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Yuan Y, Sun R, Xu C, Ma S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Song W. Design of an image-based BRDF measurement method using a catadioptric multispectral capture and a real-time Lambert calibration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:425-443. [PMID: 38175073 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
By utilizing a catadioptric system and a calibration Lambertian sample, a compact measurement method of bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) has been proposed for rapid and accurate measurement. With the help of an ellipsoidal dome mirror, a hyperboloid mirror, and a high-resolution camera, spatial reflectance distributions from reflected directions with a large field of view (FOV) can be obtained. The built-in Lambertian standard allows for real-time calibration to account for fluctuations in the illumination spectrum, effectively reducing the measurement drift and achieving a high accuracy. Moreover, a multispectral camera captures images at 8 spectral bands for accurate spectral color reconstruction from different directions. To verify the method, a prototype capable of fast, high-resolution measurements with a large FOV has been developed for characterizing the scattering properties of objects. It achieves a measured angular range up to 160°. Multispectral BRDF data for each sample can be obtained within 5 minutes with an angular resolution of less than 0.6°. Eight ceramic samples with different colors were selected for the verification of measurement accuracy, and their mean relative bias of BRDF measurement was found to be as low as 2.5%.
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Jastaneyah Z, Kamar H, Al Garalleh H. A Review Paper on Thermal Comfort and Ventilation Systems in Educational Buildings: Nano-Mechanical and Mathematical Aspects. JOURNAL OF NANOFLUIDS 2023. [DOI: 10.1166/jon.2023.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermal comfort has always been an essential factor that affects students’ productivity and success. Students spend considerable time at their schools or universities more than any other building type except their homes. Thus, indicating the importance of providing thermal comfort
in educational buildings. Many studies worldwide are conducted to assess and optimize thermal comfort inside classrooms. However, the results have not been accurate even for similar study conditions due to the differences in the studies’ conditions. This paper focuses on thermal comfort
studies in educational buildings (classrooms). The studies are divided into two sections, the first covering field studies methodologies, objective, and subjective questionnaires, and the second reviewing thermal comfort results based on the climatic zone, educational level, and analysis approach.
It is recommended that thermal comfort studies be carried out using rational and adaptive models as they provide more accurate, reliable results. Also, it is found that thermal comfort standards are generally inadequate to assess thermal comfort in classrooms. Thus, other international standards
should be created and considered for classroom assessment. Over the past few years, the combination between nanotechnology and architecture engineering has been widely used in several disciplines because of its crucial significance in finding new nanodevices to contribute in reducing of energy
consumption, particularly on construction materials. Filling functionalized tools with nanoparticles plays a critical role in improving the thermal and optical properties, particularly with respect to nanofluids applications, i.e., buildings applications of thermal comfort. The experimental
results of long-term studies show that the calculation values of optimization have a consistent agreement with the experimental transmission of nanofluids models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair Jastaneyah
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Kuala Lampur, 81310, Malaysia
| | - Haslinda Kamar
- Department of Mathematical Science, College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology-Dahban, Jeddah, 21361, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hakim Al Garalleh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Kuala Lampur, 81310, Malaysia
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Zhou Y, Hu L, Wang C, Ma L. Evaluation and Design of Colored Silicon Nanoparticle Systems Using a Bidirectional Deep Neural Network. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2715. [PMID: 35957145 PMCID: PMC9370442 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) with lowest-order Mie resonance produce non-iridescent and non-fading vivid structural colors in the visible range. However, the strong wavelength dependence of the radiation pattern and dielectric function makes it very difficult to design nanoparticle systems with the desired colors. Most existing studies focus on monodisperse nanoparticle systems, which are unsuitable for practical applications. This study combined the Lorentz-Mie theory, Monte Carlo, and deep neural networks to evaluate and design colored SiNP systems. The effects of the host medium and particle size distribution on the optical and color properties of the SiNP systems were investigated. A bidirectional deep neural network achieved accurate prediction and inverse design of structural colors. The results demonstrated that the particle size distribution flattened the Mie resonance peak and influenced the reflectance and brightness of the SiNP system. The SiNPs generated vivid colors in all three of the host media. Meanwhile, our proposed neural network model achieved a near-perfect prediction of colors with high accuracy of the designed geometric parameters. This work accurately and efficiently evaluates and designs the optical and color properties of SiNP systems, thus accelerating the design process and contributing to the practical production design of color inks, decoration, and printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics & Thermal Radiation Research Center, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lechuan Hu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics & Thermal Radiation Research Center, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chengchao Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics & Thermal Radiation Research Center, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lanxin Ma
