1
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Hou D, Zhou J, Xiao R, Yang K, Ding Y, Wang D, Wu G, Lei C. Optofluidic time-stretch imaging flow cytometry with a real-time storage rate beyond 5.9 GB/s. Cytometry A 2024. [PMID: 38842356 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Optofluidic time-stretch imaging flow cytometry (OTS-IFC) provides a suitable solution for high-precision cell analysis and high-sensitivity detection of rare cells due to its high-throughput and continuous image acquisition. However, transferring and storing continuous big data streams remains a challenge. In this study, we designed a high-speed streaming storage strategy to store OTS-IFC data in real-time, overcoming the imbalance between the fast generation speed in the data acquisition and processing subsystem and the comparatively slower storage speed in the transmission and storage subsystem. This strategy, utilizing an asynchronous buffer structure built on the producer-consumer model, optimizes memory usage for enhanced data throughput and stability. We evaluated the storage performance of the high-speed streaming storage strategy in ultra-large-scale blood cell imaging on a common commercial device. The experimental results show that it can provide a continuous data throughput of up to 5891 MB/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hou
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruidong Xiao
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaining Yang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Ding
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Du Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoqiang Wu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Lei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou, China
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2
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Bi R, Yang J, Huang C, Zhang X, Liao R, Ma H. Pulse Feature-Enhanced Classification of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Using Polarized Light Scattering and Fluorescence Signals. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:160. [PMID: 38667153 PMCID: PMC11048193 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose a global threat to the biodiversity and stability of local aquatic ecosystems. Rapid and accurate classification of microalgae and cyanobacteria in water is increasingly desired for monitoring complex water environments. In this paper, we propose a pulse feature-enhanced classification (PFEC) method as a potential solution. Equipped with a rapid measurement prototype that simultaneously detects polarized light scattering and fluorescence signals of individual particles, PFEC allows for the extraction of 38 pulse features to improve the classification accuracy of microalgae, cyanobacteria, and other suspended particulate matter (SPM) to 89.03%. Compared with microscopic observation, PFEC reveals three phyla proportions in aquaculture samples with an average error of less than 14%. In this paper, PFEC is found to be more accurate than the pulse-average classification method, which is interpreted as pulse features carrying more detailed information about particles. The high consistency of the dominant and common species between PFEC and microscopy in all field samples also demonstrates the flexibility and robustness of the former. Moreover, the high Pearson correlation coefficient accounting for 0.958 between the cyanobacterial proportion obtained by PFEC and the cyanobacterial density given by microscopy implies that PFEC serves as a promising early warning tool for cyanobacterial blooms. The results of this work suggest that PFEC holds great potential for the rapid and accurate classification of microalgae and cyanobacteria in aquatic environment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Bi
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSense and Computation, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.Y.); (C.H.)
| | - Jianxiong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSense and Computation, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.Y.); (C.H.)
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengqi Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSense and Computation, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.Y.); (C.H.)
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Ran Liao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine IntelliSense and Computation, Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.Y.); (C.H.)
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Hui Ma
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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3
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Sun A, Li Y, Zhu P, He X, Jiang Z, Kong Y, Liu C, Wang S. Dual-view transport of intensity phase imaging flow cytometry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5199-5207. [PMID: 37854577 PMCID: PMC10581798 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we design multi-parameter phase imaging flow cytometry based on dual-view transport of intensity (MPFC), which integrates phase imaging and microfluidics to a microscope, to obtain single-shot quantitative phase imaging on cells flowing in the microfluidic channel. The MPFC system has been proven with simple configuration, accurate phase retrieval, high imaging contrast, and real-time imaging and has been successfully employed not only in imaging, recognizing, and analyzing the flowing cells even with high-flowing velocities but also in tracking cell motilities, including rotation and binary rotation. Current results suggest that our proposed MPFC provides an effective tool for imaging and analyzing cells in microfluidics and can be potentially used in both fundamental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Sun
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Radiology Department, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoliang He
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuit Reliability Technology and Testing System & School of Electronics and Information Engineering, OptiX+ Laboratory, Wuxi University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214105, China
- Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory, China
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4
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Julian T, Tang T, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y. Machine learning implementation strategy in imaging and impedance flow cytometry. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:051506. [PMID: 37900052 PMCID: PMC10613093 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Imaging and impedance flow cytometry is a label-free technique that has shown promise as a potential replacement for standard flow cytometry. This is due to its ability to provide rich information and archive high-throughput analysis. Recently, significant efforts have been made to leverage machine learning for processing the abundant data generated by those techniques, enabling rapid and accurate analysis. Harnessing the power of machine learning, imaging and impedance flow cytometry has demonstrated its capability to address various complex phenotyping scenarios. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the detailed strategies for implementing machine learning in imaging and impedance flow cytometry. We initiate the discussion by outlining the commonly employed setup to acquire the data (i.e., image or signal) from the cell. Subsequently, we delve into the necessary processes for extracting features from the acquired image or signal data. Finally, we discuss how these features can be utilized for cell phenotyping through the application of machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, we discuss the existing challenges and provide insights for future perspectives of intelligent imaging and impedance flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisna Julian
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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5
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Chen Z, Li X, Guo X. Enhanced absorption in perovskite solar cells by incorporating gold triangle nanostructures. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:5064-5068. [PMID: 37707207 DOI: 10.1364/ao.492124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite has emerged as an outstanding light-absorbing material, leading to significant advancements in solar cell efficiency. Further improvements can be made by restructuring the internal optical properties of perovskite. In this study, we investigate the impact of gold triangle nanostructures on perovskite absorption rates, and we explore the optimization of surface plasmon resonance to enhance its solar absorption efficiency. Our numerical simulations revealed that stacking gold triangle nanostructures in the perovskite film resulted in a significant increase in its absorption rate. Finally, comparative testing showed that the solar spectral absorption rate of a 200 nm thick perovskite film increased by 41.5%.
