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Fu B, Sun J, Wang C, Shang C, Xu L, Li J, Zhang H. MXenes: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Applications in Ultrafast Photonics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006054. [PMID: 33590637 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, 2D materials are in great demand for various applications such as optical devices, supercapacitors, sensors, and biomedicine. MXenes as a kind of novel 2D material have attracted considerable research interest due to their outstanding mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Especially, the excellent nonlinear optical response enables them to be potential candidates for the applications in ultrafast photonics. Here, a review of MXenes synthesis, optical properties, and applications in ultrafast lasers is presented. First, aqueous acid etching and chemical vapor deposition methods for preparing MXenes are introduced, in which the storage stability and challenges of the existing synthesis techniques are also discussed. Then, the optical properties of MXenes are discussed specifically, including plasmonic properties, optical detection, photothermal effects, and ultrafast dynamics. Furthermore, the typical ultrafast pulsed lasers enabled by MXene-based saturable absorbers operated at different wavelength regions are summarized. Finally, a summary and outlook on the development of MXenes is presented in the perspectives section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fu
- BUAA-CCMU Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jingxuan Sun
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ce Shang
- BUAA-CCMU Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- BUAA-CCMU Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiebo Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Liu S, Lv R, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang H. Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Laser with WS 2/SiO 2 Saturable Absorber Fabricated by Sol-Gel Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29625-29630. [PMID: 32558539 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-performance ultrafast fiber lasers require saturable absorbers (SAs) of high optical damage threshold and high operation stability. Here, the optical properties and application of the WS2/SiO2 SA prepared by the sol-gel method are reported. SiO2 prepared by sol-gel technique has similar properties to fiber in ultrafast fiber lasers, such as mechanical strength, refractive index, optical transmission, and absorption. For the SA device by the sol-gel method combined with WS2 material, not only will the additional scattering loss not be introduced, but also, the damage threshold of the SA device can be effectively increased. Furthermore, SA material is wrapped by SiO2, which insulates the influence of the external environment. Based on the first preparation of the WS2/SiO2 glass SA, stable soliton pulses are obtained in ytterbium-doped fiber lasers (YDFLs) with a pulse width of 58 ps, an average output power of 56.8 mW, and a repetition rate of 19.03 MHz. In addition, a stable mode-locked operation with a pulse width of 325 fs and an output power of 39.6 mW is also achieved in an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). These results demonstrate that the WS2/SiO2 glass prepared by the sol-gel method can significantly increase laser output power and shorten pulse width in the fiber laser, which provides a new opportunity for the traditional preparation method of the SA device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Liu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ruidong Lv
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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Gao J, Ning T, Liu Y, Shang X, Han X, Guo Q, Guo L, Lu Z, Wang Z, Zhang H, Jiang S. Generation of high-energy rectangular pulses in a nonlinear polarization rotation mode-locked ring fiber laser. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:7897-7903. [PMID: 31674478 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.007897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel high-energy mode-locked fiber laser based on the nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) technique is presented to generate 331 nJ rectangular pulses. When pump power was 2659 mW, the maximum output power would be 102.3 mW; the maximum peak power was 41.74 W under the pump power of 1766 mW. In this study, the use of two homemade laser diodes and other common fiber devices was a vital step to achieve the low-cost and high-efficiency NPR mode-locked fiber laser. Based on these results, a novel approach could be developed to realize a high-energy rectangular pulse and promote the practical applications of the NPR mode-locked fiber laser in the field of ultrafast photonics.