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics & Thermal Radiation Research Center, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Prediction and Inverse Design of Structural Colors of Nanoparticle Systems via Deep Neural Network. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123339. [PMID: 34947688 PMCID: PMC8703294 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noniridescent and nonfading structural colors generated from metallic and dielectric nanoparticles with extraordinary optical properties hold great promise in applications such as image display, color printing, and information security. Yet, due to the strong wavelength dependence of optical constants and the radiation pattern, it is difficult and time-consuming to design nanoparticles with the desired hue, saturation, and brightness. Herein, we combined the Monte Carlo and Mie scattering simulations and a bidirectional neural network (BNN) to improve the design of gold nanoparticles' structural colors. The optical simulations provided a dataset including color properties and geometric parameters of gold nanoparticle systems, while the BNN was proposed to accurately predict the structural colors of gold nanoparticle systems and inversely design the geometric parameters for the desired colors. Taking the human chromatic discrimination ability as a criterion, our proposed approach achieved a high accuracy of 99.83% on the predicted colors and 98.5% on the designed geometric parameters. This work provides a general method to accurately and efficiently design the structural colors of nanoparticle systems, which can be exploited in a variety of applications and contribute to the development of advanced optical materials.
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Yang Y, Guo L. Parallel Monte Carlo simulation algorithm for the spectral reflectance and transmittance of the wind-generated bubble layers in the upper ocean using CUDA. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:33538-33555. [PMID: 33115014 DOI: 10.1364/oe.406262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The parallel Monte Carlo software CUDAMCML used in the bio-optics field was developed by Erik Alerstam et al. (J. Biomed. Opt., 13, 060504, 2008) based on the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) and can simulate light transport in multilayered media. In the present study, CUDAMCML is extended to form the new program CUDAMCML-OCEAN using the average sampling method. This new program can handle multiple types of particle seawater containing elements such as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and bubbles. The accuracy and speedup of the new program are analyzed. The results show that when the parameters are set appropriately, the speedup of CUDAMCML-OCEAN is more than 200 times compared with serial code. And the accuracies of the spectral reflectance and transmittance all reached a satisfactory level for different wind speeds and chlorophyll concentrations.
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Zhang C, Zhang J, Wu X, Huang M. Numerical analysis of light reflection and transmission in poly-disperse sea fog. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25410-25430. [PMID: 32907063 DOI: 10.1364/oe.400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of sea fog greatly affects both the reflected and transmitted detections when radiation propagates through targets and maritime backgrounds. Thus, the maritime target detections and the remote sensing in oceanic environments would be disturbed by the sea fog. In our work, a poly-disperse sea fog system is introduced. Such a sea fog layer comprises spherical water particles of different radii, where the radii are divided into eight radius regions. The attenuation, asymmetry factors, and absorption probabilities of the radiation interacting with sea fog particles in each radius region are computed using Mie theory. The scattering processes of the radiation in the poly-disperse sea fog layer are traced in our improved Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. This paper presents a new method (named "our method" hereafter) with the intention to provide more accurate calculations on the reflection and transmission when radiation propagates through poly-disperse sea fog media of two different refractive indices. Therein, we investigated the influence of liquid water contents and thicknesses of the poly-disperse sea fog layer on the reflectance and transmittance of the radiation. The results using our MC method compared with those using the previous MC method are also presented. Besides, with three different MC methods along with our method and the previous method, we also inspected how different MC methods affect the calculations of reflectance and transmittance, and it shows manifestation that our method has an advantage over the previous method.
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Wang CC, Ma LX. Effect of host medium absorption on polarized radiative transfer in dispersed media. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:7157-7164. [PMID: 31503989 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.007157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on polarized radiative transfer in a thin layer composed of titanium dioxide particles while considering the effect of host medium absorption on particle scattering. The single-scattering properties of particles in an absorbing medium are calculated using the modified Lorenz-Mie program recently developed based on the first-principles theory of electromagnetic scattering, and the vector radiative transfer equation is solved by using the spectral element method. The relative errors of Stokes parameters caused by using the conventional Lorenz-Mie theory are systemically investigated. The results show that neglecting the effect of host medium absorption on particle scattering has a more significant impact on the radiation intensity than the polarization components in most cases. Meanwhile, the relative errors of Stokes parameters induced by using the conventional Lorenz-Mie theory obviously increase with the increase of the host medium absorption index and particle size parameter. Due to the larger scattering coefficients and scattering albedos (i.e., for the case of particle size parameter x=10.0 in this study), the relative errors of Stokes parameters of monodisperse particles are obviously larger than those of polydisperse particles. Moreover, it is found that the relative errors of the Stokes parameters change nonlinearly with the particle volume fraction, especially for large size particles.