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6
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Chong JWR, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Ting HY, Show PL. Trends in digital image processing of isolated microalgae by incorporating classification algorithm. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108095. [PMID: 36608745 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Identification of microalgae species is of importance due to the uprising of harmful algae blooms affecting both the aquatic habitat and human health. Despite this occurence, microalgae have been identified as a green biomass and alternative source due to its promising bioactive compounds accumulation that play a significant role in many industrial applications. Recently, microalgae species identification has been conducted through DNA analysis and various microscopy techniques such as light, scanning electron, transmission electron, and atomic force -microscopy. The aforementioned procedures have encouraged researchers to consider alternate ways due to limitations such as costly validation, requiring skilled taxonomists, prolonged analysis, and low accuracy. This review highlights the potential innovations in digital microscopy with the incorporation of both hardware and software that can produce a reliable recognition, detection, enumeration, and real-time acquisition of microalgae species. Several steps such as image acquisition, processing, feature extraction, and selection are discussed, for the purpose of generating high image quality by removing unwanted artifacts and noise from the background. These steps of identification of microalgae species is performed by reliable image classification through machine learning as well as deep learning algorithms such as artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and convolutional neural networks. Overall, this review provides comprehensive insights into numerous possibilities of microalgae image identification, image pre-processing, and machine learning techniques to address the challenges in developing a robust digital classification tool for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei Roy Chong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459 Singapore
| | - Huong-Yong Ting
- Drone Research and Application Centre, University of Technology Sarawak, No.1, Jalan Universiti, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India.
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7
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Algorri JF, Roldán-Varona P, Fernández-Manteca MG, López-Higuera JM, Rodriguez-Cobo L, Cobo-García A. Photonic Microfluidic Technologies for Phytoplankton Research. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1024. [PMID: 36421145 PMCID: PMC9688872 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton is a crucial component for the correct functioning of different ecosystems, climate regulation and carbon reduction. Being at least a quarter of the biomass of the world's vegetation, they produce approximately 50% of atmospheric O2 and remove nearly a third of the anthropogenic carbon released into the atmosphere through photosynthesis. In addition, they support directly or indirectly all the animals of the ocean and freshwater ecosystems, being the base of the food web. The importance of their measurement and identification has increased in the last years, becoming an essential consideration for marine management. The gold standard process used to identify and quantify phytoplankton is manual sample collection and microscopy-based identification, which is a tedious and time-consuming task and requires highly trained professionals. Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip technology represents a potential technical solution for environmental monitoring, for example, in situ quantifying toxic phytoplankton. Its main advantages are miniaturisation, portability, reduced reagent/sample consumption and cost reduction. In particular, photonic microfluidic chips that rely on optical sensing have emerged as powerful tools that can be used to identify and analyse phytoplankton with high specificity, sensitivity and throughput. In this review, we focus on recent advances in photonic microfluidic technologies for phytoplankton research. Different optical properties of phytoplankton, fabrication and sensing technologies will be reviewed. To conclude, current challenges and possible future directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Algorri
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Roldán-Varona
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | | | - José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Luis Rodriguez-Cobo
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Adolfo Cobo-García
- Photonics Engineering Group, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
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8
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Ahmad A, Sala F, Paiè P, Candeo A, D'Annunzio S, Zippo A, Frindel C, Osellame R, Bragheri F, Bassi A, Rousseau D. On the robustness of machine learning algorithms toward microfluidic distortions for cell classification via on-chip fluorescence microscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3453-3463. [PMID: 35946995 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell imaging and sorting are critical technologies in biology and clinical applications. The power of these technologies is increased when combined with microfluidics, fluorescence markers, and machine learning. However, this quest faces several challenges. One of these is the effect of the sample flow velocity on the classification performances. Indeed, cell flow speed affects the quality of image acquisition by increasing motion blur and decreasing the number of acquired frames per sample. We investigate how these visual distortions impact the final classification task in a real-world use-case of cancer cell screening, using a microfluidic platform in combination with light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate, by analyzing both simulated and experimental data, that it is possible to achieve high flow speed and high accuracy in single-cell classification. We prove that it is possible to overcome the 3D slice variability of the acquired 3D volumes, by relying on their 2D sum z-projection transformation, to reach an efficient real time classification with an accuracy of 99.4% using a convolutional neural network with transfer learning from simulated data. Beyond this specific use-case, we provide a web platform to generate a synthetic dataset and to investigate the effect of flow speed on cell classification for any biological samples and a large variety of fluorescence microscopes (https://www.creatis.insa-lyon.fr/site7/en/MicroVIP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmad
- Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), UMR INRAE IRHS, Université d'Angers, 62 Avenue Notre Dame du Lac, 49000 Angers, France.
