostructures. However, decreasing dimensions for the leaky PSPP mode increases radiation damping, which would make it challenging to accurately measure ΓCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan S Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Gregory V Hartland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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8
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Sun X, Liu H, Jiang L, Wei R, Wang X, Wang C, Lu X, Huang C. Detecting a single nanoparticle by imaging the localized enhancement and interference of surface plasmon polaritons. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:5707-5710. [PMID: 31774759 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Label-free single-nanoparticle detection is crucial for the fast detection of nanoparticles and viruses in environmental monitoring and biological sciences. In this Letter, benefiting from the leakage radiation that transforms the near-field surface plasmon polariton (SPP) distribution along the interface to the far field, we demonstrated the plasmonic imaging of single polystyrene nanoparticles with a particle size down to 39 nm. The imaging is composed of the localized enhancement and interference of SPPs. The localized enhancement is the result of the accumulation of charges around the nanoparticle, and it is connected to the size and refractive index of nanoparticles. The interference is induced by the coupling between the incident SPPs and the scattered SPPs, verified by extracting the interference fringe periodicity to be half of the SPP wavelength. Our study provides an in-depth physical understanding of plasmonic imaging of single nanoparticles, which paves the way for a fast identification of nanomaterials.
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9
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Devkota T, Brown BS, Beane G, Yu K, Hartland GV. Making waves: Radiation damping in metallic nanostructures. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:080901. [PMID: 31470703 DOI: 10.1063/1.5117230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanostructures display several types of resonances. In the visible and near-IR spectral regions, there are localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) that involve the coherent oscillation of the conduction electrons. Extended metal nanostructures, such as nanowires or nanoplates, also exhibit propagating surface plasmon polaritons (PSPPs), which are motions of the electrons at the surface of the structure that have a well-defined momentum. In addition, the vibrational normal modes of metal nanostructures give rise to low frequency resonances in the gigahertz to terahertz range. These different types of motions/resonances suffer energy losses from internal effects and from interactions with the environment. The goal of this perspective is to describe the part of the energy relaxation process due to the environment. Even though the plasmon resonances and acoustic vibrational modes arise from very different physics, it turns out that environmental damping is dominated by radiation of waves. The way the rates for radiation damping depend on the size of the nanostructure and the properties of the environment will be discussed for the different processes. For example, it is well known that for LSPRs, the rate of radiation damping increases with particle size. However, the radiation damping rate decreases with increasing dimensions for PSPPs and for the acoustic vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuphan Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Brendan S Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Gary Beane
- ARC Center of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronic Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kuai Yu
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Gregory V Hartland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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10
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Abstract
In this work fluctuations in the electric field of surface plasmon polaritons undergoing random scattering on a rough metallic surface are considered. A rigorous closed form analytic expression is derived describing second order correlations in the resulting plasmon speckle pattern assuming statistically stationary and isotropic roughness. Partially coherent planar Schell-model source fields can also be described within the developed framework. Behaviour of the three-dimensional degree of cross polarisation and spectral degree of coherence is also discussed. Expressions derived take full account of dissipation in the metal with non-universal behaviour exhibited within the correlation length of the surface and source fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Foreman
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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11
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Nelson JW, Knefelkamp GR, Brolo AG, Lindquist NC. Digital plasmonic holography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:52. [PMID: 30839569 PMCID: PMC6107013 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate digital plasmonic holography for direct in-plane imaging with propagating surface-plasmon waves. Imaging with surface plasmons suffers from the lack of simple in-plane lenses and mirrors. Lens-less digital holography techniques, however, rely on digitally decoding an interference pattern between a reference wave and an object wave. With far-field diffractive optics, this decoding scheme provides a full recording, i.e., a hologram, of the amplitude and phase of the object wave, giving three-dimensional information from a two-dimensional recording. For plasmonics, only a one-dimensional recording is needed, and both the phase and amplitude of the propagating plasmons can be extracted for high-resolution in-plane imaging. Here, we demonstrate lens-less, point-source digital plasmonic holography using two methods to record the plasmonic holograms: a dual-probe near-field scanning optical microscope and lithographically defined circular fluorescent screens. The point-source geometry gives in-plane magnification, allowing for high-resolution imaging with relatively lower-resolution microscope objectives. These results pave the way for a new form of in-plane plasmonic imaging, gathering the full complex wave, without the need for plasmonic mirrors or lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Nelson
