1
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Wu FP, Zhang JT, Zhang HF. A theoretical study based on coherent perfect absorption and polarization separation in one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25492-25498. [PMID: 37712358 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a study on tunable narrowband coherent perfect absorption (CPA), which can be altered by adjusting the initial phase to the ranges of 1.03α-1.13α (with α = 2πc/d) and 1.29α-1.43α. The relative bandwidths of these ranges are determined to be 8.5% and 7.4%, respectively. The study utilizes the transfer matrix method for calculations of the largest CPA amplitudes within one-dimensional (1D) magnetized plasma photonic crystals (MPPCs) across two absorption bands, achieving a maximum of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. In addition, the phase modulation and amplitude modulation characteristics of the CPA are also discussed, and the results show that its absorption amplitude can be gradually modulated from 0.08 to 0.99 by the former and from 0.60 to 0.98 by the latter. The external magnetic fields have also been shown to limit the CPA amplitude between 0.41 and 0.99 within one band and between 0.52 and 0.99 within another band. The study further highlights the effect of plasma frequency and dielectric layer thickness on coherent band shifts towards high or low frequencies. Notably, the article presents the multiband polarization separation properties of 1D MPPCs, with calculated transmittance differences between the TM and TE waves of up to 0.70 and 0.74 at 1.13α and 1.37α, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Pei Wu
- College of and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jia Tao Zhang
- College of and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Hai Feng Zhang
- College of and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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2
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He F, Feng Y, Pi H, Yan J, MacDonald KF, Fang X. Coherently switching the focusing characteristics of all-dielectric metalenses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27683-27693. [PMID: 36236934 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flat, gradient index, metasurface optics - in particular all-dielectric metalenses - have emerged and evolved over recent years as compact, lightweight alternative to their conventional bulk glass/crystal counterparts. Here we show that the focal properties of all-dielectric metalenses can be switched via coherent control, which is to say by changing the local electromagnetic field in the metalens plane rather than any physical or geometric property of the nanostructure or surrounding medium. The selective excitation of predominantly electric or magnetic resonant modes in the constituent cells of the metalens provides for switching, by design, of its phase profile enabling binary switching of focal length for a given lens type and, uniquely, switching between different (spherical and axicon) lens types.
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3
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Wu T, Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yang Z, Cao W, Yang D. All-Dielectric Phase-Gradient Metasurface Performing High-Efficiency Anomalous Transmission in the Near-Infrared Region. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:158. [PMID: 34669055 PMCID: PMC8528930 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose and numerically demonstrate a phase-gradient metasurface with high anomalous transmission efficiency and a large anomalous refraction angle that consists of discontinuous regular hexagonal nanorods supported by a silica substrate. The metasurface achieves high anomalous transmission efficiency and a full 2[Formula: see text] phase shift for the wavelength range of 1400-1600 nm. At a central wavelength of approximately 1529 nm, the total transmission efficiency reaches 96.5%, and the desired anomalous transmission efficiency reaches 96.2%, with an anomalous refraction angle as large as 30.64. With the adjustment of the period and the number of nanorods per periodic interval, the anomalous transmission efficiency exceeds 69.6% for a large anomalous refraction angle of 68.58. The superior performance of the proposed design may pave the way for its application in optical wavefront control devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiesheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004 China
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004 China
- Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang, 050000 China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Huixian Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004 China
| | - Zuning Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004 China
| | - Weiping Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004 China
| | - Dan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004 China
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4
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Zhang Y, Liu H, Xu R, Qin Z, Teng C, Deng S, Chen M, Cheng Y, Deng H, Yang H, Qu S, Yuan L. Tunable circular dichroism based on graphene-metal split ring resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:21020-21030. [PMID: 34266177 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The chiroptical response of the chiral metasurface can be characterized by circular dichroism, which is defined as the absorption difference between left-handed circularly polarized incidence and right-handed circularly incidence. It can be applied in biology, chemistry, optoelectronics, etc. Here, we propose a dynamically tunable chiral metasurface structure, which is composed of two metal split-ring resonators and a graphene layer embedded in dielectric. The structure reflects right-handed circularly polarized waves and absorbs left-handed circularly polarized waves under normal incidence. The overall unit structural parameters of the chiral metasurface were discussed and analyzed, and the circular dichroism was 0.85 at 1.181 THz. Additionally, the digital imaging function can be realized based on the chiral metasurface structure, and the resolution of terahertz digital imaging can be dynamically tuned by changing the Fermi level of graphene. The proposed structure has potential applications in realizing tunable dynamic imaging and other communication fields.