- Centre de Recherche en Acquisition et Traitement de l'Image pour la Santé (CREATIS), CNRS UMR 5220 - INSERM U1206, Université Lyon 1, Insa de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Federico Sala
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Petra Paiè
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Candeo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Carole Frindel
- Centre de Recherche en Acquisition et Traitement de l'Image pour la Santé (CREATIS), CNRS UMR 5220 - INSERM U1206, Université Lyon 1, Insa de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bragheri
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Bassi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - David Rousseau
- Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), UMR INRAE IRHS, Université d'Angers, 62 Avenue Notre Dame du Lac, 49000 Angers, France.
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9
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Chattoraj S, Chakraborty A, Gupta A, Vishwakarma Y, Vishwakarma K, Aparajeeta J. Deep Phenotypic Cell Classification using Capsule Neural Network. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:4031-4036. [PMID: 34892115 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in ultra-high-throughput microscopy have created a new generation of cell classification methodologies focused solely on image-based cell phenotypes. These image-based analyses enable morphological profiling and screening of thousands or even millions of single cells at a fraction of the cost. They have been shown to demonstrate the statistical significance required for understanding the role of cell heterogeneity in diverse biologists. However, these single-cell analysis techniques are slow and require expensive genetic/epigenetic analysis. This treatise proposes an innovative DL system based on the newly created capsule networks (CapsNet) architecture. The proposed deep CapsNet model employs "Capsules" for high-level feature abstraction relevant to the cell category. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed system can accurately classify different types of cells based on phenotypic label-free bright-field images with over 98.06% accuracy and that deep CapsNet models outperform CNN models in the prior art.
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10
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Zheng X, Duan X, Tu X, Jiang S, Song C. The Fusion of Microfluidics and Optics for On-Chip Detection and Characterization of Microalgae. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1137. [PMID: 34683188 PMCID: PMC8540680 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that microalgae play an important role in the food, agriculture and medicine industries. Additionally, the identification and counting of the microalgae are also a critical step in evaluating water quality, and some lipid-rich microalgae species even have the potential to be an alternative to fossil fuels. However, current technologies for the detection and analysis of microalgae are costly, labor-intensive, time-consuming and throughput limited. In the past few years, microfluidic chips integrating optical components have emerged as powerful tools that can be used for the analysis of microalgae with high specificity, sensitivity and throughput. In this paper, we review recent optofluidic lab-on-chip systems and techniques used for microalgal detection and characterization. We introduce three optofluidic technologies that are based on fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy and imaging-based flow cytometry, each of which can achieve the determination of cell viability, lipid content, metabolic heterogeneity and counting. We analyze and summarize the merits and drawbacks of these micro-systems and conclude the direction of the future development of the optofluidic platforms applied in microalgal research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chaolong Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.Z.); (X.D.); (X.T.); (S.J.)