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Drive, St Paul, MN 55112 USA
| | - Greta R. Knefelkamp
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Drive, St Paul, MN 55112 USA
| | - Alexandre G. Brolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2 Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Nathan C. Lindquist
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Drive, St Paul, MN 55112 USA
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12
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Bigeon J, Le Liepvre S, Vassant S, Belabas N, Bardou N, Minot C, Yacomotti A, Levenson A, Charra F, Barbay S. Strong Coupling between Self-Assembled Molecules and Surface Plasmon Polaritons. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5626-5632. [PMID: 29094949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate strong coupling between self-assembled PTCDI-C7 organic molecules and the electromagnetic mode generated by surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). The system consists of a dense self-assembly of ordered molecules evaporated directly on a thin gold film, which stack perpendicularly to the metal surface to form H-aggregates, without a host matrix. Experimental wavevector-resolved reflectance spectra show the formation of hybrid states that display a clear anticrossing, attesting the strong coupling regime with a Rabi splitting energy of ΩR ≃ 102 meV at room temperature. We demonstrate that the strength of the observed strong coupling regime derives from the high degree of organization of the dense layers of self-assembled molecules at the nanoscale that results in the concentration of the oscillator strength in a charge-transfer Frenkel exciton, with a dipole moment parallel to the direction of the maximum electric field. We compare our results to numerical simulations of a transfer matrix model and reach good qualitative agreement with the experimental findings. In our nanophotonic system, the use of self-assembled molecules opens interesting prospects in the context of strong coupling regimes with molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bigeon
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - S Le Liepvre
- Service de Physique de l' État Condensé, SPEC-CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Vassant
- Service de Physique de l' État Condensé, SPEC-CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - N Belabas
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - N Bardou
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - C Minot
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - A Yacomotti
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - A Levenson
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - F Charra
- Service de Physique de l' État Condensé, SPEC-CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Barbay
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
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13
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Chen HZ, Hu JQ, Wang S, Li B, Wang XY, Wang YL, Dai L, Ma RM. Imaging the dark emission of spasers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601962. [PMID: 28439539 PMCID: PMC5392029 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Spasers are a new class of laser devices with cavity sizes free from optical diffraction limit. They are an emergent tool for various applications, including biochemical sensing, superresolution imaging, and on-chip optical communication. According to its original definition, a spaser is a coherent surface plasmon amplifier that does not necessarily generate a radiative photon output. However, to date, spasers have only been studied with scattered photons, and their intrinsic surface plasmon emission is a "dark" emission that is yet to be revealed because of its evanescent nature. We directly image the surface plasmon emission of spasers in spatial, momentum, and frequency spaces simultaneously. We demonstrate a nanowire spaser with a coupling efficiency to plasmonic modes of 74%. This coupling efficiency can approach 100% in theory when the diameter of the nanowire becomes smaller than 50 nm. Our results provide clear evidence of the surface plasmon amplifier nature of spasers and will pave the way for their various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia-Qi Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Suo Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi-Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lun Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
| | - Ren-Min Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
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14
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Zhu L, Zhang D, Wang R, Wen X, Wang P, Ming H, Badugu R, Lakowicz JR. Out-of-Focal Plane Imaging by Leakage Radiation Microscopy. JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2010) 2017; 19:095004. [PMID: 29545944 PMCID: PMC5846715 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/aa79cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leakage radiation microscopy (LRM) is used to investigate the optical properties of surfaces. The front-focal plane (FFP) image with LRM reveals structural features on the surfaces. Back-focal plane (BFP) image with LRM reveals the angular distribution of the radiation. Herein we experimentally demonstrate that the out-of-focal plane (OFP) images present a link between the FFP and BFP images and provide optical information that cannot be resolved by either FFP or BFP images. The OFP image provides a linkage between the spatial location of the emission and the angular distribution from the same location, and thus information about the film's discontinuity, nonuniformity or variable thickness can be uncovered. The use of OFP imaging will extend the scope and applications of the LRM and coupled emission imaging which are powerful tools in nanophotonics and high throughput fluorescence screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfu Zhu