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5
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He F, MacDonald KF, Fang X. Continuous beam steering by coherent light-by-light control of dielectric metasurface phase gradient. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:30107-30116. [PMID: 33114895 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous and reversible tuning of the properties of optical metasurfaces, as a functionality that would enable a range of device applications, has been a focus of the metasurface research field in recent years. Tuning mechanisms proposed and demonstrated so far have generally relied upon changing the morphology of a metasurface or the intrinsic properties of its constituent materials. Here we introduce, via numerical simulation, an alternative approach to achieve continuous tuning of gradient metasurface response, and illustrate its potential application to the challenge of continuous beam steering, as required for example in LIDAR and machine vision systems. It is based upon the coherent illumination of a silicon nano-pillar metasurface with two counter-propagating beams. Control of the input beams' relative phase and intensity enables tuning of the individual nano-pillars' electromagnetic response and thereby the phase gradient of the array, which in turn steers the direction of the output beam continuously over an angular range of approximately 9 degrees.
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Zhang Z, Kang M, Zhang X, Feng X, Xu Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Xu Q, Tian Z, Zhang W, Krasnok A, Han J, Alù A. Coherent Perfect Diffraction in Metagratings. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002341. [PMID: 32700816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are 2D engineered structures with subwavelength granularity, offering a wide range of opportunities to tailor the impinging wavefront. However, fundamental limitations on their efficiency in wave transformation, associated with their deeply subwavelength thickness, challenge their implementation in practical application scenarios. Here, it is shown how the coherent control of metagratings through multiple wave excitations can provide new opportunities to achieve highly reconfigurable broadband metasurfaces with large diffraction efficiency, beyond the limitations of conventional approaches. Remarkably, energy distribution between the 0th and higher diffraction orders can be continuously tuned by changing the relative phase difference between two excitation waves, enabling coherent control, with added benefits of enhanced efficiency and bandwidth. This concept is demonstrated for a thin electric metagrating operating at terahertz frequencies, showing that coherent control can overcome several of the limitations of single-layer ultrathin metastructures, and extend their feasibility in various practical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ming Kang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xi Feng
- Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuehong Xu
- Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xieyu Chen
- Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Quan Xu
- Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Weili Zhang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Alex Krasnok
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Andrea Alù
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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7
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Feng X, Zou J, Xu W, Zhu Z, Yuan X, Zhang J, Qin S. Coherent perfect absorption and asymmetric interferometric light-light control in graphene with resonant dielectric nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29183-29191. [PMID: 30470084 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineering light absorption in graphene has been the focus of intensive research in the past few years. In this paper, we show numerically that coherent perfect absorption can be realized in monolayer graphene in the near infrared range by harnessing resonances of dielectric nanostructures. The asymmetry of the structure results in different optical responses for light illuminated from the top side and the substrate side and enables asymmetric interferometric light-light control. The absorbed and scattered light exhibit interesting nonlinear behavior, allowing switching a strong optical signal output with a weak light. This work may stimulate potential applications including new types of sensors, coherent photodetectors and all-optical logical devices.
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Abstract
A fiber optic-based all-optical amplifier is designed by using the coherent perfect absorption phenomenon. For this purpose, we use a deposited chromium thin layer as an absorbent material on the cross-section of a PM fiber. By placing another fiber in front of the deposited one, we show that by controlling the relative phase between the two counter-propagating beams, total absorbance can be controlled. In the interaction of two beams with unequal intensities, absorption control can be associated with amplification for the weaker beam. By using this mechanism, the effect of an external phase-shifting parameter can be amplified. Furthermore, it is possible to amplify a small signal riding on a CW background through this all-optical procedure.
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9
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Lv W, Bing J, Deng Y, Duan D, Zhu Z, Li Y, Guan C, Shi J. Polarization-controlled multifrequency coherent perfect absorption in stereometamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:17236-17244. [PMID: 30119537 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.017236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate polarization-controlled multifrequency coherent perfect absorption in stereometamaterials with twisted asymmetrically split rings. The coupling effects in stereometamaterials lead to the mode hybridization and thus multiple electric and magnetic resonances. The coherent perfect absorptions of electric and magnetic modes in stereometamaterials have been verified to be individually switched on/off by an interferometric effect of two counter-propagating coherent beams. The alternation of two orthogonal polarization states enables direct modulation of the operation frequencies of coherent perfect absorptions in both microwave and optical metamaterials. The work provides an opportunity to manipulate coherent perfect absorption and is helpful to design tunable multifrequency absorbers.
