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Spence D, Dicken A, Downes D, Rogers K, Evans P. Conical shell illumination incorporating a moving aperture for depth-resolved high-energy X-ray diffraction. Analyst 2023; 148:1123-1129. [PMID: 36727261 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01842j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In many applications, the main limitation of X-ray absorption methods is that the signals measured are a function of the attenuation coefficient, which tells us almost nothing about the chemical or crystallographic nature of objects under inspection. To calculate fundamental crystallographic parameters requires the measurement of diffracted photons from a sample. Standard laboratory diffraction methods have been refined for well over a century and provide 'gold standard' structural models for well-prepared samples and single crystals but have little applicability for thick heterogeneous samples as demanded by many screening applications. We present a new high-energy X-ray diffraction probe, which in comparison with previous depth-resolving hollow beam techniques, requires a single beam, point detector and a simple swept aperture to resolve sample signatures at unknown locations within an inspection space. We perform Monte Carlo simulations to support experiments on both single- and multiple-material localisation and identification. The new probe is configured and tested using low-cost commercial components to provide a rapid and cost-effective solution for applications including explosives detection, process control and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spence
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Anthony Dicken
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - David Downes
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Keith Rogers
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon, UK
| | - Paul Evans
- Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Clifton, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
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Chen XH, Xue T, Tan BZ, Li XY, Li J. Iterative diffraction pattern retrieval from a single focal construct geometry image. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721009626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the crystal structure of materials under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature has been revolutionized by major advances in laser-driven dynamic compression and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology. Instead of the well known Debye–Scherrer configuration, the focal construct geometry (FCG) was introduced to produce high-intensity diffraction data from laser-based in situ XRD experiments without increasing the amount of laser energy, but the resulting reflections suffered from profoundly asymmetrical broadening, leading to inaccuracy in determination of the crystal structure. Inspired by fast-neutron energy spectrum measurements, proposed here is an iterative retrieval method for recovering diffraction data from a single FCG image. This iterative algorithm restores both the peak shape and relative intensity with rapid convergence and requires no prior knowledge about the expected diffraction pattern, allowing the FCG to increase the in situ XRD intensity while simultaneously preserving the angular resolution. The feasibility and validity of the method are shown by successful recovery of the diffraction pattern from both a single simulated FCG image and a single laser-based nanosecond XRD measurement.
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Chen X, Li B, Xue T, Li J. Focal construct geometry for high-intensity x-ray diffraction from laser-shocked polycrystalline. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:083908. [PMID: 32872935 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of dynamic experiments, especially those involving laser drive, are employing in situ x-ray diffraction as a probe to interrogate structure evolution between states of matter under extreme pressure and temperature. We present an alternative configuration, focal construct geometry, for in situ x-ray diffraction to measure the structure and evolution of dynamically compressed polycrystalline materials on a laser platform. This configuration makes full use of the isotropically emitted He-α x rays by employing an annular (or semi-annular) collimator rather than a regular pinhole collimator and thus increases the flux of incident x rays reaching the sample as well as the intensity of the diffracted x rays, enabling the detection of a diffraction pattern with less laser energy. Its effectiveness and applicability are validated against the conventional Debye-Scherrer geometry through direct molecular dynamics simulations and x-ray diffraction simulations for two representative shock-induced phase transition events, solid-solid and solid-liquid (or melting). This configuration reproduces all the Debye-Scherrer diffraction profiles in good accuracy and demonstrates superior efficiency in utilizing the isotropic x-ray source and harvesting diffracted x rays while preserving the angular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoHui Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
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Shevchuk A, Evans JPO, Dicken AJ, Elarnaut F, Downes D, Godber SX, Rogers KD. Combined X-ray diffraction and absorption tomography using a conical shell beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:21092-21101. [PMID: 31510192 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.021092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We combine diffraction and absorption tomography by raster scanning samples through a hollow cone of pseudo monochromatic X-rays with a mean energy of 58.4 keV. A single image intensifier takes 90x90 (x,y) snapshots during the scan. We demonstrate a proof-of-principle of our technique using a heterogeneous three-dimensional (x,y,z) phantom (90x90x170 mm3) comprised of different material phases, i.e., copper and sodium chlorate. Each snapshot enables the simultaneous measurement of absorption contrast and diffracted flux. The axial resolution was ~1 mm along the (x,y) orthogonal scan directions and ~7 mm along the z-axis. The tomosynthesis of diffracted flux measurements enable the calculation of d-spacing values with ~0.1 Å full width at half maximum (FWHM) at ~2 Å. Thus the identified materials may be color-coded in the absorption optical sections. Characterization of specific material phases is of particular interest in security screening for the identification of narcotics and a wide range of homemade explosives concealed within complex "everyday objects." Other potential application areas include process control and biological imaging.
