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Kim T, Yun KS. Photonic synaptic transistors with new electron trapping layer for high performance and ultra-low power consumption. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12583. [PMID: 37537256 PMCID: PMC10400596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photonic synaptic transistors are being investigated for their potential applications in neuromorphic computing and artificial vision systems. Recently, a method for establishing a synaptic effect by preventing the recombination of electron-hole pairs by forming an energy barrier with a double-layer consisting of a channel and a light absorption layer has shown effective results. We report a triple-layer device created by coating a novel electron-trapping layer between the light-absorption layer and the gate-insulating layer. Compared to the conventional double-layer photonic synaptic structure, our triple-layer device significantly reduces the recombination rate, resulting in improved performance in terms of the output photocurrent and memory characteristics. Furthermore, our photonic synaptic transistor possesses excellent synaptic properties, such as paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), short-term potentiation (STP), and long-term potentiation (LTP), and demonstrates a good response to a low operating voltage of - 0.1 mV. The low power consumption experiment shows a very low energy consumption of 0.01375 fJ per spike. These findings suggest a way to improve the performance of future neuromorphic devices and artificial vision systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Kwang-Seok Yun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea.
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Shafian S, Kim K. Panchromatically Responsive Organic Photodiodes utilizing a Noninvasive Narrowband Color Electrode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53012-53020. [PMID: 33172259 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic photodiodes (OPDs) are emerging as potential candidates in image sensors owing to their high sensitivity and submicron photoactive layer thickness. For OPDs to be more competitive, it is necessary to develop an economical fabrication process and improve their narrowband spectral response from visible to near-infrared (NIR). In this study, panchromatic OPDs with a remarkable narrowband response from visible to NIR are developed by integrating a solution-processed optical filter-electrode (OF-electrode) and a panchromatic organic photoactive layer. Solution-processable TiO2 nanoparticles (sTNPs) bound to an acetylacetone ligand are used to construct the OF-electrode, which had the structure Ag/sTNP/Ag, and a ternary blend of a polymer donor, a nonfullerene acceptor, and a fullerene acceptor is used for preparing the panchromatic organic photoactive layer. Direct integration of the OF-electrode with the organic photoactive layer eliminates the need for additional OF installation, without damaging the underlying organic photoactive layer. Variation of the sTNP layer thickness controls the color filtering wavelength to vary from visible to NIR, with exceptionally narrow full width at half-maximum (fwhm) values of 48-82 nm and transparency values of 50-70%. Owing to their selective response for the desired color and their capability to minimize noise from other colors, the OPDs exhibit high sensitivity values of 2.82 × 1012, 3.02 × 1012, and 3.94 × 1012 cm Hz0.5/W (Jones) with narrow fwhm values of 110, 91, and 75 nm at a peak transmittance exceeding 65% for blue, green, and red, respectively. Furthermore, they detect NIR light at a wavelength of 950 nm with a narrow fwhm value of 51 nm and a high sensitivity of 3.78 × 1012 cm Hz0.5/W (Jones).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafidah Shafian
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Kyungkon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Sim KM, Yoon S, Cho J, Jang MS, Chung DS. Facile Tuning the Detection Spectrum of Organic Thin Film Photodiode via Selective Exciton Activation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8405-8410. [PMID: 29488369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we introduce a method of tuning the high-detectivity spectra of the organic photodiode (OPD) to fabricate a thin-film filter-less full-color image sensor. The strategically introduced PIN junction enables a selective activation of excitons generated from the photons with low extinction coefficient in the active layer such that the separated holes/electrons can contribute to the external current. In addition, we show that a well-defined PIN junction blocks the injection of nonallowed charge carriers, leading to very low dark current and near-ideal diode characteristics. Consequently, the high specific detectivity over 1.0 × 1012 Jones are observed from R/G/B-selective thin-film OPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Min Sim
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Yoon
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwhan Cho
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Jang