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10
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Guo Y, Pu M, Li X, Ma X, Gao P, Wang Y, Luo X. Functional metasurfaces based on metallic and dielectric subwavelength slits and stripes array. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:144003. [PMID: 29339578 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa84a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Starting with the early works of extraordinary optical transmission and extraordinary Young's interference, researchers have been fascinated by the unusual optical properties displayed by metallic holes/slits and subsequently found similar abnormities in dielectric counterparts. Benefiting from the shrinking wavelength of surface plasmon polaritons excited in metallic slits and high refractive index of dielectric stripes, one can realize local phase modulation and approach desired dispersion by engineering the geometries of a slits and stripes array. In this review, we review recent developments in functional metasurfaces composed of various metallic and dielectric subwavelength slits and stripes arrays, with special emphasis on achromatic, ultra-broadband, quasi-continuous, multifunctional and reconfigurable metasurfaces. Particular attention is paid to provide insight into the design strategies for these devices. Finally, we give an outlook of the development in this fascinating area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 350, Chengdu 610209, People's Republic of China
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11
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Papaioannou M, Plum E, Rogers ETF, Zheludev NI. All-optical dynamic focusing of light via coherent absorption in a plasmonic metasurface. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:17157. [PMID: 30839531 PMCID: PMC6060048 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Vision, microscopy, imaging, optical data projection and storage all depend on focusing of light. Dynamic focusing is conventionally achieved with mechanically reconfigurable lenses, spatial light modulators or microfluidics. Here we demonstrate that dynamic control of focusing can be achieved through coherent interaction of optical waves on a thin beam splitter. We use a nanostructured plasmonic metasurface of subwavelength thickness as the beam splitter, allowing operation in the regimes of coherent absorption and coherent transparency. Focusing of light resulting from illumination of the plasmonic metasurface with a Fresnel zone pattern is controlled by another patterned beam projected on the same metasurface. By altering the control pattern, its phase, or its intensity, we switch the lens function on and off, and alter the focal spot's depth, diameter and intensity. Switching occurs as fast as the control beam is modulated and therefore tens of gigahertz modulation bandwidth is possible with electro-optical modulators, which is orders of magnitude faster than conventional dynamic focusing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papaioannou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Edward TF Rogers
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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12
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Xomalis A, Demirtzioglou I, Plum E, Jung Y, Nalla V, Lacava C, MacDonald KF, Petropoulos P, Richardson DJ, Zheludev NI. Fibre-optic metadevice for all-optical signal modulation based on coherent absorption. Nat Commun 2018; 9:182. [PMID: 29330360 PMCID: PMC5766546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, coherent control of the optical response of thin films in standing waves has attracted considerable attention, ranging from applications in excitation-selective spectroscopy and nonlinear optics to all-optical image processing. Here, we show that integration of metamaterial and optical fibre technologies allows the use of coherently controlled absorption in a fully fiberized and packaged switching metadevice. With this metadevice, which controls light with light in a nanoscale plasmonic metamaterial film on an optical fibre tip, we provide proof-of-principle demonstrations of logical functions XOR, NOT and AND that are performed within a coherent fibre network at wavelengths between 1530 and 1565 nm. The metadevice has been tested at up to 40 gigabits per second and sub-milliwatt power levels. Since coherent absorption can operate at the single-photon level and with 100 THz bandwidth, we argue that the demonstrated all-optical switch concept has potential applications in coherent and quantum information networks. Here, the authors show that integration of metamaterial and optical fibre technologies enables all-optical XOR, NOT and AND logical functions that are performed at up to 40 gigabits per second with few femtojoules per bit energy consumption within a coherent fully fiberized network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Xomalis
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. .,Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Iosif Demirtzioglou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. .,Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Yongmin Jung
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Venkatram Nalla
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Cosimo Lacava
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Kevin F MacDonald
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Periklis Petropoulos
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David J Richardson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. .,Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. .,Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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Cencillo-Abad P, Ou JY, Plum E, Zheludev NI. Electro-mechanical light modulator based on controlling the interaction of light with a metasurface. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5405. [PMID: 28710432 PMCID: PMC5511214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a reflective light modulator, a dynamic Salisbury screen where modulation of light is achieved by moving a thin metamaterial absorber to control its interaction with the standing wave formed by the incident wave and its reflection on a mirror. Electrostatic actuation of the plasmonic metamaterial absorber’s position leads to a dynamic change of the Salisbury screen’s spectral response and 50% modulation of the reflected light intensity in the near infrared part of the spectrum. The proposed approach can also be used with other metasurfaces to control the changes they impose on the polarization, intensity, phase, spectrum and directional distribution of reflected light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cencillo-Abad
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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14