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11
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RoŽanc J, Finšgar M, Maver U. Progressive use of multispectral imaging flow cytometry in various research areas. Analyst 2021; 146:4985-5007. [PMID: 34337638 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00788b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry (MIFC) has become one of the most powerful technologies for investigating general analytics, molecular and cell biology, biotechnology, medicine, and related fields. It combines the capabilities of the morphometric and photometric analysis of single cells and micrometer-sized particles in flux with regard to thousands of events. It has become the tool of choice for a wide range of research and clinical applications. By combining the features of flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, it offers researchers the ability to couple the spatial resolution of multicolour images of cells and organelles with the simultaneous analysis of a large number of events in a single system. This provides the opportunity to visually confirm findings and collect novel data that would otherwise be more difficult to obtain. This has led many researchers to design innovative assays to gain new insight into important research questions. To date, it has been successfully used to study cell morphology, surface and nuclear protein co-localization, protein-protein interactions, cell signaling, cell cycle, cell death, and cytotoxicity, intracellular calcium, drug uptake, pathogen internalization, and other applications. Herein we describe some of the recent advances in the field of multiparametric imaging flow cytometry methods in various research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan RoŽanc
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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12
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Abstract
As a high-throughput data analysis technique, photon time stretching (PTS) is widely used in the monitoring of rare events such as cancer cells, rough waves, and the study of electronic and optical transient dynamics. The PTS technology relies on high-speed data collection, and the large amount of data generated poses a challenge to data storage and real-time processing. Therefore, how to use compatible optical methods to filter and process data in advance is particularly important. The time-lens proposed, based on the duality of time and space as an important data processing method derived from PTS, achieves imaging of time signals by controlling the phase information of the timing signals. In this paper, an optical neural network based on the time-lens (TL-ONN) is proposed, which applies the time-lens to the layer algorithm of the neural network to realize the forward transmission of one-dimensional data. The recognition function of this optical neural network for speech information is verified by simulation, and the test recognition accuracy reaches 95.35%. This architecture can be applied to feature extraction and classification, and is expected to be a breakthrough in detecting rare events such as cancer cell identification and screening.
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13
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Machine learning issues and opportunities in ultrafast particle classification for label-free microflow cytometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20724. [PMID: 33244129 PMCID: PMC7691359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning offers promising solutions for high-throughput single-particle analysis in label-free imaging microflow cytomtery. However, the throughput of online operations such as cell sorting is often limited by the large computational cost of the image analysis while offline operations may require the storage of an exceedingly large amount of data. Moreover, the training of machine learning systems can be easily biased by slight drifts of the measurement conditions, giving rise to a significant but difficult to detect degradation of the learned operations. We propose a simple and versatile machine learning approach to perform microparticle classification at an extremely low computational cost, showing good generalization over large variations in particle position. We present proof-of-principle classification of interference patterns projected by flowing transparent PMMA microbeads with diameters of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${18.6}\,\upmu \text {m}$$\end{document}18.6μm. To this end, a simple, cheap and compact label-free microflow cytometer is employed. We also discuss in detail the detection and prevention of machine learning bias in training and testing due to slight drifts of the measurement conditions. Moreover, we investigate the implications of modifying the projected particle pattern by means of a diffraction grating, in the context of optical extreme learning machine implementations.
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14
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Automatic Detection of Freshwater Phytoplankton Specimens in Conventional Microscopy Images. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226704. [PMID: 33238566 PMCID: PMC7700267 DOI: 10.3390/s20226704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Water safety and quality can be compromised by the proliferation of toxin-producing phytoplankton species, requiring continuous monitoring of water sources. This analysis involves the identification and counting of these species which requires broad experience and knowledge. The automatization of these tasks is highly desirable as it would release the experts from tedious work, eliminate subjective factors, and improve repeatability. Thus, in this preliminary work, we propose to advance towards an automatic methodology for phytoplankton analysis in digital images of water samples acquired using regular microscopes. In particular, we propose a novel and fully automatic method to detect and segment the existent phytoplankton specimens in these images using classical computer vision algorithms. The proposed method is able to correctly detect sparse colonies as single phytoplankton candidates, thanks to a novel fusion algorithm, and is able to differentiate phytoplankton specimens from other image objects in the microscope samples (like minerals, bubbles or detritus) using a machine learning based approach that exploits texture and colour features. Our preliminary experiments demonstrate that the proposed method provides satisfactory and accurate results.
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15
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Memmolo P, Carcagnì P, Bianco V, Merola F, Goncalves da Silva Junior A, Garcia Goncalves LM, Ferraro P, Distante C. Learning Diatoms Classification from a Dry Test Slide by Holographic Microscopy. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216353. [PMID: 33171757 PMCID: PMC7664373 DOI: 10.3390/s20216353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are among the dominant phytoplankters in marine and freshwater habitats, and important biomarkers of water quality, making their identification and classification one of the current challenges for environmental monitoring. To date, taxonomy of the species populating a water column is still conducted by marine biologists on the basis of their own experience. On the other hand, deep learning is recognized as the elective technique for solving image classification problems. However, a large amount of training data is usually needed, thus requiring the synthetic enlargement of the dataset through data augmentation. In the case of microalgae, the large variety of species that populate the marine environments makes it arduous to perform an exhaustive training that considers all the possible classes. However, commercial test slides containing one diatom element per class fixed in between two glasses are available on the market. These are usually prepared by expert diatomists for taxonomy purposes, thus constituting libraries of the populations that can be found in oceans. Here we show that such test slides are very useful for training accurate deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). We demonstrate the successful classification of diatoms based on a proper CNNs ensemble and a fully augmented dataset, i.e., creation starting from one single image per class available from a commercial glass slide containing 50 fixed species in a dry setting. This approach avoids the time-consuming steps of water sampling and labeling by skilled marine biologists. To accomplish this goal, we exploit the holographic imaging modality, which permits the accessing of a quantitative phase-contrast maps and a posteriori flexible refocusing due to its intrinsic 3D imaging capability. The network model is then validated by using holographic recordings of live diatoms imaged in water samples i.e., in their natural wet environmental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Memmolo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI) National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (P.M.); (F.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Pierluigi Carcagnì
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI) National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via Monteorni snc University Campus, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (P.C.); (C.D.)