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Dicken AJ, Evans JPO, Rogers KD, Prokopiou D, Godber SX, Elarnaut F, Shevchuk A, Downes D, Wilson M. Confocal energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction tomography employing a conical shell beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19834-19841. [PMID: 31503738 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new high-energy X-ray diffraction tomography technique for volumetric materials characterization. In this method, a conical shell beam is raster scanned through the samples. A central aperture optically couples the diffracted flux from the samples onto a pixelated energy-resolving detector. Snapshot measurements taken during the scan enable the construction of depth-resolved dark-field section images. The calculation of d-spacing values enables the mapping of material phase in a volumetric image. We demonstrate our technique using five ~15 mm thick, axially separated samples placed within a polymer tray of the type used routinely in airport security stations. Our method has broad analytical utility due to scalability in both scan size and X-ray energy. Additional application areas include medical diagnostics, materials science, and process control.
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Dicken AJ, Evans JPO, Rogers KD, Prokopiou D, Godber SX, Wilson M. Depth resolved snapshot energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction using a conical shell beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:21321-21328. [PMID: 29041431 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.021321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel imaging architecture to collect range encoded diffraction patterns from overlapping samples in a single conical shell projection. The patterns were measured in the dark area encompassed by the beam via a centrally positioned aperture optically coupled to a pixelated energy-resolving detector. We show that a single exposure measurement of 0.3 mAs enables d-spacing values to be calculated. The axial positions of the samples were not required and the resultant measurements were robust in the presence of crystallographic textures. Our results demonstrate rapid volumetric materials characterization and the potential for a direct imaging method, which is of great relevance to applications in medicine, non-destructive testing and security screening.
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YangDai T, Zhang L. Spectral unmixing method for multi-pixel energy dispersive x-ray diffraction systems. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:907-915. [PMID: 28158097 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An algorithm of spectral unmixing (SU) is presented, allowing the improvement of material classification accuracy based on the low spatial resolution images obtained by multi-pixel energy dispersive x-ray diffraction (EDXRD) systems. The method, which consists of signal subspace identification and endmember extraction, performs well even when the pixel count is rather small. Combined with SU, EDXRD has been utilized for liquid security screening for the first time. The spectra and abundance distributions of endmembers are extracted from the measured data sets corresponding to objects of different material composition, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed method.
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Evans JPO, Godber SX, Elarnaut F, Downes D, Dicken AJ, Rogers KD. X-ray absorption tomography employing a conical shell beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:29048-29059. [PMID: 27958570 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate depth-resolved absorption imaging by scanning an object through a conical shell of X-rays. We measure ring shaped projections and apply tomosynthesis to extract optical sections at different axial focal plane positions. Three-dimensional objects have been imaged to validate our theoretical treatment. The novel principle of our method is scalable with respect to both scan size and X-ray energy. A driver for this work is to complement previously reported methods concerning the measurement of diffracted X-rays for structural analysis. The prospect of employing conical shell beams to combine both absorption and diffraction modalities would provide enhanced analytical utility and has many potential applications in security screening, process control and diagnostic imaging.
