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Pander A, Takano K, Hatta A, Nakajima M, Furuta H. Shape-dependent infrared reflectance properties of CNT forest metamaterial arrays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:607-625. [PMID: 32118985 DOI: 10.1364/oe.381817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, shape-dependent mid-infrared properties of novel split ring resonator (SRR) metamaterials composed of single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) forest are investigated. The introduction of the gap and dip shape to the closed ring geometry reduced the total reflectance by 15%, due to the generation of circular currents and LC resonances in SRRs. The increase of the SRR height reduced the total IR reflectance by 25%. Unique one-dimensional anisotropic electric and photonic properties of CNTs, combined with an artificial refractive index induced in SRR circuits, will stimulate the development of new optoelectronics applications.
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2
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Smirnov S, Anoshkin IV, Generalov A, Lioubtchenko DV, Oberhammer J. Wavelength-dependent photoconductivity of single-walled carbon nanotube layers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14677-14682. [PMID: 35516325 PMCID: PMC9064124 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of electronic devices such as phase shifters, polarizers, modulators, and power splitters are based on tunable materials. These materials often do not meet all the requirements namely low losses, fast response time, and technological compatibility. Novel nanomaterials, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, are therefore widely studied to fill this technological gap. Here we show how the dielectric constant of single-walled carbon nanotube layers can be substantially modified by illuminating them due to unique light–matter interactions. We relate the optical excitation of the nanotube layers to the illumination wavelength and intensity, by resistance and capacitance measurements. The dielectric constant is modified under laser illumination due to the change of material polarization and free carrier generation, and is shown to not be temperature-related. The findings indicate that SWCNT layers are a prospective tunable optoelectronic material for both high and low frequency applications. The optically-tunable dielectric properties of single-walled carbon nanotube layers are wavelength-dependent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei Smirnov
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Ilya V. Anoshkin
- Department of Photonics and Optical Information Technologies
- ITMO University
- 197101 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Generalov
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering
- Aalto University
- Finland
| | - Dmitri V. Lioubtchenko
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
- Center for Terahertz Research and Applications (CENTERA)
| | - Joachim Oberhammer
- Department of Micro and Nanosystems
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE-100 44 Stockholm
- Sweden
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3
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Vinnakota RK, Genov DA. Active Control of Charge Density Waves at Degenerate Semiconductor Interfaces. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10778. [PMID: 28883411 PMCID: PMC5589844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an optoelectronic switch for functional plasmonic circuits based on active control of Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) at degenerate PN+-junction interfaces. Self-consistent multi-physics simulations of the electromagnetic, thermal and IV characteristics of the device have been performed. The lattice matched Indium Gallium Arsenide (In0.53Ga0.47As) is identified as a better semiconductor material compared to Si for the practical implementation of the proposed optoelectronic switch providing higher optical confinement, reduced size and faster operation. The optimal device is shown to operate at signal modulation surpassing -100 dB, responsivity in excess of -600 dB·V-1 and switching rates up to 50 GHz, thus potentially providing a new pathway toward bridging the gap between electronic and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Vinnakota
- College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, USA
| | - Dentcho A Genov
- College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, USA.
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4
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Alrasheed S, Fabrizio ED. Design and simulation of reflect-array metasurfaces in the visible regime. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:3213-3218. [PMID: 28414383 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.003213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are new, promising ultrathin materials that can enable many novel optical devices due to their ability to act as a discontinuity interface that introduces an abrupt change in amplitude, phase, and sometimes the polarization of the incident light at the wavelength scale. Therefore they can function as flat optical elements. Here, we investigate the anomalous reflection of light for transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization for normal and oblique incidence in the visible regime. We propose gradient phase gap-surface plasmon metasurfaces that exhibit high conversion efficiency (up to ∼97% of total reflected light) to the anomalous reflection angle for blue, green, and red wavelengths at normal and oblique incidence, and where light polarization is unchanged after the reflection.