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Corresponding author:
| | - Ruxue Wang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaolei Wen
- Center for Micro- and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hai Ming
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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15
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Bigeon J, Huby N, Amela-Cortes M, Molard Y, Garreau A, Cordier S, Bêche B, Duvail JL. Efficient active waveguiding properties of Mo6 nano-cluster-doped polymer nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:255201. [PMID: 27171341 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/25/255201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate 1D nanostructures based on a Mo6@SU8 hybrid nanocomposite in which photoluminescent Mo6 clusters are embedded in the photosensitive SU8 resist. Tens of micrometers long Mo6@SU8-based tubular nanostructures were fabricated by the wetting template method, enabling the control of the inner and outer diameter to about 190 nm and 240 nm respectively, as supported by structural and optical characterizations. The image plane optical study of these nanotubes under optical pumping highlights the efficient waveguiding phenomenon of the red luminescence emitted by the clusters. Moreover, the wave vector distribution in the Fourier plane determined by leakage radiation microscopy gives additional features of the emission and waveguiding. First, the anisotropic red luminescence of the whole system can be attributed to the guided mode along the nanotube. Then, a low-loss propagation behavior is evidenced in the Mo6@SU8-based nanotubes. This result contrasts with the weaker waveguiding signature in the case of UV210-based nanotubes embedding PFO (poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)). It is attributed to the strong reabsorption phenomenon, owing to overlapping between absorption and emission bands in the semi-conducting conjugated polymer PFO. These results make this Mo6@SU8 original class of nanocomposite a promising candidate as nanosources for submicronic photonic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bigeon
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6251, Rennes, France
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16
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Berthel M, Jiang Q, Chartrand C, Bellessa J, Huant S, Genet C, Drezet A. Coherence and aberration effects in surface plasmon polariton imaging. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:033202. [PMID: 26465579 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.033202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study theoretically and experimentally coherent imaging of surface plasmon polaritons using either leakage radiation microscopy through a thin metal film or interference microscopy through a thick metal film. Using a rigorous modal formalism based on scalar Whittaker potentials, we develop a systematic analytical and vectorial method adapted to the analysis of coherent imaging involving surface plasmon polaritons. The study includes geometrical aberrations due index mismatch which played an important role in the interpretation of recent experiments using leakage radiation microscopy. We compare our theory with experiments using classical or quantum near-field scanning optical microscopy probes and show that the approach leads to a full interpretation of the recorded optical images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berthel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Quanbo Jiang
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Camille Chartrand
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Joel Bellessa
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Serge Huant
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Cyriaque Genet
- ISIS, UMR 7006, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 8, allée Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Drezet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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17
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Near-field microscopy with a scanning nitrogen-vacancy color center in a diamond nanocrystal: A brief review. Micron 2015; 70:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Chen Y, Zhang D, Zhu L, Fu Q, Wang R, Wang P, Ming H, Badugu R, Lakowicz JR. Effect of metal film thickness on Tamm plasmon-coupled emission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:25523-30. [PMID: 25349013 PMCID: PMC4438750 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04031g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tamm plasmons (TPs) are the result of trapping optical energy at the interface between a metal film and a one-dimensional photonic crystal. In contrast to surface plasmons, TPs display unique properties such as the ability to undergo direct optical excitation without the aid of prisms or gratings, being populated using both S- and P-polarized light, and importantly, they can be created with incident light normal to the surface. This latter property has recently been used to obtain Tamm plasmon-coupled emission (TPCE), which beams along a path directly perpendicular to the surface. In this paper the effects of metal film thickness on the TPCE are investigated using back focal plane (BFP) imaging and spectral resolutions. The observed experimental results are in agreement with the numerical simulations. The present work provides the basic understanding needed to design structures for TPCE, which in turn has potential applications in the fabrication of active materials for light emitting devices, fluorescence-based sensing, using microarrays, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Chen
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Liangfu Zhu
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ruxue Wang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hai Ming
