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Kohrell F, Nebgen BR, Spies JA, Hollinger R, Zong A, Uzundal C, Spielmann C, Zuerch M. A solid-state high harmonic generation spectrometer with cryogenic cooling. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:023906. [PMID: 38416040 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state high harmonic generation (sHHG) spectroscopy is a promising technique for studying electronic structure, symmetry, and dynamics in condensed matter systems. Here, we report on the implementation of an advanced sHHG spectrometer based on a vacuum chamber and closed-cycle helium cryostat. Using an in situ temperature probe, it is demonstrated that the sample interaction region retains cryogenic temperature during the application of high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses that generate high harmonics. The presented implementation opens the door for temperature-dependent sHHG measurements down to a few Kelvin, which makes sHHG spectroscopy a new tool for studying phases of matter that emerge at low temperatures, which is particularly interesting for highly correlated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Kohrell
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bailey R Nebgen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jacob A Spies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Richard Hollinger
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alfred Zong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Can Uzundal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian Spielmann
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Zuerch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Tarasov AP, Muslimov AE, Kanevsky VM. Excitonic Mechanisms of Stimulated Emission in Low-Threshold ZnO Microrod Lasers with Whispering Gallery Modes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8723. [PMID: 36556534 PMCID: PMC9786118 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) ZnO microlasers gain attention due to their high Q-factors and ability to provide low-threshold near-UV lasing. However, a detailed understanding of the optical gain mechanisms in such structures has not yet been achieved. In this work, we study the mechanisms of stimulated emission (SE) in hexagonal ZnO microrods, demonstrating high-performance WGM lasing with thresholds down to 10-20 kW/cm2 and Q-factors up to ~3500. The observed SE with a maximum in the range of 3.11-3.17 eV at room temperature exhibits a characteristic redshift upon increasing photoexcitation intensity, which is often attributed to direct recombination in the inverted electron-hole plasma (EHP). We show that the main contribution to room-temperature SE in the microrods studied, at least for near-threshold excitation intensities, is made by inelastic exciton-electron scattering rather than EHP. The shape and perfection of crystals play an important role in the excitation of this emission. At lower temperatures, two competing gain mechanisms take place: exciton-electron scattering and two-phonon assisted exciton recombination. The latter forms emission with a maximum in the region near ~3.17 eV at room temperature without a significant spectral shift, which was observed only from weakly faceted ZnO microcrystals in this study.
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Sun Y, Jiang M, Li B, Xie X, Shan C, Shen D. Electron-hole plasma Fabry-Perot lasing in a Ga-incorporated ZnO microbelt via Ag nanoparticle deposition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:740-753. [PMID: 35209258 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, individual ZnO via Ga-doped (ZnO:Ga) microbelts with excellent crystallinity and smooth facets can enable the realization of lateral microresonator Fabry-Perot (F-P) microlasers, and the F-P lasing action originates from excitonic state. Interestingly, introducing Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) deposited on the microbelt can increase F-P lasing characteristics containing a lower threshold and enhanced lasing output. Especially for the large size AgNPs (the diameter d is approximately 200 nm), the lasing features also exhibit a significant redshift of each lasing peak and an observable broadening of the spectral line width with an increase of the excitation fluence. And the remarkable lasing characteristics are belonging to the electron-hole plasma (EHP) luminescence. The behavior and dynamics of the stimulated radiation in an AgNPs@ZnO:Ga microbelt are studied, suggesting the Mott-transition from the excitonic state to EHP state that is responsible for the F-P lasing. These features can be attributed to the working mechanism that the hot electrons created by the large size AgNPs through nonradiative decay can fill the conduction band of nearby ZnO:Ga, leading to a downward shift of the conduction band edge. This novel filling influence can facilitate bandgap renormalization and result in EHP emission. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the transition between excitonic and EHP states in the stimulated emission process. More importantly, it also can provide new scheme to developing high efficiency and ultra-low threshold microlasing diodes.