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Burch J, Wen D, Chen X, Di Falco A. Conformable Holographic Metasurfaces. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4520. [PMID: 28674409 PMCID: PMC5495780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metasurface holograms are typically fabricated on rigid substrates. Here we experimentally demonstrate broadband, flexible, conformable, helicity multiplexed metasurface holograms operating in the visible range, offering increased potential for real life out-of-the-lab applications. Two symmetrically distributed holographic images are obtained when circularly polarized light impinges on the reflective-type metasurface positioned on non-planar targets. The two off-axis images with high fidelity are interchangeable by controlling the helicity of incident light. Our metasurface features the arrangement of spatially varying gold nanorods on a flexible, conformable epoxy resist membrane to realize a Pancharatnam-Berry phase profile. These results pave the way to practical applications including polarization manipulation, beam steering, novel lenses, and holographic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Burch
- University of St Andrews, School of Physics and Astronomy, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Dandan Wen
- Heriot-Watt University, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Heriot-Watt University, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Andrea Di Falco
- University of St Andrews, School of Physics and Astronomy, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
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15
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Pye LN, Villinger ML, Shabahang S, Larson WD, Martin L, Abouraddy AF. Octave-spanning coherent perfect absorption in a thin silicon film. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:151-154. [PMID: 28059201 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although optical absorption is an intrinsic materials property, it can be manipulated through structural modification. Coherent perfect absorption increases absorption to 100% interferometrically but is typically realized only over narrow bandwidths using two laser beams with fixed phase relationship. We show that engineering a thin film's photonic environment severs the link between the effective absorption of the film and its intrinsic absorption while eliminating, in principle, bandwidth restrictions. Employing thin aperiodic dielectric mirrors, we demonstrate coherent perfect absorption in a 2 μm thick film of polycrystalline silicon using a single incoherent beam of light at all the resonances across a spectrally flat, octave-spanning near-infrared spectrum, ≈800-1600 nm. Critically, these mirrors have wavelength-dependent reflectivity devised to counterbalance the decline in silicon's intrinsic absorption at long wavelengths.
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16
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Zhu Z, Liu H, Wang D, Li YX, Guan CY, Zhang H, Shi JH. Coherent control of double deflected anomalous modes in ultrathin trapezoid-shaped slit metasurface. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37476. [PMID: 27874053 PMCID: PMC5118694 DOI: 10.1038/srep37476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent light-matter interaction in ultrathin metamaterials has been demonstrated to dynamically modulate intensity, polarization and propagation direction of light. The gradient metasurface with a transverse phase variation usually exhibits an anomalous refracted beam of light dictated by so-called generalized Snell’s law. However, less attention has been paid to coherent control of the metasurface with multiple anomalous refracted beams. Here we propose an ultrathin gradient metasurface with single trapezoid-shaped slot antenna as its building block that allows one normal and two deflected transmitted beams. It is numerically demonstrated that such metasurface with multiple scattering modes can be coherently controlled to modulate output intensities by changing the relative phase difference between two counterpropagating coherent beams. Each mode can be coherently switched on/off and two deflected anomalous beams can be synchronously dictated by the phase difference. The coherent control effect in the trapezoid-shaped slit metasurface will offer a promising opportunity for multichannel signals modulation, multichannel sensing and wave front shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhu
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - H Liu
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - D Wang
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Y X Li
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - C Y Guan
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - H Zhang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science &Technology, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - J H Shi
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.,SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science &Technology, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Cencillo-Abad P, Zheludev NI, Plum E. Metadevice for intensity modulation with sub-wavelength spatial resolution. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37109. [PMID: 27857221 PMCID: PMC5114571 DOI: 10.1038/srep37109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectively continuous control over propagation of a beam of light requires light modulation with pixelation that is smaller than the optical wavelength. Here we propose a spatial intensity modulator with sub-wavelength resolution in one dimension. The metadevice combines recent advances in reconfigurable nanomembrane metamaterials and coherent all-optical control of metasurfaces. It uses nanomechanical actuation of metasurface absorber strips placed near a mirror in order to control their interaction with light from perfect absorption to negligible loss, promising a path towards dynamic diffraction and focusing of light as well as holography without unwanted diffraction artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cencillo-Abad
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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18
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Li Y, Zhang J, Qu S, Ma H, Wang J, Wang J, Xu Z. High-efficiency polarization conversion based on spatial dispersion modulation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:24938-24946. [PMID: 27828434 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.024938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose to achieve high-efficiency polarization conversion based on spatial dispersion modulation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPP). Different k is firstly designed in the two transverse directions by aligning an SSPP-supporting fishbone structure in y direction while maintaining free space in x direction. The orthogonal phase difference is introduced by larger k of SSPP waves for y-polarized component of incident waves. Meanwhile, to achieve high efficiency, gradient k in z-direction is designed so that the y-polarized component of incident waves can be coupled perfectly as SSPP waves. By rotating the fishbone structure with respect to the polarization direction of incident waves, different polarization states for transmitted waves can be realized. As an example, a polarization converter prototype with the central working frequency f = 8GHz was designed, fabricated, and measured. Both the simulation and experiment demonstrate the high-efficiency linear-to-circular (LTC) polarization conversion in 6.9-9.6GHz.