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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19
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Chen Y, Zhang D, Qiu D, Zhu L, Yu S, Yao P, Wang P, Ming H, Badugu R, Lakowicz JR. Back focal plane imaging of Tamm plasmons and their coupled emission. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2014; 8:933-940. [PMID: 25893010 PMCID: PMC4397660 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The unique optical properties of TPs - such as flexible wavevector matching conditions including in-plane wavevector within the light line, existing both S- and P-polarized TPs and ability of populating with KR and RK illuminations - facilitate them for direct optical excitation. The Tamm plasmon Coupled emission (TPCE) from a combined photonic-plasmonic structure sustaining both surface plasmons (SPs) and Tamm plasmons (TPs) is described. The sensitivity of TPCE to the emission wavelength and polarization is examined with back focal plane imaging and verified with the numerical calculations. The results reveal that the excited probe can couple with both TPs and SPs, resulting in SPCE and TPCE, respectively. The TPCE angle is strongly dependent on the wavelength allowing for spectral resolution using different observation angles. These Tamm structures provide a new tool to control the optical emission from dye molecules and have many potential applications in fluorescence based-sensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Chen
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Liangfu Zhu
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Sisheng Yu
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Peijun Yao
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hai Ming
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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20
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Merlo JM, Ye F, Burns MJ, Naughton MJ. Leakage radiation microscope for observation of non-transparent samples. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:22895-22904. [PMID: 25321760 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.022895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a leakage radiation microscope technique that can be used to extend the leakage radiation microscopy to optically non-transparent samples. In particular, two experiments are presented, first to demonstrate that acquired images with our configuration correspond to the leakage radiation phenomenon and second, to show possible applications by directly imaging a plasmonic structure that previously could only be imaged with a near-field scanning optical microscope. It is shown that the measured surface plasmon wavelength and propagation length agree with theoretically-calculated values. This configuration opens the possibility to study important effects where samples are optically non-transparent, as in plasmonic cavities and single hole plasmonic excitation, without the use of time-consuming near-field scanning optical microscopy.
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21
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Zhang D, Badugu R, Chen Y, Yu S, Yao P, Wang P, Ming H, Lakowicz JR. Back focal plane imaging of directional emission from dye molecules coupled to one-dimensional photonic crystals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:145202. [PMID: 24621990 PMCID: PMC4015633 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/14/145202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bloch surface waves (BSWs) on one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPCs) have been used to beam the fluorescence emission from the dye molecules. All dielectric 1DPC displays its low propagating loss, narrow resonance and the absence of absorption or quenching. In this paper, back focal plane imaging reveals that in addition to the BSW mode, a guided mode and a cavity mode also exist in the 1DPC which all couple with the excited dye molecules. The appearance of these modes is sensitive to the wavelength of the fluorescence and alters the beaming effect by the 1DPC. Numerical simulations verify the existence of these modes which are consistent with the experimental results. Comparisons between the Bloch surface wave coupled emission and surface plasmon coupled emission are also presented for a clearer understanding of the multilayered film enabled directional emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douguo Zhang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- Corresponding authors:
| | - Ramachandram Badugu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yikai Chen
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Sisheng Yu
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Peijun Yao
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hai Ming
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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22
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Wang T, Boer-Duchemin E, Comtet G, Le Moal E, Dujardin G, Drezet A, Huant S. Plasmon scattering from holes: from single hole scattering to Young's experiment. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:125202. [PMID: 24577068 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/12/125202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the scattering of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) into photons at holes is investigated. A local, electrically excited source of SPPs using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) produces an outgoing circular plasmon wave on a thick (200 nm) gold film on glass containing holes of 250, 500 and 1000 nm diameter. Fourier plane images of the photons from hole-scattered plasmons show that the larger the hole diameter, the more directional the scattered radiation. These results are confirmed by a model where the hole is considered as a distribution of horizontal dipoles whose relative amplitudes, directions, and phases depend linearly on the local SPP electric field. An SPP-Young's experiment is also performed, where the STM-excited SPP wave is incident on a pair of 1 μm diameter holes in the thick gold film. The visibility of the resulting fringes in the Fourier plane is analyzed to show that the polarization of the electric field is maintained when SPPs scatter into photons. From this SPP-Young's experiment, an upper bound of ≈200 nm for the radius of this STM-excited source of surface plasmon polaritons is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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23