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Wang T, Wang J, Wu J, Ma P, Su R, Ma Y, Zhou P. Near-Infrared Optical Modulation for Ultrashort Pulse Generation Employing Indium Monosulfide (InS) Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E865. [PMID: 31181606 PMCID: PMC6630692 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, metal chalcogenide nanomaterials have received much attention in the field of ultrafast lasers due to their unique band-gap characteristic and excellent optical properties. In this work, two-dimensional (2D) indium monosulfide (InS) nanosheets were synthesized through a modified liquid-phase exfoliation method. In addition, a film-type InS-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) saturable absorber (SA) was prepared as an optical modulator to generate ultrashort pulses. The nonlinear properties of the InS-PVA SA were systematically investigated. The modulation depth and saturation intensity of the InS-SA were 5.7% and 6.79 MW/cm2, respectively. By employing this InS-PVA SA, a stable, passively mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser was demonstrated. At the fundamental frequency, the laser operated at 1.02 MHz, with a pulse width of 486.7 ps, and the maximum output power was 1.91 mW. By adjusting the polarization states in the cavity, harmonic mode-locked phenomena were also observed. To our knowledge, this is the first time an ultrashort pulse output based on InS has been achieved. The experimental findings indicate that InS is a viable candidate in the field of ultrafast lasers due to its excellent saturable absorption characteristics, which thereby promotes the ultrafast optical applications of InX (X = S, Se, and Te) and expands the category of new SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
| | - Pengfei Ma
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
| | - Rongtao Su
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
| | - Yanxing Ma
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
| | - Pu Zhou
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
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Wang J, Wang Y, Wang T, Li G, Lou R, Cheng G, Bai J. Nonlinear Optical Response of Graphene Oxide Langmuir-Blodgett Film as Saturable Absorbers. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040640. [PMID: 31010186 PMCID: PMC6523479 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials as saturable absorbers (SAs) have attracted intense interest for applications in pulsed laser generation because of their distinguishing optical properties. However, the existing methods of preparing SAs were insufficient. Here, we fabricated graphene oxide (GO) SAs by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) methods for passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The GO sheets were deposited on a quartz plate using the LB method. Two different LB-GO SAs grown under the surface pressure of 22 and 38 mN/m were obtained. Compared with the drop coating method, LB-GO SA exhibited more excellent uniformity, larger nonlinear performance and higher optical transparency. By inserting LB-GO SA into the Nd:YAG laser linear cavity, the short pulse duration of 156 ns and the average output power of 1.313 W were obtained. The slope efficiency was as high as 43.7%, due to low loss of the LB-GO SA. Our results illustrated a new way for preparing the SA using the LB technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yonggang Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Taijin Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Guangying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Rui Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Guanghua Cheng
- Electronic Information College, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
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Han X, Zhang H, Zhang C, Li C, Guo Q, Gao J, Jiang S, Man B. Large-energy mode-locked ytterbium-doped linear-cavity fiber laser based on chemical vapor deposition-Bi 2Se 3 as a saturable absorber. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:2695-2701. [PMID: 31045075 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We reported on the generation of pulse bunch and large-energy dark pulses in a mode-locked ytterbium-doped linear-cavity fiber laser based on Bi2Se3 as a saturable absorber (SA). Bi2Se3 nanosheets were successfully synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and transferred to the end facet of a fiber connector for the proposed SA. Its saturation intensity and modulation depth were measured to be 52 MW/cm2 and 14.5%, respectively. By inserting the Bi2Se3-based SA into the Yb-doped all-fiber linear cavity, stable pulse bunches were observed. In addition, dark soliton operation with a maximum average output power of 32.6 mW and a pulse energy of 61.8 nJ were also achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a dark soliton within a linear cavity with much larger pulse energy than previous works. Our study fully indicated that CVD-Bi2Se3 could be an excellent SA for achieving large-energy pulse operations.
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Lv R, Chen Z, Liu S, Wang J, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Optical properties and applications of molybdenum disulfide/SiO 2 saturable absorber fabricated by sol-gel technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:6348-6356. [PMID: 30876221 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.006348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a new type of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-doped sol-gel glass saturable absorber (SA) fabricated by sol-gel technique. The reagents used for the sol-gel glass contain Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), ethanol, water, and hydrochloric acid. Different from the traditional ways of fabricating SAs, the MoS2 in our method is encapsulated by inorganic sol-gel glass instead of polymer compound with low laser damage resistance, which greatly increases the optical damage threshold of MoS2 SA. The MoS2-doped sol-gel glass as an SA is experimentally demonstrated in a passively mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber laser (YDFL). Stable mode-locked pulse trains are successfully generated in the normal dispersion regime with a pulse width of 13.8 ps and the average output power of 34.6 mW. The fluctuation of the central wavelength and spectral bandwidth is as low as 0.9% in one week, which indicates that the mode-locking state has good environmental stability. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first example of sol-gel glass SA for ultrafast pulses generated in YDFL, which potentially gives a new approach to improve optical damage threshold and long-term working stability for broadband absorbers.
