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Phase-Type Fresnel Zone Plate with Multi-Wavelength Imaging Embedded in Fluoroaluminate Glass Fabricated via Ultraviolet Femtosecond Laser Lithography. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111362. [PMID: 34832775 PMCID: PMC8617647 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel optical glass material, fluoroaluminate (AlF3) glass, with excellent optical transmittance from ultraviolet to infrared wavelength ranges, which provides more options for application in optical devices. Based on its performance, the phase-type Fresnel zone plate (FZP) by ultraviolet femtosecond (fs) laser-inscribed lithography is achieved, which induces the refractive index change by fs-laser tailoring. The realization of ultraviolet fs-laser fabrication inside glass can benefit from the excellent optical performance of the AlF3 glass. Compared with traditional surface-etching micro-optical elements, the phase-type FZP based on AlF3 glass exhibits a clear and well-defined geometry and presents perfect environmental suitability without surface roughness problems. Additionally, optical focusing and multi-wavelength imaging can be easily obtained. Phase-type FZP embedded in AlF3 glass has great potential applications in the imaging and focusing in glass-integrated photonics, especially for the ultraviolet wavelength range.
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Sanli UT, Jiao C, Baluktsian M, Grévent C, Hahn K, Wang Y, Srot V, Richter G, Bykova I, Weigand M, Schütz G, Keskinbora K. 3D Nanofabrication of High-Resolution Multilayer Fresnel Zone Plates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800346. [PMID: 30250789 PMCID: PMC6145245 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Focusing X-rays to single nanometer dimensions is impeded by the lack of high-quality, high-resolution optics. Challenges in fabricating high aspect ratio 3D nanostructures limit the quality and the resolution. Multilayer zone plates target this challenge by offering virtually unlimited and freely selectable aspect ratios. Here, a full-ceramic zone plate is fabricated via atomic layer deposition of multilayers over optical quality glass fibers and subsequent focused ion beam slicing. The quality of the multilayers is confirmed up to an aspect ratio of 500 with zones as thin as 25 nm. Focusing performance of the fabricated zone plate is tested toward the high-energy limit of a soft X-ray scanning transmission microscope, achieving a 15 nm half-pitch cut-off resolution. Sources of adverse influences are identified, and effective routes for improving the zone plate performance are elaborated, paving a clear path toward using multilayer zone plates in high-energy X-ray microscopy. Finally, a new fabrication concept is introduced for making zone plates with precisely tilted zones, targeting even higher resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Tunca Sanli
- Modern Magnetic SystemsMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Chengge Jiao
- Thermo Fisher Scientific5651 GGEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Margarita Baluktsian
- Modern Magnetic SystemsMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Corinne Grévent
- Modern Magnetic SystemsMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Kersten Hahn
- Stuttgart Center for Electron MicroscopyMax Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Yi Wang
- Stuttgart Center for Electron MicroscopyMax Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Vesna Srot
- Stuttgart Center for Electron MicroscopyMax Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Gunther Richter
- Modern Magnetic SystemsMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Iuliia Bykova
- Modern Magnetic SystemsMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Modern Magnetic SystemsMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Modern Magnetic SystemsMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Kahraman Keskinbora
- Modern Magnetic SystemsMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
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Keskinbora K, Sanli UT, Baluktsian M, Grévent C, Weigand M, Schütz G. High-throughput synthesis of modified Fresnel zone plate arrays via ion beam lithography. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2049-2056. [PMID: 30116695 PMCID: PMC6071703 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fresnel zone plates (FZP) are diffractive photonic devices used for high-resolution imaging and lithography at short wavelengths. Their fabrication requires nano-machining capabilities with exceptional precision and strict tolerances such as those enabled by modern lithography methods. In particular, ion beam lithography (IBL) is a noteworthy method thanks to its robust direct writing/milling capability. IBL allows for rapid prototyping of high-resolution FZPs that can be used for high-resolution imaging at soft X-ray energies. Here, we discuss improvements in the process enabling us to write zones down to 15 nm in width, achieving an effective outermost zone width of 30 nm. With a 35% reduction in process time and an increase in resolution by 26% compared to our previous results, we were able to resolve 21 nm features of a test sample using the FZP. The new process conditions are then applied for fabrication of large arrays of high-resolution zone plates. Results show that relatively large areas can be decorated with nanostructured devices via IBL by using multipurpose SEM/FIB instruments with potential applications in FEL focusing, extreme UV and soft X-ray lithography and as wavefront sensing devices for beam diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahraman Keskinbora