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Pander A, Hatta A, Furuta H. FIB Secondary Etching Method for Fabrication of Fine CNT Forest Metamaterials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2017; 9:44. [PMID: 30393739 PMCID: PMC6199040 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-017-0145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic materials, like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are the perfect substitutes to overcome the limitations of conventional metamaterials; however, the successful fabrication of CNT forest metamaterial structures is still very challenging. In this study, a new method utilizing a focused ion beam (FIB) with additional secondary etching is presented, which can obtain uniform and fine patterning of CNT forest nanostructures for metamaterials and ranging in sizes from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers. The influence of the FIB processing parameters on the morphology of the catalyst surface and the growth of the CNT forest was investigated, including the removal of redeposited material, decreasing the average surface roughness (from 0.45 to 0.15 nm), and a decrease in the thickness of the Fe catalyst. The results showed that the combination of FIB patterning and secondary etching enabled the growth of highly aligned, high-density CNT forest metamaterials. The improvement in the quality of single-walled CNTs (SWNTs), defined by the very high G/D peak ratio intensity of 10.47, demonstrated successful fine patterning of CNT forest for the first time. With a FIB patterning depth of 10 nm and a secondary etching of 0.5 nm, a minimum size of 150 nm of CNT forest metamaterials was achieved. The development of the FIB secondary etching method enabled for the first time, the fabrication of SWNT forest metamaterials for the optical and infrared regime, for future applications, e.g., in superlenses, antennas, or thermal metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pander
- Department of Electronic and Photonic Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, 782-8502 Japan
- Center for Nanotechnology, Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, 782-8502 Japan
| | - Akimitsu Hatta
- Department of Electronic and Photonic Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, 782-8502 Japan
- Center for Nanotechnology, Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, 782-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furuta
- Department of Electronic and Photonic Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, 782-8502 Japan
- Center for Nanotechnology, Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, 782-8502 Japan
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6
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Wang Y, Zhao X, Duan G, Zhang X. Broadband extraordinary terahertz transmission through super-aligned carbon nanotubes film. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:15730-41. [PMID: 27410845 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.015730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the extraordinary transmission of THz waves through super-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) films with one-dimensional arrays of sub-wavelength rectangular gratings in the broad frequency range from 0.2 to 2.5 THz. To achieve this, two kinds of MWCNT films (1 μm and 3 μm in thickness) were fabricated by drawing from a sidewall of super-aligned nanotube arrays synthesized by low pressure chemical vapor deposition. The measured complex refraction index of the film exhibits highly anisotropic transmission of THz waves through the MWCNTs. The anisotropy depends not only on the polarization direction of the THz waves but also on the orientation of the MWCNT gratings. We found that the resonantly extraordinary THz transmission originated from the surface plasmon polaritons supported by periodically patterned carbon nanotube gratings. Our experimental results may provide important insights for emerging THz plasmonic devices based on carbon nanotubes.
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Ou JY, Plum E, Zhang J, Zheludev NI. Giant Nonlinearity of an Optically Reconfigurable Plasmonic Metamaterial. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:729-33. [PMID: 26619205 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterial nanostructures actuated by light give rise to a large optical nonlinearity. Plasmonic metamolecules on a flexible support structure cut from a dielectric membrane of nanoscale thickness are rearranged by optical illumination. This changes the optical properties of the strongly coupled plasmonic structure and therefore results in modulation of light with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- College of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637378, Singapore
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8
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Liu X, Liu H, Sun Q, Huang N. Metamaterial terahertz switch based on split-ring resonator embedded with photoconductive silicon. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:3478-3483. [PMID: 25967340 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a metamaterial terahertz (THz) switch based on a split-ring resonator embedded with photoconductive silicon is presented and numerically investigated. Simulation results show that the switch works at two different resonant modes with different pump light powers and that the response time of the switch is less than 1 ps. By defining the switching window as the frequency range where the transmission magnitude of the ON state is one order of magnitude higher than the OFF state, a switching window ranging from 1.26 to 1.49 THz is obtained. The large modulation depth of the switch is due to the large separations of the maximum and minimum transmissions, which are 0.89 and 0.01, respectively. Particularly, the switch is frequency tunable by changing the thickness and permittivity of the dielectric layer.
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9
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Terahertz optoelectronics with surface plasmon polariton diode. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4899. [PMID: 24811083 PMCID: PMC4014988 DOI: 10.1038/srep04899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of plasmonics has experience a renaissance in recent years by providing a large variety of new physical effects and applications. Surface plasmon polaritons, i.e. the collective electron oscillations at the interface of a metal/semiconductor and a dielectric, may bridge the gap between electronic and photonic devices, provided a fast switching mechanism is identified. Here, we demonstrate a surface plasmon-polariton diode (SPPD) an optoelectronic switch that can operate at exceedingly large signal modulation rates. The SPPD uses heavily doped p-n junction where surface plasmon polaritons propagate at the interface between n and p-type GaAs and can be switched by an external voltage. The devices can operate at transmission modulation higher than 98% and depending on the doping and applied voltage can achieve switching rates of up to 1 THz. The proposed switch is compatible with the current semiconductor fabrication techniques and could lead to nanoscale semiconductor-based optoelectronics.