| | - Vittorio Bianco
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI) National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (P.M.); (F.M.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0818675201
| | - Francesco Merola
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI) National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (P.M.); (F.M.); (P.F.)
| | | | - Luis Marcos Garcia Goncalves
- Department of Computer Engineering and Automation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078 Natal, Brazil; (A.G.d.S.J.); (L.M.G.G.)
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI) National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; (P.M.); (F.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Cosimo Distante
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI) National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via Monteorni snc University Campus, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (P.C.); (C.D.)
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16
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Liu Z, Liao R, Ma H, Li J, Leung PTY, Yan M, Gu J. Classification of marine microalgae using low-resolution Mueller matrix images and convolutional neural network. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:9698-9709. [PMID: 33175806 DOI: 10.1364/ao.405427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we used a convolutional neural network to study the classification of marine microalgae by using low-resolution Mueller matrix images. Mueller matrix images of 12 species of algae from 5 families were measured by a Mueller matrix microscopy with an LED light source at 514 nm wavelength. The data sets of seven resolution levels were generated by the bicubic interpolation algorithm. We conducted two groups of classification experiments; one group classified the algae into 12 classes according to species category, and the other group classified the algae into 5 classes according to family category. In each group of classification experiments, we compared the classification results of the Mueller matrix images with those of the first element (M11) images. The classification accuracy of Mueller matrix images declines gently with the decrease of image resolution, while the accuracy of M11 images declines sharply. The classification accuracy of Mueller matrix images is higher than that of M11 images at each resolution level. At the lowest resolution level, the accuracy of 12-class classification and 5-class classification of full Mueller matrix images is 29.89% and 35.83% higher than those of M11 images, respectively. In addition, we also found that the polarization information of different species had different contributions to the classification. These results show that the polarization information can greatly improve the classification accuracy of low-resolution microalgal images.
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17
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A Low-Cost Automated Digital Microscopy Platform for Automatic Identification of Diatoms. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, microalgae (i.e., diatoms) constitute a generally accepted bioindicator of water quality and therefore provide an index of the status of biological ecosystems. Diatom detection for specimen counting and sample classification are two difficult time-consuming tasks for the few existing expert diatomists. To mitigate this challenge, in this work, we propose a fully operative low-cost automated microscope, integrating algorithms for: (1) stage and focus control, (2) image acquisition (slide scanning, stitching, contrast enhancement), and (3) diatom detection and a prospective specimen classification (among 80 taxa). Deep learning algorithms have been applied to overcome the difficult selection of image descriptors imposed by classical machine learning strategies. With respect to the mentioned strategies, the best results were obtained by deep neural networks with a maximum precision of 86% (with the YOLO network) for detection and 99.51% for classification, among 80 different species (with the AlexNet network). All the developed operational modules are integrated and controlled by the user from the developed graphical user interface running in the main controller. With the developed operative platform, it is noteworthy that this work provides a quite useful toolbox for phycologists in their daily challenging tasks to identify and classify diatoms.
