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Peculiarities of Integrating Mechanical Valves in Microfluidic Channels Using Direct Laser Writing. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:9411024. [PMID: 36245929 PMCID: PMC9568359 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9411024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a fast expanding scientific topic. One of the main areas of development directions in this field is the usage of additive manufacturing to fabricate functional components that would be later integrated directly into the human body. One such structure could be a microfluidic valve which could replace its biological counterpart in veins as it is worn out over the lifetime of a patient. In this work, we explore the possibility to produce such a structure by using multiphoton polymerization (MPP). This technology allows the creation of 3D structures on a micro- and nanometric scale. In this work, the fabrication of microfluidic systems by direct laser writing was carried out. These devices consist of a 100 μm diameter channel and within it a 200 μm long three-dimensional one-way mechanical valve. The idea of this device is to have a single flow direction for a fluid. For testing purposes, the valve was integrated into a femtosecond laser-made glass microfluidic system. Such a system acts as a platform for testing such small and delicate devices. Measurements of the dimensions of the device within such a testing platform were taken and the repeatability of this process was analyzed. The capability to use it for flow direction control is measured. Possible implications to the field of regenerative medicine are discussed.
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Lang N, Enns S, Hering J, von Freymann G. Towards efficient structure prediction and pre-compensation in multi-photon lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:28805-28816. [PMID: 36299069 DOI: 10.1364/oe.462775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microscale 3D printing technologies have been of increasing interest in industry and research for several years. Unfortunately, the fabricated structures always deviate from the respective expectations, often caused by the physico-chemical properties during and after the printing process. Here, we show first steps towards a simple, fast and easy to implement algorithm to predict the final structure topography for multi-photon lithography - also known as Direct Laser Writing (DLW). The three main steps of DLW, (i) exposure of a photo resin, (ii) cross-linking of the resin, and (iii) subsequent shrinkage are approximated by mathematical operations, showing promising results in coincidence with experimental observations. For example, the root-mean-square error (rmse) between the unmodified 3D print of a radial-symmetrically chirped topography and our predicted topography is only 0.46 µm, whereas the rmse between this 3D print and its target is 1.49 µm. Thus, our robust predictions can be used prior to the printing process to minimize undesired deviations between the target structure and the final 3D printed structure. Using a Downhill-Simplex algorithm for identifying the optimal prediction parameters, we were able to reduce the rmse from 4.04 µm to 0.33 µm by only two correction loops in our best-case scenario (rmse = 0.72 µm after one loop). Consequently, this approach can eliminate the need for many structural optimization loops to produce highly conformal and high quality micro structures in the future.
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Nemickas G, Kontenis G, Žemaitis A, Purlys V, Jonušauskas L. Industrial-grade processing of metal surfaces via femtosecond laser. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab7b11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Multiphoton 3D lithography is becoming a tool of choice in a wide variety of fields. Regenerative medicine is one of them. Its true 3D structuring capabilities beyond diffraction can be exploited to produce structures with diverse functionality. Furthermore, these objects can be produced from unique materials allowing expanded performance. Here, we review current trends in this research area. We pay particular attention to the interplay between the technology and materials used. Thus, we extensively discuss undergoing light-matter interactions and peculiarities of setups needed to induce it. Then, we continue with the most popular resins, photoinitiators, and general material functionalization, with emphasis on their potential usage in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we provide extensive discussion of current advances in the field as well as prospects showing how the correct choice of the polymer can play a vital role in the structure’s functionality. Overall, this review highlights the interplay between the structure’s architecture and material choice when trying to achieve the maximum result in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Salter PS, Booth MJ. Adaptive optics in laser processing. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:110. [PMID: 31814967 PMCID: PMC6884496 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics are becoming a valuable tool for laser processing, providing enhanced functionality and flexibility for a range of systems. Using a single adaptive element, it is possible to correct for aberrations introduced when focusing inside the workpiece, tailor the focal intensity distribution for the particular fabrication task and/or provide parallelisation to reduce processing times. This is particularly promising for applications using ultrafast lasers for three-dimensional fabrication. We review recent developments in adaptive laser processing, including methods and applications, before discussing prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Salter
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ UK
| | - Martin J. Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ UK
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Nouri-Goushki M, Sharma A, Sasso L, Zhang S, Van der Eerden BCJ, Staufer U, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Submicron Patterns-on-a-Chip: Fabrication of a Microfluidic Device Incorporating 3D Printed Surface Ornaments. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6127-6136. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Sasso