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10
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Deng T, Huang R, Tang MC, Tan PK. Tunable reflector with active magnetic metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:6287-6295. [PMID: 24663977 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.006287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We placed active magnetic metamaterials on metallic surface to implement a tunable reflector with excellent agile performance. By incorporating active elements into the unit cells of the magnetic metamaterial, this active magnetic metamaterial can be tuned to switch function of the reflector among a perfect absorber, a perfect reflector and a gain reflector. This brings about DC control lines to electrically tune the active magnetic metamaterial with positive loss, zero loss and even negative loss. The design, analytical and numerical simulation methods, and experimental results of the tunable reflector are presented.
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11
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Deng S, Yetisen AK, Jiang K, Butt H. Computational modelling of a graphene Fresnel lens on different substrates. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03991b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we studied tunable lensing effects of graphene Fresnel lens on different substrates with incident light of 850 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Deng
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Birmingham
- Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Kyle Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Birmingham
- Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Haider Butt
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Birmingham
- Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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12
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Lee SH, Choi J, Kim HD, Choi H, Min B. Ultrafast refractive index control of a terahertz graphene metamaterial. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2135. [PMID: 23823715 PMCID: PMC3701168 DOI: 10.1038/srep02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the refractive index of materials is elementary, yet it is crucial for the manipulation of electromagnetic waves. Relying on the inherent properties of natural materials, it has been a long-standing challenge in device engineering to increase the index-modulation contrast. Here, we demonstrate a significant amount of ultrafast index modulation by optically exciting non-equilibrium Dirac fermions in the graphene layer integrated onto a high-index metamaterial. Furthermore, an extremely-large electrical modulation of refractive index up to Δn ~ −3.4 (at 0.69 THz) is achieved by electrical tuning of the density of the equilibrium Dirac fermion in the graphene metamaterial. This manifestation, otherwise remaining elusive in conventional semiconductor devices, fully exploits the characteristic ultrafast charge relaxation in graphene as well as the strong capacitive response of the metamaterial, both of which enable us to drastically increase the light-matter interaction of graphene and the corresponding index contrast in the graphene metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-751, Republic of Korea
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13
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Torres-Torres C, Peréa-López N, Martínez-Gutiérrez H, Trejo-Valdez M, Ortíz-López J, Terrones M. Optoelectronic modulation by multi-wall carbon nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:045201. [PMID: 23298951 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/4/045201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of photoconduction and a strong nonlinear optical absorptive response exhibited by multi-wall carbon nanotubes. An aerosol pyrolysis method was employed for the preparation of the samples. Measurements of the optical transmittance with 7 ns pulses at 1064 nm wavelength allowed us to identify a two-photon absorption effect as the main mechanism of third-order nonlinearity. Photoconductive experiments at 445 nm wavelength seem to confirm the possibility for generating non-resonant multi-photonic absorption processes in the multi-wall carbon nanotubes. By the optical control of the conductivity in the nanotubes, we implement an optoelectronic amplitude modulator device with potential applications for sharp selective functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Torres-Torres
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESIME-Z, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D F, 07738, Mexico.
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Nanot S, Hároz EH, Kim JH, Hauge RH, Kono J. Optoelectronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4977-94. [PMID: 22911973 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), with their uniquely simple crystal structures and chirality-dependent electronic and vibrational states, provide an ideal laboratory for the exploration of novel 1D physics, as well as quantum engineered architectures for applications in optoelectronics. This article provides an overview of recent progress in optical studies of SWCNTs. In particular, recent progress in post-growth separation methods allows different species of SWCNTs to be sorted out in bulk quantities according to their diameters, chiralities, and electronic types, enabling studies of (n,m)-dependent properties using standard macroscopic characterization measurements. Here, a review is presented of recent optical studies of samples enriched in 'armchair' (n = m) species, which are truly metallic nanotubes but show excitonic interband absorption. Furthermore, it is shown that intense ultrashort optical pulses can induce ultrafast bandgap oscillations in SWCNTs, via the generation of coherent phonons, which in turn modulate the transmission of a delayed probe pulse. Combined with pulse-shaping techniques, coherent phonon spectroscopy provides a powerful method for studying exciton-phonon coupling in SWCNTs in a chirality-selective manner. Finally, some of the basic properties of highly aligned SWCNT films are highlighted, which are particularly well-suited for optoelectronic applications including terahertz polarizers with nearly perfect extinction ratios and broadband photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Nanot
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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