Estimation of bulk optical properties of turbid media from hyperspectral scatter imaging measurements: metamodeling approach

Application of Absorption and Scattering Properties Obtained through Image Pre-Classification Method Using a Laser Backscattering Imaging System to Detect Kiwifruit Chilling Injury

Kiwifruit chilling injury (CI) damage occurs after long-term exposure to low temperature. A non-destructive approach to detect CI injury was tested in the present study, using a laser backscattering image (LBI) technique calibrated with 56 liquid phantoms for providing absorption coefficient (µ_a) and reduced scattering coefficient (µ_s’). Calibration of LBI resulted in a true-positive (TP) classification of 91.5% and 65.6% of predicted µ_s’ and µ_a, respectively. The optical properties of ‘SunGold™’and ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit were analysed at 520 nm with a two-step protocol capturing pre-classification according to the LBI parameters used in the calibration and estimation with the Farrell equation. Severely injured kiwifruit showed white corky tissue and water soaking, reduced soluble solids content and firmness measured destructively. Non-destructive classification results for ‘SunGold™’ showed a high percentage of TP for severe CI of 92% and 75% using LBI parameters directly and predicted µ_a and µ_s’ after pre-classification, respectively. The classification accuracy for severe CI ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit with LBI parameter was low (58%) and with µ_a and µ_s’ decreased further (35%), which was assumed to be due to interference caused by the long trichomes on the fruit surface.

Bridging the gap between measurement-based and simulation-based metamodels for deriving bulk optical properties from spatially-resolved reflectance profiles: effect of illumination and detection geometry

Non-invasive determination of the optical properties is essential for understanding the light propagation in biological tissues and developing optical techniques for quality detection. Simulation-based models provide flexibility in designing the search space, while measurement-based models can incorporate the unknown system responses. However, the interoperability between these two types of models is typically poor. In this research, the mismatches between measurements and simulations were explored by studying the influences from light source and the incident and detection angle on the diffuse reflectance profiles. After reducing the mismatches caused by the factors mentioned above, the simulated diffuse reflectance profiles matched well with the measurements, with R2 values above 0.99. Successively, metamodels linking the optical properties with the diffuse reflectance profiles were respectively built based on the measured and simulated profiles. The prediction performance of these metamodels was comparable, both obtaining R2 values above 0.96. Proper correction for these sources of mismatches between measurements and simulations thus allows to build a simulation-based metamodel with a wide range of desired optical properties that is applicable to different measurement configurations.