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Lee J, Jang WH, Shim S, Kim B, Jang WS, Myung JK, Park S, Kim KH. Characterization of early-stage cutaneous radiation injury by using optical coherence tomography angiography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2652-2664. [PMID: 32499950 PMCID: PMC7249837 DOI: 10.1364/boe.387400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous radiation injury (CRI) is a skin injury caused by exposure to high dose ionizing radiation (IR). Diagnosis and treatment of CRI is difficult due to its initial clinically latent period and the following inflammatory bursts. Early detection of CRI before clinical symptoms will be helpful for effective treatment, and various optical methods have been applied with limitations. Here we show that optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) could detect changes in the skin during the latent period in CRI mouse models non-invasively. CRI was induced on the mouse hindlimb with exposure to various IR doses and the injured skin regions were imaged longitudinally by OCTA until the onset of clinical symptoms. OCTA detected several changes in the skin including the skin thickening, the dilation of large blood vessels, and the irregularity in vessel boundaries. Some of OCTA findings were confirmed by histology. The study results showed that OCTA could be used for early CRI detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungbin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Jang
- Divison of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Centre, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Bumju Kim
- Divison of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Won-Suk Jang
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Myung
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Centre, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Centre, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
- Divison of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
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2
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Seo E, Yoon GY, Kim HN, Lim JH, Kim S, Kim B, Kim KH, Lee SJ. Morphological features of mucous secretory organ and mucous secretion of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus skin for friction drag reduction. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:83-91. [PMID: 31664721 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined the functional morphology of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus skin by using synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography (SR-μCT) and high-contrast staining using osmium tetroxide or phosphotungstic acid (PTA), which enhances the image contrast of soft tissues. The captured high-spatial resolution images revealed that the surface ornamentations were stuck in the basement membrane of the loach scales. The ornamentations consisting of grooves (radii) and ridges (circuli) that can move freely and bend flexibly. The cross-sectional lateral microstructures of flat, concave and convex loach skins were observed from a live image of loach skin obtained through dark-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. The thickness of loach skin was changed with varying empty space between the mucous-cell layer and the scales by bending motion of loach. In addition, through direct measurement of drag reduction of loach skin, the mucous layer was found to have a strong influence on the reduction of skin friction. The present results enhance the understanding of the functional morphologies of mucous layer of loach to secrete mucus for skin friction reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunseok Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Gun-Young Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hae-Nyeok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jae H Lim
- Industrial Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accerlerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Seonghan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Bumju Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (IBB), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Ki H Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sang J Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
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3
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Yoon C, Qi Y, Mestre H, Canavesi C, Marola OJ, Cogliati A, Nedergaard M, Libby RT, Rolland JP. Gabor domain optical coherence microscopy combined with laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:6242-6257. [PMID: 31853397 PMCID: PMC6913392 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.006242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of fluorescence Gabor domain optical coherence microscopy (Fluo GD-OCM), a combination of GD-OCM with laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy (LSCFM) for synchronous micro-structural and fluorescence imaging. The dynamic focusing capability of GD-OCM provided the adaptive illumination environment for both modalities without any mechanical movement. Using Fluo GD-OCM, we imaged ex vivo DsRed-expressing cells in the brain of a transgenic mouse, as well as Cy3-labeled ganglion cells and Cy3-labeled astrocytes from a mouse retina. The self-registration of images taken by the two different imaging modalities showed the potential for a correlative study of subjects and double identification of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsik Yoon
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Wilmot Building, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Robert B. Goergen Hall, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Cristina Canavesi
- LighTopTech Corp., 150 Lucius Gordon Dr., Ste 201, West Henrietta, New York 14586, USA
| | - Olivia J. Marola
- Flaum Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Andrea Cogliati
- LighTopTech Corp., 150 Lucius Gordon Dr., Ste 201, West Henrietta, New York 14586, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Richard T. Libby
- Flaum Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Jannick P. Rolland
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Wilmot Building, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Robert B. Goergen Hall, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- LighTopTech Corp., 150 Lucius Gordon Dr., Ste 201, West Henrietta, New York 14586, USA
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Jeon EY, Lee J, Kim BJ, Joo KI, Kim KH, Lim G, Cha HJ. Bio-inspired swellable hydrogel-forming double-layered adhesive microneedle protein patch for regenerative internal/external surgical closure. Biomaterials 2019; 222:119439. [PMID: 31465886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant tissue damage, scarring, and an intense inflammatory response remain the greatest concerns for conventional wound closure options, including sutures and staples. In particular, wound closure in internal organs poses major clinical challenges due to air/fluid leakage, local ischemia, and subsequent impairment of healing. Herein, to overcome these limitations, inspired by endoparasites that swell their proboscis to anchor to host's intestines, we developed a hydrogel-forming double-layered adhesive microneedle (MN) patch consisting of a swellable mussel adhesive protein (MAP)-based shell and a non-swellable silk fibroin (SF)-based core. By possessing tissue insertion capability (7-times greater than the force for porcine skin penetration), MAP-derived surface adhesion, and selective swelling-mediated physical entanglement, our hydrogel-forming adhesive MN patch achieved ex vivo superior wound sealing capacity against luminal leaks (139.7 ± 14.1 mmHg), which was comparable to suture (151.0 ± 23.3 mmHg), as well as in vivo excellent performance for wet and/or dynamic external and internal tissues. Collectively, our bioinspired adhesive MN patch can be successfully used in diverse practical applications ranging from vascular and gastrointestinal wound healing to transdermal delivery for pro-regenerative or anti-inflammatory agents to target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jungho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Bum Ju Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kye Il Joo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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5
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Han C, Jeong D, Kim B, Jo W, Kang H, Cho S, Kim KH, Park J. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Engineered Nanovesicles for Accelerated Skin Wound Closure. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1534-1543. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chungmin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro,
Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayeong Jeong
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumju Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonju Jo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro,
Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwoo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro,
Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro,
Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro,
Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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Marchand PJ, Szlag D, Extermann J, Bouwens A, Nguyen D, Rudin M, Lasser T. Imaging of cortical structures and microvasculature using extended-focus optical coherence tomography at 1.3 μm. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:1782-1785. [PMID: 29652363 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extended-focus optical coherence tomography (xf-OCT) is a variant of optical coherence tomography (OCT) wherein the illumination and/or detection modes are engineered to provide a constant diffractionless lateral resolution over an extended depth of field (typically 3 to 10× the Rayleigh range). xf-OCT systems operating at 800 nm have been devised and used in the past to image brain structures at high-resolution in vivo, but are limited to ∼500 μm in penetration depth due to their short illumination wavelength. Here we present an xf-OCT system optimized to an image deeper within the cortex by using a longer illumination central wavelength of 1310 nm. The system offers a lateral resolution of 3 and 6.5 μm, over a depth of 900 μm and >1.5 mm using a 10× and 5× objective, respectively, in air. We characterize the system's resolution using microbeads embedded in PDMS and demonstrate its capabilities by imaging the cortical structure and microvasculature in anesthetized mice to a depth of ∼0.8 mm. Finally, we illustrate the difference in penetration depths obtainable with the new system and an xf-OCT system operating at 800 nm.