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Xing S, Zheng Y, Kong J, Yu J, Taylor AD. Three-Phase Morphology Evolution in Sequentially Solution-Processed Polymer Photodetector: Toward Low Dark Current and High Photodetectivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:3856-3864. [PMID: 29338189 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sequentially solution-processed polymer photodetectors (SSP PPDs) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) are fabricated by depositing the top layers of PC71BM from an appropriate cosolvent of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP)/o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) onto the predeposited bottom layers of P3HT. By adjusting the ratio of 2-CP/ODCB in the top PC71BM layers, the resulting SSP PPD shows a decreased dark current and an increased photocurrent, leading to a maximum detectivity of 1.23 × 1012 Jones at a wavelength of 550 nm. This value is 5.3-fold higher than that of the conventional bulk heterojunction PPD. Morphology studies reveal that the PC71BM partially penetrates the predeposited P3HT layer during the spin-coating process, resulting in an optimal three-phase morphology with one well-mixed interdiffusion P3HT/PC71BM phase in the middle of the bulk and two pure phases of P3HT and PC71BM at the two electrode sides. We show that the pure phases form high Schottky barriers (>2.0 eV) at the active layer/electrodes interface and efficiently block unfavorable reverse charge carrier injection by significantly decreasing the dark current. The interdiffussion phase enlarges the donor-acceptor interfacial area leading to a large photocurrent. We also reveal that the improved performance of SSP PPDs is also due to the enhanced optical absorption, improved P3HT crystallinity, increased charge carrier mobilities, and suppressed bimolecular recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Shen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jaemin Kong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University , New York, New York 11201, United States
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - André D Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University , New York, New York 11201, United States
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Jang MS, Yoon S, Sim KM, Cho J, Chung DS. Spatial Confinement of the Optical Sensitizer to Realize a Thin Film Organic Photodetector with High Detectivity and Thermal Stability. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:8-12. [PMID: 29235350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A thin film planar heterojunction organic photodetector (PHJ-OPD) is demonstrated. Different from a conventional sensitizer-doped photodetector, the limited spatial distribution of sensitizer in a PHJ-OPD enables significantly reduced thickness of the active layer without allowing the formation of unnecessary trap sites and electron percolation pathways. As a result, peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 120 700% and detectivity over 1013 Jones are demonstrated with thin active layer thickness of 150 nm, which can be a significant benefit for high-resolution image sensor application. Furthermore, the operating voltage can be decreased to -5 V while maintaining high detectivity over 1012 Jones. Remarkable thermal stability is also observed with minor change in detectivity for 2 h of continuous operation at 60 °C due to morphological robustness of PHJ. This work opens up a possibility of using a thin film PHJ-OPD as a key unit of high-resolution image sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Jang
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Yoon
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Sim
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwhan Cho
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Zhu L, Hu Y, Deng Z, Lou Z, Hou Y, Teng F. High sensitivity and fast response solution processed polymer photodetectors with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) modified ITO electrode. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7719-7729. [PMID: 28380890 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most organic photodetectors utilize a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photo-active film due to its high exciton dissociation efficiency. However, the low dark current density, a key role in determining the overall performance of photodetectors, is hardly achieved in the BHJ structure since both the donor and acceptor domains are in contact with the same electrode. The most popular strategy to overcome this problem is by fabricating bilayer or multilayer devices. However, the complicated fabrication process is a challenge for printing electronics. In this work, we demonstrate a solution processed polymer photodetector based on a poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): (phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester) (PC61BM) blend film with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) modified ITO electrode. The transparent PEIE efficiently blocks the unnecessary electronic charge injection between the active film and the electrode, which dramatically decrease the dark current. Under illumination, the photoexcited charges accumulated in the PEIE modified ITO region finally can tunnel through the barrier with the help of the applied reverse bias, leading to a large photocurrent. Therefore, the resulting polymer photodetector shows a 2.48 × 104 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under -0.3 V bias and an 11.4 MHz bandwidth across the visible spectra under a small reverse bias of 0.5 V. The maximum EQE of 3250% in the visible wavelength is obtained for the polymer photodetector at -1 V under 370 nm (3.07 μW/cm2) illumination. This solution processed polymer photodetector manufacturing is highly compatible with the flexible, low-cost, and large area organic electronic technologies.