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19
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Coherent control of light-matter interactions in polarization standing waves. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31141. [PMID: 27514307 PMCID: PMC4981885 DOI: 10.1038/srep31141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate that standing waves formed by two coherent counter-propagating light waves can take a variety of forms, offering new approaches to the interrogation and control of polarization-sensitive light-matter interactions in ultrathin (subwavelength thickness) media. In contrast to familiar energy standing waves, polarization standing waves have constant electric and magnetic energy densities and a periodically varying polarization state along the wave axis. counterintuitively, anisotropic ultrathin (meta)materials can be made sensitive or insensitive to such polarization variations by adjusting their azimuthal angle.
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20
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Cencillo-Abad P, Plum E, Rogers ETF, Zheludev NI. Spatial optical phase-modulating metadevice with subwavelength pixelation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:18790-18798. [PMID: 27505842 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.018790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic control over optical wavefronts enables focusing, diffraction and redirection of light on demand, however, sub-wavelength resolution is required to avoid unwanted diffracted beams that are present in commercial spatial light modulators. Here we propose a realistic metadevice that dynamically controls the optical phase of reflected beams with sub-wavelength pixelation in one dimension. Based on reconfigurable metamaterials and nanomembrane technology, it consists of individually moveable metallic nanowire actuators that control the phase of reflected light by modulating the optical path length. We demonstrate that the metadevice can provide on-demand optical wavefront shaping functionalities of diffraction gratings, beam splitters, phase-gradient metasurfaces, cylindrical mirrors and mirror arrays - with variable focal distance and numerical aperture - without unwanted diffraction.
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21
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Multifunctional metasurface lens for imaging and Fourier transform. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27628. [PMID: 27272601 PMCID: PMC4897706 DOI: 10.1038/srep27628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A metasurface can manipulate light in a desirable manner by imparting local and space-variant abrupt phase change. Benefiting from such an unprecedented capability, the conventional concept of what constitutes an optical lens continues to evolve. Ultrathin optical metasurface lenses have been demonstrated based on various nanoantennas such as V-shape structures, nanorods and nanoslits. A single device that can integrate two different types of lenses and polarities is desirable for system integration and device miniaturization. We experimentally demonstrate such an ultrathin metasurface lens that can function either as a spherical lens or a cylindrical lens, depending on the helicity of the incident light. Helicity-controllable focal line and focal point in the real focal plane, as well as imaging and 1D/2D Fourier transforms, are observed on the same lens. Our work provides a unique tool for polarization imaging, image processing and particle trapping.
