1
|
Amooghorban E, Wubs M. Quantum Optical Effective-Medium Theory for Layered Metamaterials at Any Angle of Incidence. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:291. [PMID: 36678047 PMCID: PMC9861691 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The quantum optics of metamaterials starts with the question of whether the same effective-medium theories apply as in classical optics. In general, the answer is negative. For active plasmonics but also for some passive metamaterials, we show that an additional effective-medium parameter is indispensable besides the effective index, namely, the effective noise-photon distribution. Only with the extra parameter can one predict how well the quantumness of states of light is preserved in the metamaterial. The fact that the effective index alone is not always sufficient and that one additional effective parameter suffices in the quantum optics of metamaterials is both of fundamental and practical interest. Here, from a Lagrangian description of the quantum electrodynamics of media with both linear gain and loss, we compute the effective noise-photon distribution for quantum light propagation in arbitrary directions in layered metamaterials, thereby detailing and generalizing our previous work. The effective index with its direction and polarization dependence is the same as in classical effective-medium theories. As our main result, we derive both for passive and for active media how the value of the effective noise-photon distribution too depends on the polarization and propagation directions of the light. Interestingly, for s-polarized light incident on passive metamaterials, the noise-photon distribution reduces to a thermal distribution, but for p-polarized light it does not. We illustrate the robustness of our quantum optical effective-medium theory by accurate predictions both for power spectra and for balanced homodyne detection of output quantum states of the metamaterial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Amooghorban
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box 115, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box 115, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran
| | - Martijn Wubs
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton—Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Here, we present blueprints for three types of ultra-thin beam splitters based on versatile fishnet metamaterial structures at the 1.55 μ m optical communication wavelength. The thicknesses of the designed polarizing beam splitter and partially polarizing beam splitter are 1/26 of the free-space wavelength, while the thickness of the non-polarizing beam splitter is 1/13 of the free-space wavelength. Numerical simulations show that, compared to other miniaturization approaches including popular dielectric metasurfaces, metal-based metamaterial approach can provide much thinner beam splitters with reasonable performance. Such beam splitters can enable miniaturization of conventional and advanced quantum photonic systems towards higher density, scalability, and functionality.
Collapse
|
3
|
Asano M, Bechu M, Tame M, Kaya Özdemir Ş, Ikuta R, Güney DÖ, Yamamoto T, Yang L, Wegener M, Imoto N. Distillation of photon entanglement using a plasmonic metamaterial. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18313. [PMID: 26670790 PMCID: PMC4680945 DOI: 10.1038/srep18313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonics is a rapidly emerging platform for quantum state engineering with the potential for building ultra-compact and hybrid optoelectronic devices. Recent experiments have shown that despite the presence of decoherence and loss, photon statistics and entanglement can be preserved in single plasmonic systems. This preserving ability should carry over to plasmonic metamaterials, whose properties are the result of many individual plasmonic systems acting collectively, and can be used to engineer optical states of light. Here, we report an experimental demonstration of quantum state filtering, also known as entanglement distillation, using a metamaterial. We show that the metamaterial can be used to distill highly entangled states from less entangled states. As the metamaterial can be integrated with other optical components this work opens up the intriguing possibility of incorporating plasmonic metamaterials in on-chip quantum state engineering tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Asano
- Department of Material Engineering Science, Graduate School of
Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka
560-8531, Japan
| | - Muriel Bechu
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mark Tame
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
Durban
4001, South Africa
- National Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
4001, South Africa
| | - Şahin Kaya Özdemir
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington
University, St. Louis, MO 63130,
USA
| | - Rikizo Ikuta
- Department of Material Engineering Science, Graduate School of
Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka
560-8531, Japan
| | - Durdu Ö. Güney
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan
Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931,
USA
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Material Engineering Science, Graduate School of
Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka
560-8531, Japan
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington
University, St. Louis, MO 63130,
USA
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nobuyuki Imoto
- Department of Material Engineering Science, Graduate School of
Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka
560-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang TJ, Wang C. High-efficient entanglement distillation from photon loss and decoherence. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:31550-31563. [PMID: 26698778 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.031550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We illustrate an entanglement distillation protocol (EDP) for a mixed photon-ensemble which composed of four kinds of entangled states and vacuum states. Exploiting the linear optics and local entanglement resource (four-qubit entangled GHZ state), we design the nondemolition parity-checking and qubit amplifying (PCQA) setup for photonic polarization degree of freedom which are the key device of our scheme. With the PCQA setup, a high-fidelity entangled photon-pair system can be achieved against the transmission losses and the decoherence in noisy channels. And in the available purification range for our EDP, the fidelity of this ensemble can be improved to the maximal value through iterated operations. Compared to the conventional entanglement purification schemes, our scheme largely reduces the initialization requirement of the distilled mixed quantum system, and overcomes the difficulties posed by inherent channel losses during photon transmission. All these advantages make this scheme more useful in the practical applications of long-distance quantum communication.
Collapse
|