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Review on heat conduction, heat convection, thermal radiation and phase change heat transfer of nanofluids in porous media: Fundamentals and applications. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tian SZ, Shuai Y, Guo YM, Jiang BS, Zhang GH, Tan HP. Simple and fast approach to exploit the spectral reflection properties of liquid media. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:9046-9052. [PMID: 30461893 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.009046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) are of importance for their wide applications. In this study, we presented a simple and fast approach to measure the spectral BRDF of both solid and liquid samples. Based on this approach, we fabricated a prototype and measured the BRDF value of some liquid samples such as water and NaCl solution at different wavelengths. According to the experimental data, we discussed the trend of the BRDF value of the NaCl solution of different concentrations. Then, the experimental data of the different NaCl solution at 637 nm were used to invert the parameters of a five-parameter model. Additionally, we fitted the parameters as a polynomial.
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Yuan H, Wang XR, Guo BT, Zhang WG, Li K, Mao JC, Wu XX. Bidirectional reflectance characteristics of the sea surface based on midinfrared measured data. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:7691-7701. [PMID: 30462031 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.007691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to establish a more realistic radiation model of the sea surface, the effects of solar radiation, sky radiation, and atmospheric thermal radiation on sea surface radiation are taken into consideration, on the basis of which the infrared radiative transfer equation of the sea surface is deduced in this paper. A method for calculating the bidirectional reflection characteristics of the sea surface based on measured data is proposed according to the projection imaging of beam propagation. Based on the measurements of sea surface temperature, incident sky radiation, incident solar radiation, and radiance of sea crests at different times, the radiative transfer equation is used to retrieve the bidirectional reflectance of a midwave infrared sea surface. Meanwhile, the results of the method mentioned above are compared with the calculated results of Cox-Munk, Mermelstein, Wu, and Beckmann bidirectional reflection characteristics models. Research shows that the bidirectional reflectance at the wave crest of a sea surface increases gradually, when the solar incident zenith angle changes from 56.39° to 76.02° as well as the direction of observation remaining constant (θr=80.0°; ϕr=73.0°). The reflection ability at the wave crest of the sea surface is strongest when the incident direction of the sun is close to the observation direction, which is in accordance with the law of reflection. The Cox-Munk model and Wu model are closer to our values when the solar incidence zenith angle is small (θi≤65.93°). On the other hand, the calculated values of the Mermelstein and Wu models are closer to the values in this paper when the solar incidence zenith angle is large (θi≤65.93°). In general, the error of the Beckmann model is a little greater than that of the other three models.
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Underwater Object Segmentation Based on Optical Features. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010196. [PMID: 29329245 PMCID: PMC5795476 DOI: 10.3390/s18010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Underwater optical environments are seriously affected by various optical inputs, such as artificial light, sky light, and ambient scattered light. The latter two can block underwater object segmentation tasks, since they inhibit the emergence of objects of interest and distort image information, while artificial light can contribute to segmentation. Artificial light often focuses on the object of interest, and, therefore, we can initially identify the region of target objects if the collimation of artificial light is recognized. Based on this concept, we propose an optical feature extraction, calculation, and decision method to identify the collimated region of artificial light as a candidate object region. Then, the second phase employs a level set method to segment the objects of interest within the candidate region. This two-phase structure largely removes background noise and highlights the outline of underwater objects. We test the performance of the method with diverse underwater datasets, demonstrating that it outperforms previous methods.
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Wang Q, Zhao J, Gong Y, Hao Q, Peng Z. Hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm for parameter optimization of five-parameter bidirectional reflectance distribution function model. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:9165-9170. [PMID: 29216085 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.009165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm inspired by the best-so-far solution and bacterial chemotaxis was introduced to optimize the parameters of the five-parameter bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model. To verify the performance of the hybrid ABC algorithm, we measured BRDF of three kinds of samples and simulated the undetermined parameters of the five-parameter BRDF model using the hybrid ABC algorithm and the genetic algorithm, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid ABC algorithm outperforms the genetic algorithm in convergence speed, accuracy, and time efficiency under the same conditions.