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Kwon S, Yoon Y, Kim B, Jang WH, Oh B, Chung KY, Kim KH. Dermoscopy guided dark-field multi-functional optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1372-1381. [PMID: 28663834 PMCID: PMC5480549 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dermoscopy is a skin surface microscopic technique allowing specular reflection free observation of the skin, and has been used to examine pigmented skin lesions. However, dermoscopy has limitations in providing depth information due to lack of 3D resolution. In order to overcome the limitations, we developed dermoscopy guided multi-functional optical coherence tomography (MF-OCT) providing both high-contrast superficial information and depth-resolved structural, birefringent, and vascular information of the skin simultaneously. Dermoscopy and MF-OCT were combined by using a dichroic mirror, and dark-field configuration was adapted for MF-OCT to reduce specular reflection. After characterization, dermoscopy guided MF-OCT was applied to several human skin lesions such as the scar, port-wine stain (PWS) as well as the normal skin for demonstration. Various features of the scar and PWS were elucidated by both dermoscopy and MF-OCT. Dermoscopy guided MF-OCT may be useful for evaluation and treatment monitoring of skin lesions in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonjae Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yeoreum Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bumju Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Jang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Byungho Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University, College of Medicine, 56, Dalseong-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41931, South Korea
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Departments of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
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8
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Yoon Y, Jeon SH, Park YH, Jang WH, Lee JY, Kim KH. Visualization of prostatic nerves by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3170-3183. [PMID: 27699090 PMCID: PMC5030002 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of prostatic nerves is critical to recovery of a man's sexual potency after radical prostatectomy. A real-time imaging method of prostatic nerves will be helpful for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (NSRP). Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), which provides both structural and birefringent information of tissue, was applied for detection of prostatic nerves in both rat and human prostate specimens, ex vivo. PS-OCT imaging of rat prostate specimens visualized highly scattering and birefringent fibrous structures superficially, and these birefringent structures were confirmed to be nerves by histology or multiphoton microscopy (MPM). PS-OCT could easily distinguish these birefringent structures from surrounding other tissue compartments such as prostatic glands and fats. PS-OCT imaging of human prostatectomy specimens visualized two different birefringent structures, appearing fibrous and sheet-like. The fibrous ones were confirmed to be nerves by histology, and the sheet-like ones were considered to be fascias surrounding the human prostate. PS-OCT imaging of human prostatectomy specimens along the perimeter showed spatial variation in the amount of birefringent fibrous structures which was consistent with anatomy. These results demonstrate the feasibility of PS-OCT for detection of prostatic nerves, and this study will provide a basis for intraoperative use of PS-OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoreum Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Jeon
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137–040, South Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Park
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137–040, South Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Jang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137–040, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
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9
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Jiang L, Yin T, Dong Z, Liao M, Tan SJ, Goh XM, Allioux D, Hu H, Li X, Yang JKW, Shen Z. Accurate Modeling of Dark-Field Scattering Spectra of Plasmonic Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10039-46. [PMID: 26344543 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dark-field microscopy is a widely used tool for measuring the optical resonance of plasmonic nanostructures. However, current numerical methods for simulating the dark-field scattering spectra were carried out with plane wave illumination either at normal incidence or at an oblique angle from one direction. In actual experiments, light is focused onto the sample through an annular ring within a range of glancing angles. In this paper, we present a theoretical model capable of accurately simulating the dark-field light source with an annular ring. Simulations correctly reproduce a counterintuitive blue shift in the scattering spectra from gold nanodisks with a diameter beyond 140 nm. We believe that our proposed simulation method can be potentially applied as a general tool capable of simulating the dark-field scattering spectra of plasmonic nanostructures as well as other dielectric nanostructures with sizes beyond the quasi-static limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Jiang
- Nanophotonic Laboratory, Department of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, China
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Tingting Yin
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Mingyi Liao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Shawn J Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - Xiao Ming Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
| | - David Allioux
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Hailong Hu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Xiangyin Li
- Nanophotonic Laboratory, Department of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
- Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Zexiang Shen
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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