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Hou L, Guo H, Wang Y, Sun J, Lin Q, Bai Y, Bai J. Sub-200 femtosecond dispersion-managed soliton ytterbium-doped fiber laser based on carbon nanotubes saturable absorber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:9063-9070. [PMID: 29715864 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.009063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast fiber laser light sources attract enormous interest due to the booming applications they are enabling, including long-distance communication, optical metrology, detecting technology of infra-biophotons, and novel material processing. In this paper, we demonstrate 175 fs dispersion-managed soliton (DMS) mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) laser based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) saturable absorber (SA). The output DMSs have been achieved with repetition rate of 21.2 MHz, center wavelength of 1025.5 nm, and a spectral width of 32.7 nm. The operation directly pulse duration of 300 fs for generated pulse is the reported shortest pulse width for broadband SA based YDF lasers. By using an external grating-based compressor, the pulse duration could be compressed down to 175 fs. To the best of our knowledge, it is the shortest pulse duration obtained directly from YDF laser based on broadband SAs. In this paper, SWCNTs-SA has been utilized as the key optical component (mode locker) and the grating pair providing negative dispersion acts as the dispersion controller.
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Yu S, Wu X, Wang Y, Guo X, Tong L. 2D Materials for Optical Modulation: Challenges and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28220971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their atomic layer thickness, strong light-material interaction, high nonlinearity, broadband optical response, fast relaxation, controllable optoelectronic properties, and high compatibility with other photonic structures, 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus, have been attracting increasing attention for photonic applications. By tuning the carrier density via electrical or optical means that modifies their physical properties (e.g., Fermi level or nonlinear absorption), optical response of the 2D materials can be instantly changed, making them versatile nanostructures for optical modulation. Here, up-to-date 2D material-based optical modulation in three categories is reviewed: free-space, fiber-based, and on-chip configurations. By analysing cons and pros of different modulation approaches from material and mechanism aspects, the challenges faced by using these materials for device applications are presented. In addition, thermal effects (e.g., laser induced damage) in 2D materials, which are critical to practical applications, are also discussed. Finally, the outlook for future opportunities of these 2D materials for optical modulation is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yipei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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Yang C, Yun L, Qiu Y, Dai H, Zhu D, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Yu K, Wei W. Direct growth of a graphitic nano-layer on optical fibers for ultra-fast laser application. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10260g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A clean and uniform graphitic nano-layer (GNL) is grown in a controllable manner on the fiber-end by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Using the GNL coated fiber, 991 fs soliton pulse generation at 1559 nm is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghao Yang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Ling Yun
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Yang Qiu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Hanqing Dai
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Detao Zhu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Zhijia Zhu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Zuxing Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Kehan Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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Chen H, Chen Y, Yin J, Zhang X, Guo T, Yan P. High-damage-resistant tungsten disulfide saturable absorber mirror for passively Q-switched fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16287-16296. [PMID: 27464082 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a high-damage-resistant tungsten disulfide saturable absorber mirror (WS2-SAM) fabricated by magnetron sputtering technique. The WS2-SAM has an all-fiber-integrated configuration and high-damage-resistant merit because the WS2 layer is protected by gold film so as to avoid being oxidized and destroyed at high pump power. Employing the WS2-SAM in an Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) with linear cavity, the stable Q-switching operation is achieved at central wavelength of 1560 nm, with the repetition rates ranging from 29.5 kHz to 367.8 kHz and the pulse duration ranging from 1.269 μs to 154.9 ns. For the condition of the maximum pump power of 600 mW, the WS2-SAM still works stably with an output power of 25.2 mW, pulse energy of 68.5 nJ, and signal-noise-ratio of 42 dB. The proposed WS2-SAM configuration provides a promising solution for advanced pulsed fiber lasers with the characteristics of high damage resistance, high output energy, and wide tunable frequency.
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Hu S, Yao J, Liu M, Luo AP, Luo ZC, Xu WC. Gain-guided soliton fiber laser with high-quality rectangle spectrum for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:10786-10796. [PMID: 27409899 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.010786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast time-stretch microscopy has been proposed to enhance the temporal resolution of a microscopy system. The optical source is a key component for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy system. Herein, we reported on the gain-guided soliton fiber laser with high-quality rectangle spectrum for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy. By virtue of the excellent characteristics of the gain-guided soliton, the output power and the 3-dB bandwidth of the stable mode-locked soliton could be up to 3 mW and 33.7 nm with a high-quality rectangle shape, respectively. With the proposed robust optical source, the ultrafast time-stretch microscopy with the 49.6 μm resolution and a scan rate of 11 MHz was achieved without the external optical amplification. The obtained results demonstrated that the gain-guided soliton fiber laser could be used as an alternative high-quality optical source for ultrafast time-stretch microscopy and will introduce some applications in fields such as biology, chemical, and optical sensing.
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