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Zhang L, YangDai T. Determination of liquid's molecular interference function based on X-ray diffraction and dual-energy CT in security screening. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 114:179-87. [PMID: 27239986 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for deriving the molecular interference function (MIF) of an unknown liquid for security screening is presented. Based on the effective atomic number reconstructed from dual-energy computed tomography (CT), equivalent molecular formula of the liquid is estimated. After a series of optimizations, the MIF and a new effective atomic number are finally obtained from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile. The proposed method generates more accurate results with less sensitivity to the noise and data deficiency of the XRD profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Tianyi YangDai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, China
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Li F, Liu Z, Sun T, Jiang B, Zhu Y. Focal construct geometry for high intensity energy dispersive x-ray diffraction based on x-ray capillary optics. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:104201. [PMID: 26979685 DOI: 10.1063/1.4943268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We presented a focal construct geometry (FCG) method for high intensity energy dispersive X-ray diffraction by utilizing a home-made ellipsoidal single-bounce capillary (ESBC) and a polycapillary parallel X-ray lens (PPXRL). The ESBC was employed to focus the X-rays from a conventional laboratory source into a small focal spot and to produce an annular X-ray beam in the far-field. Additionally, diffracted polychromatic X-rays were confocally collected by the PPXRL attached to a stationary energy-resolved detector. Our FCG method based on ESBC and PPXRL had achieved relatively high intensity diffraction peaks and effectively narrowed the diffraction peak width which was helpful in improving the potential d-spacing resolution for material phase analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzuo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Beam Technology and Materials Modification of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Beam Technology and Materials Modification of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tianxi Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Beam Technology and Materials Modification of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bowen Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Beam Technology and Materials Modification of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Beam Technology and Materials Modification of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Dicken AJ, Evans JPO, Rogers KD, Stone N, Greenwood C, Godber SX, Prokopiou D, Clement JG, Lyburn ID, Martin RM, Zioupos P. X-ray diffraction from bone employing annular and semi-annular beams. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:5803-12. [PMID: 26159892 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/15/5803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a compelling need for accurate, low cost diagnostics to identify osteo-tissues that are associated with a high risk of fracture within an individual. To satisfy this requirement the quantification of bone characteristics such as 'bone quality' need to exceed that provided currently by densitometry. Bone mineral chemistry and microstructure can be determined from coherent x-ray scatter signatures of bone specimens. Therefore, if these signatures can be measured, in vivo, to an appropriate accuracy it should be possible by extending terms within a fracture risk model to improve fracture risk prediction.In this preliminary study we present an examination of a new x-ray diffraction technique that employs hollow annular and semi-annular beams to measure aspects of 'bone quality'. We present diffractograms obtained with our approach from ex vivo bone specimens at Mo Kα and W Kα energies. Primary data is parameterized to provide estimates of bone characteristics and to indicate the precision with which these can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Dicken
- Imaging Science Group, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Farrell ME, Holthoff EL, Pellegrino PM. Raman Detection of improvised explosive device (IED) material fabricated using drop-on-demand Inkjet Technology on several real world surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2176553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Dicken AJ, Evans JPO, Rogers KD, Greenwood C, Godber SX, Prokopiou D, Stone N, Clement JG, Lyburn I, Martin RM, Zioupos P. Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction using an annular beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:13443-13454. [PMID: 26074592 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.013443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate material phase identification by measuring polychromatic diffraction spots from samples at least 20 mm in diameter and up to 10 mm thick with an energy resolving point detector. Within our method an annular X-ray beam in the form of a conical shell is incident with its symmetry axis normal to an extended polycrystalline sample. The detector is configured to receive diffracted flux transmitted through the sample and is positioned on the symmetry axis of the annular beam. We present the experiment data from a range of different materials and demonstrate the acquisition of useful data with sub-second collection times of 0.5 s; equating to 0.15 mAs. Our technique should be highly relevant in fields that demand rapid analytical methods such as medicine, security screening and non-destructive testing.
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