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18
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Sun J, Tárnok A, Su X. Deep Learning-Based Single-Cell Optical Image Studies. Cytometry A 2020; 97:226-240. [PMID: 31981309 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging technology that has the advantages of high sensitivity and cost-effectiveness greatly promotes the progress of nondestructive single-cell studies. Complex cellular image analysis tasks such as three-dimensional reconstruction call for machine-learning technology in cell optical image research. With the rapid developments of high-throughput imaging flow cytometry, big data cell optical images are always obtained that may require machine learning for data analysis. In recent years, deep learning has been prevalent in the field of machine learning for large-scale image processing and analysis, which brings a new dawn for single-cell optical image studies with an explosive growth of data availability. Popular deep learning techniques offer new ideas for multimodal and multitask single-cell optical image research. This article provides an overview of the basic knowledge of deep learning and its applications in single-cell optical image studies. We explore the feasibility of applying deep learning techniques to single-cell optical image analysis, where popular techniques such as transfer learning, multimodal learning, multitask learning, and end-to-end learning have been reviewed. Image preprocessing and deep learning model training methods are then summarized. Applications based on deep learning techniques in the field of single-cell optical image studies are reviewed, which include image segmentation, super-resolution image reconstruction, cell tracking, cell counting, cross-modal image reconstruction, and design and control of cell imaging systems. In addition, deep learning in popular single-cell optical imaging techniques such as label-free cell optical imaging, high-content screening, and high-throughput optical imaging cytometry are also mentioned. Finally, the perspectives of deep learning technology for single-cell optical image analysis are discussed. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xuantao Su
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
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19
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Meng N, Lam EY, Tsia KK, So HKH. Large-Scale Multi-Class Image-Based Cell Classification With Deep Learning. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2019; 23:2091-2098. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2018.2878878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Isozaki A, Mikami H, Hiramatsu K, Sakuma S, Kasai Y, Iino T, Yamano T, Yasumoto A, Oguchi Y, Suzuki N, Shirasaki Y, Endo T, Ito T, Hiraki K, Yamada M, Matsusaka S, Hayakawa T, Fukuzawa H, Yatomi Y, Arai F, Di Carlo D, Nakagawa A, Hoshino Y, Hosokawa Y, Uemura S, Sugimura T, Ozeki Y, Nitta N, Goda K. A practical guide to intelligent image-activated cell sorting. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2370-2415. [PMID: 31278398 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent image-activated cell sorting (iIACS) is a machine-intelligence technology that performs real-time intelligent image-based sorting of single cells with high throughput. iIACS extends beyond the capabilities of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from fluorescence intensity profiles of cells to multidimensional images, thereby enabling high-content sorting of cells or cell clusters with unique spatial chemical and morphological traits. Therefore, iIACS serves as an integral part of holistic single-cell analysis by enabling direct links between population-level analysis (flow cytometry), cell-level analysis (microscopy), and gene-level analysis (sequencing). Specifically, iIACS is based on a seamless integration of high-throughput cell microscopy (e.g., multicolor fluorescence imaging, bright-field imaging), cell focusing, cell sorting, and deep learning on a hybrid software-hardware data management infrastructure, enabling real-time automated operation for data acquisition, data processing, intelligent decision making, and actuation. Here, we provide a practical guide to iIACS that describes how to design, build, characterize, and use an iIACS machine. The guide includes the consideration of several important design parameters, such as throughput, sensitivity, dynamic range, image quality, sort purity, and sort yield; the development and integration of optical, microfluidic, electrical, computational, and mechanical components; and the characterization and practical usage of the integrated system. Assuming that all components are readily available, a team of several researchers experienced in optics, electronics, digital signal processing, microfluidics, mechatronics, and flow cytometry can complete this protocol in ~3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Isozaki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideharu Mikami
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Sakuma
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kasai
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanori Iino
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamano
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Microbiology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yasumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takuro Ito
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Hiraki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamada
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsusaka
- Clinical Research and Regional Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hayakawa
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Microbiology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atsuhiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Sotaro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeaki Sugimura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Nitta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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21
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Goda K, Filby A, Nitta N. In Flow Cytometry, Image Is Everything. Cytometry A 2019; 95:475-477. [PMID: 31050393 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan.,Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Andrew Filby
- Newcastle Upon Tyne University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Bioscience Centre, International Centre for life, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nao Nitta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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22