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Abstract
Plasmonics provides an unparalleled method for manipulating light beyond the diffraction limit, making it a promising technology for the development of ultra-small, ultra-fast, power-efficient optical devices. To date, the majority of plasmonic devices are in the solid state and have limited tunability or configurability. Moreover, individual solid-state plasmonic devices lack the ability to deliver multiple functionalities. Here we utilize laser-induced surface bubbles on a metal film to demonstrate, for the first time, a plasmonic lens in a microfluidic environment. Our “plasmofluidic lens” device is dynamically tunable and reconfigurable. We record divergence, collimation, and focusing of surface plasmon polaritons using this device. The plasmofluidic lens requires no sophisticated nanofabrication and utilizes only a single low-cost diode laser. Our results show that the integration of plasmonics and microfluidics allows for new opportunities in developing complex plasmonic elements with multiple functionalities, high-sensitivity and high-throughput biomedical detection systems, as well as on-chip, all-optical information processing techniques.
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24
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Landreman PE, Brongersma ML. Deep-subwavelength semiconductor nanowire surface plasmon polariton couplers. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:429-434. [PMID: 24382272 DOI: 10.1021/nl402980j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The increased importance of plasmonic devices has prompted a sizable research activity directed toward the development of ultracompact and high-performance couplers. Here, we present a novel scheme for efficient, highly localized, and directional sourcing of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) that relies on the excitation of leaky mode optical resonances supported by high-refractive index, semiconductor nanowires. High coupling efficiencies are demonstrated via finite difference frequency domain simulations and experimentally by leakage radiation microscopy. This efficiency is quantified by means of a coupling cross section, the magnitude of which can exceed twice the geometric cross section of the nanowire by exploiting its leaky resonant modes. We provide intuition into why the SPP coupling via certain wire modes is more effective than others based on their symmetry properties. Furthermore, we provide an example showing that dielectric scatterers may perform as well as metallic scatterers in coupling to SPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Landreman
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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25
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Pan MY, Lin EH, Wang L, Wei PK. Spectral and mode properties of surface plasmon polariton waveguides studied by near-field excitation and leakage-mode radiation measurement. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:430. [PMID: 25177228 PMCID: PMC4145364 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to couple surface plasmon polariton (SPP) guiding mode into dielectric-loaded SPP waveguide (DLSPPW) devices with spectral and mode selectivity. The method combined a transmission-mode near-field spectroscopy to excite the SPP mode and a leakage radiation optical microscope for direct visualization. By using a near-field fiber tip, incident photons with different wavelengths were converted into SPPs at the metal/dielectric interface. Real-time SPP radiation images were taken through leakage radiation images. The wavelength-dependent propagation lengths for silver- and gold-based DLSPPWs were measured and compared. It confirms that silver-based SPP has a propagation length longer than a gold-based one by 1.25, 1.38, and 1.52 times for red, green, and blue photons. The resonant coupling as a function of wavelength in dual DLSPPWs was measured. The coupling lengths measured from leakage radiation images were in good agreement with finite-difference time domain simulations. In addition, the propagation profile due to multi-SPP modes interference was studied by changing position of the fiber tip. In a multimode DLSPPW, SPP was split into two branches with a gap of 2.237 μm when the tip was at the center of the waveguide. It became a zigzag profile when the SPP was excited at the corner of the waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Pan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang-Fu Road, Section 2, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - En-Hong Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang-Fu Road, Section 2, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Likarn Wang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Kuang-Fu Road, Section 2, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Kuen Wei
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Optoelectronics, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan
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26