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Umut Tunca Sanli
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Margarita Baluktsian
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Corinne Grévent
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Erbahar D, Susi T, Rocquefelte X, Bittencourt C, Scardamaglia M, Blaha P, Guttmann P, Rotas G, Tagmatarchis N, Zhu X, Hitchcock AP, Ewels CP. Spectromicroscopy of C 60 and azafullerene C 59N: Identifying surface adsorbed water. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35605. [PMID: 27748425 PMCID: PMC5066267 DOI: 10.1038/srep35605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
C60 fullerene crystals may serve as important catalysts for interstellar organic chemistry. To explore this possibility, the electronic structures of free-standing powders of C60 and (C59N)2 azafullerenes are characterized using X-ray microscopy with near-edge X-ray adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, closely coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This is supported with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and associated core-level shift DFT calculations. We compare the oxygen 1s spectra from oxygen impurities in C60 and C59N, and calculate a range of possible oxidized and hydroxylated structures and associated formation barriers. These results allow us to propose a model for the oxygen present in these samples, notably the importance of water surface adsorption and possible ice formation. Water adsorption on C60 crystal surfaces may prove important for astrobiological studies of interstellar amino acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogan Erbahar
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
- Physics Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xavier Rocquefelte
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chemistry of Interaction Plasma-Surface (ChIPS), University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mattia Scardamaglia
- Chemistry of Interaction Plasma-Surface (ChIPS), University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Peter Blaha
- Institute for Materials Chemistry, TU Vienna, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Rotas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Adam P. Hitchcock
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Chris P. Ewels
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
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Späth A, Tu F, Vollnhals F, Drost M, Krick Calderón S, Watts B, Fink RH, Marbach H. Additive fabrication of nanostructures with focused soft X-rays. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18214c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a novel approach a high-resolution soft X-ray microscope has been applied to generate metallic nanostructures by X-ray beam induced decomposition of precursor molecules supplied from the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Späth
- Physikalische Chemie II and ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Fan Tu
- Physikalische Chemie II and ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Florian Vollnhals
- Physikalische Chemie II and ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Martin Drost
- Physikalische Chemie II and ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Sandra Krick Calderón
- Physikalische Chemie II and ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Swiss Light Source (SLS)
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- 5232 Villigen
- Switzerland
| | - Rainer H. Fink
- Physikalische Chemie II and ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- CENEM
| | - Hubertus Marbach
- Physikalische Chemie II and ICMM
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
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Microspectroscopic soft X-ray analysis of keratin based biofibers. Micron 2015; 70:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guttmann P, Bittencourt C. Overview of nanoscale NEXAFS performed with soft X-ray microscopes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:595-604. [PMID: 25821700 PMCID: PMC4362056 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Today, in material science nanoscale structures are becoming more and more important. Not only for the further miniaturization of semiconductor devices like carbon nanotube based transistors, but also for newly developed efficient energy storage devices, gas sensors or catalytic systems nanoscale and functionalized materials have to be analysed. Therefore, analytical tools like near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy has to be applied on single nanostructures. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopes (STXM) as well as full-field transmission X-ray microscopes (TXM) allow the required spatial resolution to study individual nanostructures. In the soft X-ray energy range only STXM was used so far for NEXAFS studies. Due to its unique setup, the TXM operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) at the electron storage ring BESSY II is the first one in the soft X-ray range which can be used for NEXAFS spectroscopy studies which will be shown in this review. Here we will give an overview of the different microscopes used for NEXAFS studies and describe their advantages and disadvantages for different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Guttmann