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Lee KCM, Wang M, Cheah KSE, Chan GCF, So HKH, Wong KKY, Tsia KK. Quantitative Phase Imaging Flow Cytometry for Ultra-Large-Scale Single-Cell Biophysical Phenotyping. Cytometry A 2019; 95:510-520. [PMID: 31012276 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular biophysical properties are the effective label-free phenotypes indicative of differences in cell types, states, and functions. However, current biophysical phenotyping methods largely lack the throughput and specificity required in the majority of cell-based assays that involve large-scale single-cell characterization for inquiring the inherently complex heterogeneity in many biological systems. Further confounded by the lack of reported robust reproducibility and quality control, widespread adoption of single-cell biophysical phenotyping in mainstream cytometry remains elusive. To address this challenge, here we present a label-free imaging flow cytometer built upon a recently developed ultrafast quantitative phase imaging (QPI) technique, coined multi-ATOM, that enables label-free single-cell QPI, from which a multitude of subcellularly resolvable biophysical phenotypes can be parametrized, at an experimentally recorded throughput of >10,000 cells/s-a capability that is otherwise inaccessible in current QPI. With the aim to translate multi-ATOM into mainstream cytometry, we report robust system calibration and validation (from image acquisition to phenotyping reproducibility) and thus demonstrate its ability to establish high-dimensional single-cell biophysical phenotypic profiles at ultra-large-scale (>1,000,000 cells). Such a combination of throughput and content offers sufficiently high label-free statistical power to classify multiple human leukemic cell types at high accuracy (~92-97%). This system could substantiate the significance of high-throughput QPI flow cytometry in enabling next frontier in large-scale image-derived single-cell analysis applied in biological discovery and cost-effective clinical diagnostics. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin C M Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Maolin Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kathryn S E Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Godfrey C F Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hayden K H So
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth K Y Wong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin K Tsia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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23
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Zhang F, Lei C, Huang C, Kobayashi H, Sun C, Goda K. Intelligent Image De‐Blurring for Imaging Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2019; 95:549-554. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- College of Electronic and Information EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 211106China
| | - Cheng Lei
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Institute of Technological SciencesWuhan University Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Chun‐Jung Huang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | | | - Chia‐Wei Sun
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Institute of Technological SciencesWuhan University Wuhan, 430072 China
- Japan Science and Technology Agency Kawaguchi Japan
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24
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Stavrakis S, Holzner G, Choo J, deMello A. High-throughput microfluidic imaging flow cytometry. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 55:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Dai B, He L, Zheng L, Fu Y, Wang K, Sui G, Zhang D, Zhuang S, Wang X. Ultrafast cell edge detection by line-scan time-stretch microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800044. [PMID: 29987909 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast time-stretch imaging technique recently attracts an increasing interest for applications in cell classification due to high throughput and high sensitivity. A novel imaging modality of time-stretch imaging technique for edge detection is proposed. Edge detection based on the directional derivative is realized using differential detection. As the image processing is mainly implemented in the physical layer, the computation complexity of edge extraction is significantly reduced. An imaging system for edge detection with the scan rate of 77.76 MHz is experimentally demonstrated. Resolution target is first measured to verify the feasibility of the edge extraction. Furthermore, various cells, including red blood cells, lung cancer cells and breast cancer cells, are detected. The edges of cancerous cells present in a completely different form. The imaging system for edge detection would be a good candidate for high-throughput cell classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu He
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfeng Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaimin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Sui
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- The Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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Tan S, Wei X, Li B, Lai QTK, Tsia KK, Wong KKY. Ultrafast optical imaging at 2.0 μm through second-harmonic-generation-based time-stretch at 1.0 μm. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3822-3825. [PMID: 30106892 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of ultrafast time-stretch imaging at long wavelengths (beyond 1.5 μm) has suffered from low detection sensitivity due to the increasing loss of optical dispersive fibers. Here, we report an ultrafast optical imaging system with a line scan rate of ∼19 MHz at the 2.0-μm wavelength window by combining second-harmonic generation (SHG) with the highly sensitive time-stretch detection at 1.0 μm. In this imaging system, the sample is illuminated by the pulsed laser source at 2.0 μm in the spectrally encoding manner. After SHG, the encoded spectral signal at 2.0 μm is converted to 1.0 μm and then mapped to the time domain through a highly dispersive fiber at 1.0 μm, which provides a superior dispersion-to-loss ratio of ∼53 ps/nm/dB, ∼50 times larger than that of the standard fibers at 2.0 μm (typically ∼1.1 ps/nm/dB). These efforts make it possible for time-stretch technology not only being translated to longer wavelengths, where unique optical absorption contrast exists, but also benefitting from the high detection sensitivity at shorter wavelengths.
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28
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Lei C, Kobayashi H, Wu Y, Li M, Isozaki A, Yasumoto A, Mikami H, Ito T, Nitta N, Sugimura T, Yamada M, Yatomi Y, Di Carlo D, Ozeki Y, Goda K. High-throughput imaging flow cytometry by optofluidic time-stretch microscopy. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:1603-1631. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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Pischel D, Buchbinder JH, Sundmacher K, Lavrik IN, Flassig RJ. A guide to automated apoptosis detection: How to make sense of imaging flow cytometry data. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197208. [PMID: 29768460 PMCID: PMC5955558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging flow cytometry is a powerful experimental technique combining the strength of microscopy and flow cytometry to enable high-throughput characterization of cell populations on a detailed microscopic scale. This approach has an increasing importance for distinguishing between different cellular phenotypes such as proliferation, cell division and cell death. In the course of undergoing these different pathways, each cell is characterized by a high amount of properties. This makes it hard to filter the most relevant information for cell state discrimination. The traditional methods for cell state discrimination rely on dye based two-dimensional gating strategies ignoring information that is hidden in the high-dimensional property space. In order to make use of the information ignored by the traditional methods, we present a simple and efficient approach to distinguish biological states within a cell population based on machine learning techniques. We demonstrate the advantages and drawbacks of filter techniques combined with different classification schemes. These techniques are illustrated with two case studies of apoptosis detection in HeLa cells. Thereby we highlight (i) the aptitude of imaging flow cytometry regarding automated, label-free cell state discrimination and (ii) pitfalls that are frequently encountered. Additionally a MATLAB script is provided, which gives further insight regarding the computational work presented in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pischel