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Hartmann N, Piatkowski D, Ciesielski R, Mackowski S, Hartschuh A. Radiation channels close to a plasmonic nanowire visualized by back focal plane imaging. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10257-62. [PMID: 24131299 PMCID: PMC3925822 DOI: 10.1021/nn404611q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the angular radiation patterns, a key characteristic of an emitting system, from individual silver nanowires decorated with rare earth ion-doped nanocrystals. Back focal plane radiation patterns of the nanocrystal photoluminescence after local two-photon excitation can be described by two emission channels: excitation of propagating surface plasmons in the nanowire followed by leakage radiation and direct dipolar emission observed also in the absence of the nanowire. Theoretical modeling reproduces the observed radiation patterns which strongly depend on the position of excitation along the nanowire. Our analysis allows us to estimate the branching ratio into both emission channels and to determine the diameter-dependent surface plasmon quasi-momentum, important parameters of emitter-plasmon structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Hartmann
- Department Chemie and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Dawid Piatkowski
- Department Chemie and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Richard Ciesielski
- Department Chemie and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mackowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department Chemie and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
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27
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Descrovi E, Barakat E, Angelini A, Munzert P, De Leo N, Boarino L, Giorgis F, Herzig HP. Leakage radiation interference microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:3374-3376. [PMID: 23988961 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.003374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a proof of principle for a new imaging technique combining leakage radiation microscopy with high-resolution interference microscopy. By using oil immersion optics it is demonstrated that amplitude and phase can be retrieved from optical fields, which are evanescent in air. This technique is illustratively applied for mapping a surface mode propagating onto a planar dielectric multilayer on a thin glass substrate. The surface mode propagation constant estimated after Fourier transformation of the measured complex field is well matched with an independent measurement based on back focal plane imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Descrovi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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28
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Drezet A, Genet C. Imaging surface plasmons: from leaky waves to far-field radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:213901. [PMID: 23745876 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We show that, contrary to the common wisdom, surface plasmon poles are not involved in the imaging process in leakage radiation microscopy. Identifying the leakage radiation modes directly from a transverse magnetic potential leads us to reconsider the surface plasmon field and unfold the nonplasmonic contribution to the image formation. While both contributions interfere in the imaging process, our analysis reveals that the reassessed plasmonic field embodies a pole mathematically similar to the usual surface plasmon pole. This removes a long-standing ambiguity associated with plasmonic signals in leakage radiation microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Drezet
- Institut Néel, UPR 2940, CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, 25, rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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29
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Chen Y, Zhang D, Han L, Rui G, Wang X, Wang P, Ming H. Surface-plasmon-coupled emission microscopy with a polarization converter. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:736-738. [PMID: 23455282 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although surface-plasmon-coupled emission-based fluorescence microscopy proves high sensitivity for surface imaging, its donut shape point spread function (PSF) leads to low optical resolution and inefficient signal collection. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of solving this problem by the use of a liquid-crystal plate, which could convert the polarization state of surface-plasmon-coupled fluorescence from radial to linear. After being focused by the collection lens, an Airy disk-like PSF of small size can be realized. Experimental results reveal that both the lateral resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio can be enhanced simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Chen
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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30
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Mollet O, Huant S, Drezet A. Scanning plasmonic microscopy by image reconstruction from the Fourier space. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:28923-28928. [PMID: 23263132 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.028923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple scheme for high-resolution imaging of nanoplasmonic structures that basically removes most of the resolution limiting allowed light usually transmitted to the far field. This is achieved by implementing a Fourier lens in a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) operating in the leakage-radiation microscopy (LRM) mode. The method consists of reconstructing optical images solely from the plasmonic 'forbidden' light collected in the Fourier space. It is demonstrated by using a point-like nanodiamond-based tip that illuminates a thin gold film patterned with a sub-wavelength annular slit. The reconstructed image of the slit shows a spatial resolution enhanced by a factor ~/= 4 compared to NSOM images acquired directly in the real space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Mollet
- Institut N´eel, CNRS and Universit´e Joseph Fourier, BP166, 38042 Grenoble Cedex, France
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31
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Marty R, Girard C, Arbouet A, Colas des Francs G. Near-field coupling of a point-like dipolar source with a thin metallic film: Implication for STM plasmon excitations. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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