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Foster R, Gilerson A. Polarized transfer functions of the ocean surface for above-surface determination of the vector submarine light field. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:9476-9494. [PMID: 27869852 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.009476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A method is developed to determine the underwater polarized light field from above sea surface observations. A hybrid approach combining vector radiative transfer simulations and the Monte Carlo method is used to determine the transfer functions of polarized light for wind-driven ocean surfaces. Transfer functions for surface-reflected skylight and upward transmission of light through the sea surface are presented for many common viewing and solar geometries for clear-sky conditions. Sensitivity of reflection matrices to environmental conditions is examined and can vary up to 50% due to wind speed, 25% due to atmospheric aerosol load, and 10% due to radiometer field-of-view. Scalar transmission is largely independent of water type and varies a few percent with wind speed, while polarized components can change up to 10% in high winds. Considerations for determining the water-leaving radiance (scalar or vector) are discussed.
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Wang W, Wang Y, Shi G. Waveband selection within 400-4000 cm -1 of optical identification of airborne dust in coal mine tunneling face. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:2951-2959. [PMID: 27139859 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.002951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aimed at the optical evaluation of pollution levels caused by rock dust in an underground coal mine tunneling face, the optimal detection line and optical channel were investigated. The spatial distribution of airborne rock dust under local mining and ventilation conditions was simulated by the computational fluid dynamics method; thus, combined with the scattering and absorption properties of dust particles and gas molecules, the spectral transmission characteristics of a polluted atmosphere, including dust aerosols within 400-4000 cm-1, were obtained. By eliminating the optical background of mine gases, the pure infrared signals of rock dust were further analyzed. Based on the comparison results, the detection line, which is 1.5 m high and 0.3 m away from the right wall, was determined to be the best observation position, and a waveband of 1505-1525 cm-1 was selected to estimate the dust concentration. In addition, a dual-band detection method was presented, which can simultaneously identify the dust distribution and dispersion.
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Wang W, Wang Y, Shi G. Experimental investigation on the infrared refraction and extinction properties of rock dust in tunneling face of coal mine. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:10532-10540. [PMID: 26836882 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.010532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive experimental research on the fundamental optical properties of dust pollution in a coal mine is presented. Rock dust generated in a tunneling roadway was sampled and the spectral complex refractive index within an infrared range of 2.5-25 μm was obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurement and Kramers-Kronig relation. Experimental results were validated to be consistent with equivalent optical constants simulated by effective medium theory based on component analysis of x-ray fluorescence, which illustrates that the top three mineral components are SiO2 (62.06%), Al2O3 (21.26%), and Fe2O3 (4.27%). The complex refractive index and the spatial distribution tested by a filter dust and particle size analyzer were involved in the simulation of extinction properties of rock dust along the tunneling roadway solved by the discrete ordinates method and Mie scattering model. The compared results illustrate that transmission is obviously enhanced with the increase of height from the floor but weakened with increasing horizontal distance from the air duct.
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Ma LX, Wang FQ, Wang CA, Wang CC, Tan JY. Investigation of the spectral reflectance and bidirectional reflectance distribution function of sea foam layer by the Monte Carlo method. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:9863-9874. [PMID: 26836550 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.009863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spectral properties of sea foam greatly affect ocean color remote sensing and aerosol optical thickness retrieval from satellite observation. This paper presents a combined Mie theory and Monte Carlo method to investigate visible and near-infrared spectral reflectance and bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of sea foam layers. A three-layer model of the sea foam is developed in which each layer is composed of large air bubbles coated with pure water. A pseudo-continuous model and Mie theory for coated spheres is used to determine the effective radiative properties of sea foam. The one-dimensional Cox-Munk surface roughness model is used to calculate the slope density functions of the wind-blown ocean surface. A Monte Carlo method is used to solve the radiative transfer equation. Effects of foam layer thickness, bubble size, wind speed, solar zenith angle, and wavelength on the spectral reflectance and BRDF are investigated. Comparisons between previous theoretical results and experimental data demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed method. Sea foam can significantly increase the spectral reflectance and BRDF of the sea surface. The absorption coefficient of seawater near the surface is not the only parameter that influences the spectral reflectance. Meanwhile, the effects of bubble size, foam layer thickness, and solar zenith angle also cannot be obviously neglected.
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