- Process Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörn H. Buchbinder
- Translational Inflammation Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Process Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Inna N. Lavrik
- Translational Inflammation Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert J. Flassig
- Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Automated Diatom Classification (Part A): Handcrafted Feature Approaches. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Tang AHL, Lai QTK, Chung BMF, Lee KCM, Mok ATY, Yip GK, Shum AHC, Wong KKY, Tsia KK. Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM). J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28715367 DOI: 10.3791/55840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the main trend in the advanced development of flow cytometry. Notably, adding high-resolution imaging capabilities allows for the complex morphological analysis of cellular/sub-cellular structures. This is not possible with standard flow cytometers. However, it is valuable for advancing our knowledge of cellular functions and can benefit life science research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Incorporating imaging capabilities into flow cytometry compromises the assay throughput, primarily due to the limitations on speed and sensitivity in the camera technologies. To overcome this speed or throughput challenge facing imaging flow cytometry while preserving the image quality, asymmetric-detection time-stretch optical microscopy (ATOM) has been demonstrated to enable high-contrast, single-cell imaging with sub-cellular resolution, at an imaging throughput as high as 100,000 cells/s. Based on the imaging concept of conventional time-stretch imaging, which relies on all-optical image encoding and retrieval through the use of ultrafast broadband laser pulses, ATOM further advances imaging performance by enhancing the image contrast of unlabeled/unstained cells. This is achieved by accessing the phase-gradient information of the cells, which is spectrally encoded into single-shot broadband pulses. Hence, ATOM is particularly advantageous in high-throughput measurements of single-cell morphology and texture - information indicative of cell types, states, and even functions. Ultimately, this could become a powerful imaging flow cytometry platform for the biophysical phenotyping of cells, complementing the current state-of-the-art biochemical-marker-based cellular assay. This work describes a protocol to establish the key modules of an ATOM system (from optical frontend to data processing and visualization backend), as well as the workflow of imaging flow cytometry based on ATOM, using human cells and micro-algae as the examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson H L Tang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Queenie T K Lai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Bob M F Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Kelvin C M Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Aaron T Y Mok
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
| | - G K Yip
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
| | | | - Kenneth K Y Wong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Kevin K Tsia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong;
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32
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Li J, Xu Z. Simultaneous dual-color light sheet fluorescence imaging flow cytometry for high-throughput marine phytoplankton analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:13602-13616. [PMID: 28788903 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.013602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a dual-color light sheet fluorescence imaging flow cytometer exclusively designed for rapid phytoplankton analysis. By simultaneously exciting chlorophyll and phycoerythrin fluorescence, the system is enabled to discriminate phycoerythrin-containing and phycoerythrin-lacking phytoplankton groups through simultaneous two-channel spectral imaging-in-flow. It is demonstrated the system has good sensitivity and resolution to detect picophytoplankton down to the size of ~1μm, high throughput of 1.3 × 105cells/s and 5 × 103cells/s at 100μL/min and 3mL/min volume flow rates for cultured picophytoplankton and nanophytoplankton detection, respectively, and a broad imaging range from ~1μm up to 300μm covering most marine phytoplankton cell sizes with just one 40 × objective. The simultaneous realization of high resolution, high sensitivity and high throughput with spectral resolving power of the system is expected to promote the technology towards more practical applications that demand automated phytoplankton analysis.
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33
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Automated Diatom Classification (Part B): A Deep Learning Approach. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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All-passive pixel super-resolution of time-stretch imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44608. [PMID: 28303936 PMCID: PMC5356014 DOI: 10.1038/srep44608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on image encoding in a serial-temporal format, optical time-stretch imaging entails a stringent requirement of state-of-the-art fast data acquisition unit in order to preserve high image resolution at an ultrahigh frame rate - hampering the widespread utilities of such technology. Here, we propose a pixel super-resolution (pixel-SR) technique tailored for time-stretch imaging that preserves pixel resolution at a relaxed sampling rate. It harnesses the subpixel shifts between image frames inherently introduced by asynchronous digital sampling of the continuous time-stretch imaging process. Precise pixel registration is thus accomplished without any active opto-mechanical subpixel-shift control or other additional hardware. Here, we present the experimental pixel-SR image reconstruction pipeline that restores high-resolution time-stretch images of microparticles and biological cells (phytoplankton) at a relaxed sampling rate (≈2-5 GSa/s)-more than four times lower than the originally required readout rate (20 GSa/s) - is thus effective for high-throughput label-free, morphology-based cellular classification down to single-cell precision. Upon integration with the high-throughput image processing technology, this pixel-SR time-stretch imaging technique represents a cost-effective and practical solution for large scale cell-based phenotypic screening in biomedical diagnosis and machine vision for quality control in manufacturing.
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