- Institute for Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Erratum to: Lateral resolution of nanoscaled images delivered by surface-analytical instruments: application of the BAM-L200 certified reference material and related ISO standards. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3259-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Senoner M, Maassdorf A, Rooch H, Österle W, Malcher M, Schmidt M, Kollmer F, Paul D, Hodoroaba VD, Rades S, Unger WES. Lateral resolution of nanoscaled images delivered by surface-analytical instruments: application of the BAM-L200 certified reference material and related ISO standards. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:3211-7. [PMID: 25213216 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The certified reference material BAM-L200, a nanoscale stripe pattern for length calibration and specification of lateral resolution, is described. BAM-L200 is prepared from a cross-sectioned epitaxially grown layer stack of AlxGa1-xAs and InxGa1-xAs on a GaAs substrate. The surface of BAM-L200 provides a flat pattern with stripe widths ranging down to 1 nm. Calibration distances, grating periods and stripe widths have been certified by TEM with traceability to the length unit. The combination of gratings, isolated narrow stripes and sharp edges of wide stripes offers plenty of options for the determination of lateral resolution, sharpness and calibration of length scale at selected settings of imaging surface-analytical instruments. The feasibility of the reference material for an analysis of the lateral resolution is demonstrated in detail by evaluation of ToF-SIMS, AES and EDX images. Other applications developed in the community are summarized, too. BAM-L200 fully supports the implementation of the revised International Standard ISO 18516 (in preparation) which is based on knowledge outlined in the Technical Report ISO/TR 19319:2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Senoner
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, 12200, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Patterning with a focused ion beam (FIB) is an extremely versatile fabrication process that can be used to create microscale and nanoscale designs on the surface of practically any solid sample material. Based on the type of ion-sample interaction utilized, FIB-based manufacturing can be both subtractive and additive, even in the same processing step. Indeed, the capability of easily creating three-dimensional patterns and shaping objects by milling and deposition is probably the most recognized feature of ion beam lithography (IBL) and micromachining. However, there exist several other techniques, such as ion implantation- and ion damage-based patterning and surface functionalization types of processes that have emerged as valuable additions to the nanofabrication toolkit and that are less widely known. While fabrication throughput, in general, is arguably low due to the serial nature of the direct-writing process, speed is not necessarily a problem in these IBL applications that work with small ion doses. Here we provide a comprehensive review of ion beam lithography in general and a practical guide to the individual IBL techniques developed to date. Special attention is given to applications in nanofabrication.
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Keskinbora K, Grévent C, Eigenthaler U, Weigand M, Schütz G. Rapid prototyping of Fresnel zone plates via direct Ga(+) ion beam lithography for high-resolution X-ray imaging. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9788-9797. [PMID: 24151983 DOI: 10.1021/nn403295k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge to the wide utilization of X-ray microscopy lies in the difficulty in fabricating adequate high-resolution optics. To date, electron beam lithography has been the dominant technique for the fabrication of diffractive focusing optics called Fresnel zone plates (FZP), even though this preparation method is usually very complicated and is composed of many fabrication steps. In this work, we demonstrate an alternative method that allows the direct, simple, and fast fabrication of FZPs using focused Ga(+) beam lithography practically, in a single step. This method enabled us to prepare a high-resolution FZP in less than 13 min. The performance of the FZP was evaluated in a scanning transmission soft X-ray microscope where nanostructures as small as sub-29 nm in width were clearly resolved, with an ultimate cutoff resolution of 24.25 nm, demonstrating the highest first-order resolution for any FZP fabricated by the ion beam lithography technique. This rapid and simple fabrication scheme illustrates the capabilities and the potential of direct ion beam lithography (IBL) and is expected to increase the accessibility of high-resolution optics to a wider community of researchers working on soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet microscopy using synchrotron radiation and advanced laboratory sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahraman Keskinbora
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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