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Shkarin A, Rattenbacher D, Renger J, Hönl S, Utikal T, Seidler P, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Nanoscopic Charge Fluctuations in a Gallium Phosphide Waveguide Measured by Single Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:133602. [PMID: 33861100 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present efficient evanescent coupling of single organic molecules to a gallium phosphide (GaP) subwavelength waveguide (nanoguide) decorated with microelectrodes. By monitoring their Stark shifts, we reveal that the coupled molecules experience fluctuating electric fields. We analyze the spectral dynamics of different molecules over a large range of optical powers in the nanoguide to show that these fluctuations are light-induced and local. A simple model is developed to explain our observations based on the optical activation of charges at an estimated mean density of 2.5×10^{22} m^{-3} in the GaP nanostructure. Our work showcases the potential of organic molecules as nanoscopic sensors of the electric charge as well as the use of GaP nanostructures for integrated quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Shkarin
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Renger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Hönl
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Utikal
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Seidler
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Fang L, Danos L, Markvart T, Chen R. Observation of energy transfer at optical frequency to an ultrathin silicon waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4618-4621. [PMID: 32797024 DOI: 10.1364/ol.396906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer from a submonolayer of rhodamine 6G molecules to a 130 nm thick crystalline silicon (Si) waveguide is investigated. The dependence of the fluorescence lifetime of rhodamine on its distance to the Si waveguide is characterized and modeled successfully by a classical dipole model. The energy transfer process could be regarded as photon tunneling into the Si waveguide via the evanescent waves. The experimentally observed tunneling rate is well described by an analytical expression obtained via a complex variable analysis in the complex wavenumber plane.
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Soltani N, Agio M. Planar antenna designs for efficient coupling between a single emitter and an optical fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:30830-30841. [PMID: 31684326 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.030830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence detection is a well-established readout method for sensing, especially for in-vitro diagnostics (IVD). A practical way to guide the emitted signal to a detector is by means of an optical fiber. However, coupling fluorescence into a fiber is challenging and commonly lacks single-molecule sensitivity. In this work, we investigate specific fiber geometries, materials and coatings that in combination with a planar Yagi-Uda antenna reach efficient excitation and collection. The simulation of a practical setting determines more than 70% coupling efficiency for a horizontally oriented dipole, with respect to the planar antenna, emitting at 700 nm and embedded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Moreover, the coupling efficiency would only scale by a factor of 2/3 for emitters with random orientation, as a result of the antenna geometry. These findings are relevant for single-molecule detection with fiber optics and have implications for other applications involving the coupling of light with nano-scale sources and detectors. Scanning the surface of a sample with such fibers could also be advantageous for imaging techniques to provide a low background noise and a high resolution.
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Brotons-Gisbert M, Proux R, Picard R, Andres-Penares D, Branny A, Molina-Sánchez A, Sánchez-Royo JF, Gerardot BD. Out-of-plane orientation of luminescent excitons in two-dimensional indium selenide. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3913. [PMID: 31477714 PMCID: PMC6718420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Van der Waals materials offer a wide range of atomic layers with unique properties that can be easily combined to engineer novel electronic and photonic devices. A missing ingredient of the van der Waals platform is a two-dimensional crystal with naturally occurring out-of-plane luminescent dipole orientation. Here we measure the far-field photoluminescence intensity distribution of bulk InSe and two-dimensional InSe, WSe2 and MoSe2. We demonstrate, with the support of ab-initio calculations, that layered InSe flakes sustain luminescent excitons with an intrinsic out-of-plane orientation, in contrast with the in-plane orientation of dipoles we find in two-dimensional WSe2 and MoSe2 at room-temperature. These results, combined with the high tunability of the optical response and outstanding transport properties, position layered InSe as a promising semiconductor for novel optoelectronic devices, in particular for hybrid integrated photonic chips which exploit the out-of-plane dipole orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Brotons-Gisbert
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Raphaël Proux
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Raphaël Picard
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Daniel Andres-Penares
- ICMUV, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad de Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Artur Branny
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Molina-Sánchez
- ICMUV, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad de Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Juan F Sánchez-Royo
- ICMUV, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad de Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Brian D Gerardot
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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Lin W, Ota Y, Iwamoto S, Arakawa Y. Spin-dependent directional emission from a quantum dot ensemble embedded in an asymmetric waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3749-3752. [PMID: 31368959 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examine a photonic wire waveguide embedded with an ensemble of quantum dots (QDs) that directionally emits into the waveguide depending on the spin state of the ensemble. The directional emission is facilitated by the spin-orbit interaction of light. The waveguide has a two-step stair-like cross section and QDs are embedded only in the upper step, such that the circular polarization of emission from the spin-polarized QDs controls the direction of the radiation. We numerically verify that more than 70% of the radiation from the ensemble emitter is toward a specific direction in the waveguide. We also examine a microdisk resonator with a stair-like edge, which supports selective coupling of the QD ensemble radiation into a whispering gallery mode that rotates unidirectionally. Our study provides a foundation for spin-dependent optoelectronic devices.
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Polisseni C, Major KD, Boissier S, Grandi S, Clark AS, Hinds EA. Stable, single-photon emitter in a thin organic crystal for application to quantum-photonic devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:5615-5627. [PMID: 29092383 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.005615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single dibenzoterrylene (DBT) molecules offer great promise as bright, reliable sources of single photons on demand, capable of integration into solid-state devices. It has been proposed that DBT in anthracene might be placed close to an optical waveguide for this purpose, but so far there have been no demonstrations of sufficiently thin crystals, with a controlled concentration of the dopant molecules. Here we present a method for growing very thin anthracene crystals from super-saturated vapour, which produces crystals of extreme flatness and controlled thickness. We show how this crystal can be doped with an adjustable concentration of dibenzoterrylene (DBT) molecules and we examine the optical properties of these molecules to demonstrate their suitability as quantum emitters in nanophotonic devices. Our measurements show that the molecules are available in the crystal as single quantum emitters, with a well-defined polarisation relative to the crystal axes, making them amenable to alignment with optical nanostructures. We find that the radiative lifetime and saturation intensity vary little within the crystal and are not in any way compromised by the unusual matrix environment. We show that a large fraction of these emitters can be excited more than 1012 times without photo-bleaching, making them suitable for real applications.
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