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram C. J. Van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Urs Staufer
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E. Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A. Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Wang C, Yang L, Hu Y, Rao S, Wang Y, Pan D, Ji S, Zhang C, Su Y, Zhu W, Li J, Wu D, Chu J. Femtosecond Mathieu Beams for Rapid Controllable Fabrication of Complex Microcages and Application in Trapping Microobjects. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4667-4676. [PMID: 30865422 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Structured laser beam based microfabrication technology provides a rapid and flexible way to create some special microstructures. As an important member in the propagation of invariant structured optical fields, Mathieu beams (MBs) exhibit regular intensity distribution and diverse controllable parameters, which makes it extremely suitable for flexible fabrication of functional microstructures. In this study, MBs are generated by a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) and used for femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization (TPP) fabrication. Based on structured beams, a dynamic holographic processing method for controllable three-dimensional (3D) microcage fabrication has been presented. MBs with diverse intensity distributions are generated by controlling the phase factors imprinted on MBs with a SLM, including feature parity, ellipticity parameter q, and integer m. The focusing properties of MBs in a high numerical aperture laser microfabrication system are theoretically and experimentally investigated. On this basis, complex two-dimensional microstructures and functional 3D microcages are rapidly and flexibly fabricated by the controllable patterned focus, which enhances the fabrication speed by 2 orders of magnitude compared with conventional single-point TPP. The fabricated microcages act as a nontrivial tool for trapping and sorting microparticles with different sizes. Finally, culturing of budding yeasts is investigated with these microcages, which demonstrates its application as 3D cell culture scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Liang Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Shenglong Rao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Deng Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Shengyun Ji
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Chenchu Zhang
- Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Yahui Su
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering , Anhui University , Hefei 230601 , China
| | - Wulin Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Dong Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
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Wang Z, Cai Y, Liang Y, Dan D, Yao B, Lei M. Aberration correction method based on double-helix point spread function. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-11. [PMID: 30182579 PMCID: PMC6975280 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.031005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Point spread function (PSF) engineering has met with lots of interest in various optical imaging techniques, including super-resolution microscopy, microparticle tracking, and extended depth-of-field microscopy. The intensity distributions of the modified PSFs often suffer from deteriorations caused by system aberrations, which greatly degrade the image contrast, resolution, or localization precision. We present an aberration correction method using a spiral-phase-based double-helix PSF as an aberration indicator, which is sensitive and quantitatively correlated to the spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism. Superior to the routine iteration-based correction methods, the presented approach is iteration-free and the aberration coefficients can be directly calculated with the measured parameters, relieving the computing burden. The validity of the method is verified by both examining the intensity distribution of the conventional Gaussian PSF in three dimensions and observing muntjac skin fibroblast cells. This iteration-free correction method has a potential application in PSF engineering systems equipped with a spatial light modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, No. 17 Xinxi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Cai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, No. 17 Xinxi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yansheng Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, No. 17 Xinxi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Dan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, No. 17 Xinxi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Baoli Yao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, No. 17 Xinxi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, No. 17 Xinxi Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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Lee E, Petit Y, Brasselet E, Cardinal T, Park SH, Canioni L. Sub-diffraction-limited fluorescent patterns by tightly focusing polarized femtosecond vortex beams in a silver-containing glass. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:10565-10573. [PMID: 28468429 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.010565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report that the shape and size of fluorescent patterns can be controlled by the focused laser intensity distribution, which depends on irradiation conditions as well as on the spin and orbital angular momenta being carried by light, inducing the formation of silver cluster patterns in a silver-containing zinc phosphate glass. In particular, we demonstrate that sub-diffraction-limited inner structures of fluorescent patterns can be generated by direct laser writing (DLW) with tightly focused femtosecond laser vortex beams as Laguerre-Gauss modes (LG0l) with linear and left-handed circular polarizations. We believe this technique, further combined with dual-color DLW, can be useful and powerful for developing structured light enabled nanostructures.
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