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22
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Papaioannou M, Plum E, Valente J, Rogers ETF, Zheludev NI. Two-dimensional control of light with light on metasurfaces. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16070. [PMID: 30167161 PMCID: PMC6059948 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the wavefront of light is fundamental to focusing and redistribution of light, enabling many applications from imaging to spectroscopy. Wave interaction on highly nonlinear photorefractive materials is essentially the only established technology allowing the dynamic control of the wavefront of a light beam with another beam of light, but it is slow and requires large optical power. Here we report a proof-of-principle demonstration of a new technology for two-dimensional (2D) control of light with light based on the coherent interaction of optical beams on highly absorbing plasmonic metasurfaces. We illustrate this by performing 2D all-optical logical operations (AND, XOR and OR) and image processing. Our approach offers diffraction-limited resolution, potentially at arbitrarily-low intensity levels and with 100 THz bandwidth, thus promising new applications in space-division multiplexing, adaptive optics, image correction, processing and recognition, 2D binary optical data processing and reconfigurable optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papaioannou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - João Valente
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Edward TF Rogers
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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23
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Zheludev NI, Plum E. Reconfigurable nanomechanical photonic metamaterials. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:16-22. [PMID: 26740040 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The changing balance of forces at the nanoscale offers the opportunity to develop a new generation of spatially reconfigurable nanomembrane metamaterials in which electromagnetic Coulomb, Lorentz and Ampère forces, as well as thermal stimulation and optical signals, can be engaged to dynamically change their optical properties. Individual building blocks of such metamaterials, the metamolecules, and their arrays fabricated on elastic dielectric membranes can be reconfigured to achieve optical modulation at high frequencies, potentially reaching the gigahertz range. Mechanical and optical resonances enhance the magnitude of actuation and optical response within these nanostructures, which can be driven by electric signals of only a few volts or optical signals with power of only a few milliwatts. We envisage switchable, electro-optical, magneto-optical and nonlinear metamaterials that are compact and silicon-nanofabrication-technology compatible with functionalities surpassing those of natural media by orders of magnitude in some key design parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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24
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Rao SM, Lyons A, Roger T, Clerici M, Zheludev NI, Faccio D. Geometries for the coherent control of four-wave mixing in graphene multilayers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15399. [PMID: 26486075 PMCID: PMC4613863 DOI: 10.1038/srep15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deeply sub-wavelength two-dimensional films may exhibit extraordinarily strong nonlinear effects. Here we show that 2D films exhibit the remarkable property of a phase-controllable nonlinearity, i.e., the amplitude of the nonlinear polarisation wave in the medium can be controlled via the pump beam phase and determines whether a probe beam will "feel" or not the nonlinearity. This is in stark contrast to bulk nonlinearities where propagation in the medium averages out any such phase dependence. We perform a series of experiments in multilayer graphene that highlight some of the consequences of the optical nonlinearity phase-dependence, such as the coherent control of nonlinearly diffracted beams, single-pump-beam induced phase-conjugation and the demonstration of a nonlinear mirror characterised by negative reflection. The observed phase sensitivity is not specific to graphene but rather is solely a result of the dimensionality and is therefore expected in all 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha M Rao
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ashley Lyons
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Thomas Roger
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Matteo Clerici
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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25
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Xiao S, Zhong F, Liu H, Zhu S, Li J. Flexible coherent control of plasmonic spin-Hall effect. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8360. [PMID: 26415636 PMCID: PMC4598558 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface plasmon polariton is an emerging candidate for miniaturizing optoelectronic circuits. Recent demonstrations of polarization-dependent splitting using metasurfaces, including focal-spot shifting and unidirectional propagation, allow us to exploit the spin degree of freedom in plasmonics. However, further progress has been hampered by the inability to generate more complicated and independent surface plasmon profiles for two incident spins, which work coherently together for more flexible and tunable functionalities. Here by matching the geometric phases of the nano-slots on silver to specific superimpositions of the inward and outward surface plasmon profiles for the two spins, arbitrary spin-dependent orbitals can be generated in a slot-free region. Furthermore, motion pictures with a series of picture frames can be assembled and played by varying the linear polarization angle of incident light. This spin-enabled control of orbitals is potentially useful for tip-free near-field scanning microscopy, holographic data storage, tunable plasmonic tweezers, and integrated optical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Xiao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fan Zhong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures & School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jensen Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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26
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Mousavi SA, Plum E, Shi J, Zheludev NI. Coherent control of optical polarization effects in metamaterials. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8977. [PMID: 25755071 PMCID: PMC4354045 DOI: 10.1038/srep08977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of photonic information usually relies on electronics. Aiming to avoid the conversion between photonic and electronic signals, modulation of light with light based on optical nonlinearity has become a major research field and coherent optical effects on the nanoscale are emerging as new means of handling and distributing signals. Here we demonstrate that in slabs of linear material of sub-wavelength thickness optical manifestations of birefringence and optical activity (linear and circular birefringence and dichroism) can be controlled by a wave coherent with the wave probing the polarization effect. We demonstrate this in proof-of-principle experiments for chiral and anisotropic microwave metamaterials, where we show that the large parameter space of polarization characteristics may be accessed at will by coherent control. Such control can be exerted at arbitrarily low intensities, thus arguably allowing for fast handling of electromagnetic signals without facing thermal management and energy challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmohammad A Mousavi
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Eric Plum
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jinhui Shi
- 1] Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK [2] Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- 1] Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK [2] Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637378, Singapore
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