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Blake JC, Nieto-Pescador J, Li Z, Gundlach L. Femtosecond Luminescence Imaging for Single Nanoparticle Characterization. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4583-4593. [PMID: 32427477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defects naturally abound in semiconductor crystal structures and their presence either debilitates or improves device functionality. The increasing trend to strategically implant or remove specific defects to tailor the properties in materials via defect engineering has made it imperative to not only quantify these defects in nanostructures but to do so via efficient contactless techniques. Here we report the use of an ultrafast Kerr-gated microscope system to quantify the defect density at different locations on a single nanowire. By measuring the evolution of nonlinear luminescence dynamics from a nanowire, we are able to extract the individual nonradiative recombination constants and obtain the defect density at locations along the nanowire length. This new method promises fast, reliable, and contactless characterization of single nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolie C Blake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jesus Nieto-Pescador
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Zhengxin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Lars Gundlach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Wan P, Jiang M, Tang K, Zhou X, Kan C. Hot electron injection induced electron–hole plasma lasing in a single microwire covered by large size Ag nanoparticles. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00640h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the plasmon-mediated resonant coupling mechanism, plasmon-induced hot electron transfer can provide an alternative approach to construct high-performance optoelectronic devices for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wan
- College of Science
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- China
| | - Mingming Jiang
- College of Science
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- China
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices
| | - Kai Tang
- College of Science
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- China
| | - Xiangbo Zhou
- College of Science
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- China
| | - Caixia Kan
- College of Science
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- China
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices
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Li Z, Jiang M, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Li B, Zhao H, Shan C, Shen D. Electrically pumped Fabry-Perot microlasers from single Ga-doped ZnO microbelt based heterostructure diodes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18774-18785. [PMID: 30276399 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting micro/nanostructures possessing naturally optical waveguiding behaviors and Fabry-Perot (F-P) like resonances are emerging as versatile building blocks for the assembly of photonic and optoelectronic devices, such as photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, lasers and so on. Individual ZnO micro/nanowires with a rectangular cross-section, such as microwires and microbelts possessing naturally smooth facets along both sides for good optical feedback, can be employed as an underlying F-P mode microcavity whilst as the gain medium for light amplification. In this context, electrically pumped F-P mode microlasers comprising a single ZnO:Ga microbelt and p-GaN substrate have been realized. By treating as the precondition, electrically driven exciton-polariton light-emitting behavior was achieved from the heterojunction diodes, which could be ascribed to strong exciton-photon coupling and waveguided nature of the synthesized microbelts. Once the applied bias exceeded the threshold value, an electrically pumped F-P mode lasing behavior could be observed, the lasing peaks centered at 410.5 nm and 450.5 nm respectively, accompanied with a dramatic narrowing of the spectral line-width to be around 1.0 nm emerging on the waveguided emission spectrum. Therefore, the realization of electrically pumped F-P mode lasing using single microbelt based heterojunction diodes opens the door not only to the fabrication of coherent light sources and model systems for waveguided resonators, but also affords a competitive candidate to develop electrically pumped and ultralow threshold polariton lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.3888 Dongnanhu Road, Changchun, 130033, China.
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Zhu Q, Lu J, Wang Y, Qin F, Shi Z, Xu C. Burstein-Moss Effect Behind Au Surface Plasmon Enhanced Intrinsic Emission of ZnO Microdisks. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36194. [PMID: 27805012 PMCID: PMC5090359 DOI: 10.1038/srep36194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, ZnO microdisks with sputtering of Au nanoparticles were prepared to explore their plasmon/exciton coupling effect. An obvious blue shift and enhanced excitonic emission intensity were observed in the PL spectra of as-grown and Au-sputtered ZnO samples at room temperature. The investigation on the absorption spectra and temperature-dependent PL spectra has been demonstrated the Burstein-Moss effect behind the optical phenomena. These results revealed the coupling dynamics between the metal localized surface plasmon and semiconductor exciton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science &Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.,College of Communication and Electronic Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China
| | - Junfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science &Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science &Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Feifei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science &Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zengliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science &Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science &Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Ngo THB, Chien CH, Wu SH, Chang YC. Size and morphology dependent evolution of resonant modes in ZnO microspheres grown by hydrothermal synthesis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16010-16015. [PMID: 27410870 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the correlation between inner morphology, size and whispering gallery mode (WGM) behavior in ZnO microspheres (MSs) grown by hydrothermal method. WGMs in different ZnO microspheres with diameters in the range of 2 - 6 μm were analyzed by a modified refractive index (MRI) scheme. We found that the size dependence of WGMs in our system is more complicated than others because of the appearance of porosity inside each sphere. Such features might account for the refractive index change and peak shift. Despite that, our MRI scheme can detect such complex features and reproduce universal relations between all important quantities of a microsphere WGM resonator.
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Blake JC, Nieto-Pescador J, Li Z, Gundlach L. Ultraviolet femtosecond Kerr-gated wide-field fluorescence microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2462-2465. [PMID: 27244389 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A Kerr-gated microscope capable of imaging ultraviolet luminescence with femtosecond time resolution has been developed. The system allows the spatial, spectral, and temporal measurement of UV-emitting samples. The instrumentation was optimized for emission collection in the UV, resulting in sub 90 fs time resolution of gated signals. ZnO nanowires were used to demonstrate the performance of the instrument. The evolution of the emission from a single nanowire was tracked via ultrafast transient spectroscopy and through sequential imaging. Transient dynamics were extracted from a region of intense emission on a single ZnO nanowire. This technique is a powerful tool capable of contactless ultrafast measurements of charge carrier dynamics in single nanoparticles.
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Nakamura T, Yamamoto T, Adachi S. Temperature dependence of lasing characteristics of irregular-shaped-microparticle ZnO laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:28905-28913. [PMID: 26561159 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.028905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the temperature dependence of the lasing characteristics (lasing peak energy spontaneous emission factor β, and lasing threshold) of an irregular-shaped-ZnO-microparticle laser. The shift of the lasing peak energy with temperature is very small in the range of 120-300 K, thus, indicating that the peak is determined mainly by the resonance energy position of a given cavity mode, and not by the gain spectral peak. On the other hand, β and lasing threshold are strongly dependent on temperature; β reaches a maximum at a particular temperature, whereas the lasing threshold exhibits a minimum. In comparison with the theoretical calculations, it is found that β and lasing threshold are optimum at the temperature at which the spontaneous emission spectral peak is in resonance with the peak of the cavity mode.
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