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Eom SH, Nam SY, Do HJ, Lee J, Jeon S, Shin TJ, Jung IH, Yoon SC, Lee C. Dark current reduction strategies using edge-on aligned donor polymers for high detectivity and responsivity organic photodetectors. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The difluorobenzene-incorporated polymer showed strong ordering in edge-on mode, resulting in a significant reduction in the leakage current, and thus PFBT2OBT:PC70BM devices showed highly improved detectivity of over 1013 Jones at −2V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Eom
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Nam
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Do
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials
| | - Sangho Jeon
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Jung
- Department of Chemistry
- Kookmin University
- Seoul 02707
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Cheol Yoon
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials
| | - Changjin Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 34114
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials
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Wang T, Hu Y, Deng Z, Wang Y, Lv L, Zhu L, Lou Z, Hou Y, Teng F. High sensitivity, fast response and low operating voltage organic photodetectors by incorporating a water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymer anode buffer layer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26750e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the high sensitivity, fast response and low operating voltage organic photodetectors by incorporating an anode buffer layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiening Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing JiaoTong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing JiaoTong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Zhenbo Deng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing JiaoTong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing JiaoTong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Longfeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing JiaoTong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing JiaoTong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Zhidong Lou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing JiaoTong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Yanbing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing JiaoTong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Feng Teng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information
- Ministry of Education
- Beijing JiaoTong University
- Beijing 100044
- China
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Sung MJ, Yoon S, Kwon SK, Kim YH, Chung DS. Synthesis of Phenanthro[1,10,9,8-cdefg]carbazole-Based Conjugated Polymers for Green-Selective Organic Photodiodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31172-31178. [PMID: 27934249 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A push-pull-type donor copolymer, named PP-TPD, was synthesized with the Suzuki coupling reaction using 6H-phenanthro[1,10,9,8-cdefg]carbazole (PCZ) as the donor unit and 1,3-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-5-octyl-4H-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6(5H)-dione (TPD) as the acceptor unit. The synthesized PP-TPD was systematically investigated in terms of crystallinity and thermal, electrical, electrochemical, and optical properties. PP-TPD revealed green-selective absorption with a narrow full width at half-maximum of 138 nm. Green-selective organic photodiodes (OPDs) were constructed using PP-TPD as the green-absorbing donor and ZnO as the nonabsorbing acceptor material. The fabricated OPDs exhibited an extremely low dark current of 0.68 nA/cm2 at -5 V and a high detectivity above 1012 Jones at 550 nm. Moreover, they showed a sufficiently high 3-dB frequency and a linear dynamic range, similar to those of ideal-operating OPDs. The origin and physics background of the observed low dark current and high detectivity are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jae Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Seongwon Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Soon-Ki Kwon
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and ERI, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Shafian S, Hwang H, Kim K. Near infrared organic photodetector utilizing a double electron blocking layer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:25308-25316. [PMID: 27828469 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.025308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A near infrared organic photodiode (OPD) utilizing a double electron blocking layer (EBL) fabricated by the sequential deposition of molybdenum (VI) oxide (MoO3) and poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is reported. The double EBL improves the on/off current ratio of OPD up to 1.36 x 104 at -1V, which is one order of magnitude higher than PEDOT:PSS single EBL (2.45 x 103) and three orders of magnitude higher than that of MoO3 single EBL (7.86). The detectivity at near infrared (800 nm) at -1V is 4.90 x 1011 Jones, which is 2.83 times higher than the PEDOT:PSS single EBL and 2 magnitudes higher compared to the MoO3 single EBL.
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