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Xiao B, Wang Y, Tong S, Qin J, Zhang D, Xiao L. Graphene electromagnetically induced transparent polarization-insensitive sensors in the mid-infrared frequency band. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8178-8183. [PMID: 38038115 DOI: 10.1364/ao.501357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a polarization-insensitive sensor based on graphene electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is proposed. The device consists of two graphene orthogonal T-shaped structures. This T-shaped resonator produces transparent windows that largely overlap under x and y polarizations, and the results demonstrate its good polarization insensitivity. The device can accomplish detection performance with sensitivity higher than 4960 nm/RIU and figure of merit (FOM) greater than 11.4. Meanwhile, when the Fermi energy level of graphene changes from 0.5 to 0.8 eV, it enables arbitrary modulation of the operating frequency over a wide frequency range of about 4.5 terahertz in the mid-infrared band. Our work has the potential to significantly advance the area of biological molecular detection.
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Zhang J, Li J, Chen S, Wen K, Liu W. Quadruple Plasmon-Induced Transparency and Dynamic Tuning Based on Bilayer Graphene Terahertz Metamaterial. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2474. [PMID: 37686982 PMCID: PMC10490479 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a terahertz metamaterial structure composed of a silicon-graphene-silicon sandwich, aiming to achieve quadruple plasmon-induced transparency (PIT). This phenomenon arises from the interaction coupling of bright-dark modes within the structure. The results obtained from the coupled mode theory (CMT) calculations align with the simulations ones using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Based on the electric field distributions at the resonant frequencies of the five bright modes, it is found that the energy localizations of the original five bright modes undergo diffusion and transfer under the influence of the dark mode. Additionally, the impact of the Fermi level of graphene on the transmission spectrum is discussed. The results reveal that the modulation depths (MDs) of 94.0%, 92.48%, 93.54%, 96.54%, 97.51%, 92.86%, 94.82%, and 88.20%, with corresponding insertion losses (ILs) of 0.52 dB, 0.98 dB, 1.37 dB, 0.70 dB, 0.43 dB, 0.63 dB, 0.16 dB, and 0.17 dB at the specific frequencies, are obtained, achieving multiple switching effects. This model holds significant potential for applications in versatile modulators and optical switches in the terahertz range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Junyi Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuxian Chen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Kunhua Wen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (S.C.)
- Institute of Advanced Photonics Technology, School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Technology for Integrated Sensing and Communication, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Institute of Advanced Photonics Technology, School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Technology for Integrated Sensing and Communication, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Lin H, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Lin KT, Wen X, Liang Y, Fu Y, Lau AKT, Ma T, Qiu CW, Jia B. Engineering van der Waals Materials for Advanced Metaphotonics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15204-15355. [PMID: 35749269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The outstanding chemical and physical properties of 2D materials, together with their atomically thin nature, make them ideal candidates for metaphotonic device integration and construction, which requires deep subwavelength light-matter interaction to achieve optical functionalities beyond conventional optical phenomena observed in naturally available materials. In addition to their intrinsic properties, the possibility to further manipulate the properties of 2D materials via chemical or physical engineering dramatically enhances their capability, evoking new science on light-matter interaction, leading to leaped performance of existing functional devices and giving birth to new metaphotonic devices that were unattainable previously. Comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic properties of 2D materials, approaches and capabilities for chemical and physical engineering methods, the resulting property modifications and novel functionalities, and applications of metaphotonic devices are provided in this review. Through reviewing the detailed progress in each aspect and the state-of-the-art achievement, insightful analyses of the outstanding challenges and future directions are elucidated in this cross-disciplinary comprehensive review with the aim to provide an overall development picture in the field of 2D material metaphotonics and promote rapid progress in this fast emerging and prosperous field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training, Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Zhenfang Zhang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Keng-Te Lin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Yao Liang
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Yang Fu
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Alan Kin Tak Lau
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Baohua Jia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training, Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.,Centre for Translational Atomaterials, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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Jiang X, Chen D, Zhang Z, Huang J, Wen K, He J, Yang J. Dual-channel optical switch, refractive index sensor and slow light device based on a graphene metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:34079-34092. [PMID: 33182885 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a graphene-based metasurface that exhibits multifunctions including tunable filter and slow-light which result from surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) of graphene and plasmon induced transparency (PIT), respectively. The proposed metasurface is composed by two pairs of graphene nano-rings and a graphene nanoribbon. Each group of graphene rings is separately placed on both sides of the graphene nanoribbon. Adjusting the working state of the nanoribbon can realize the functional conversion of the proposed multifunctional metasurface. After that, in the state of two narrow filters, we put forward the application concept of dual-channel optical switch. Using phase modulation of PIT and flexible Fermi level of graphene, we can achieve tunable slow light. In addition, the result shows that the graphene-based metasurface as a refractive index sensor can achieve a sensitivity of 13670 nm/RIU in terahertz range. These results enable the proposed device to be widely applied in tunable optical switches, slow light, and sensors.
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Xiao B, Zhu J, Xiao L. Tunable plasmon-induced transparency in graphene metamaterials with ring-semiring pair coupling structures. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:6041-6045. [PMID: 32672747 DOI: 10.1364/ao.394942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a tunable graphene metamaterial with a ring-semiring pair coupling structure was proposed to achieve the plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) effect at terahertz frequencies, and its high-sensitivity sensor performances were simulated. We change the resonant frequency of the PIT window by adjusting the Fermi energy of the graphene or the relative distance of the geometry parameters. When the refractive index of the dielectric inserted into the structure changes, the spectral transmission of the metamaterial structure changes simultaneously. Therefore, the results of this study provide a new, to the best of our knowledge, method for making adjustable light sensors.
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Xiao B, Tong S, Fyffe A, Shi Z. Tunable electromagnetically induced transparency based on graphene metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4048-4057. [PMID: 32122064 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we propose a graphene-based metasurface structure that can exhibit tunable electromagnetically-induced-transparency-like (EIT) spectral response at mid-infrared frequencies. The metasurface structure is composed of two subwavelength mono-layer graphene nano-disks coupled with a mono-layer graphene nano-strip. We show that the coupling of the nano-disks' dipole resonance with the quadrupole resonance of the nano-strip can create two split resonances with a transparency window in between at any desired center frequency within a wide frequency range. We show that such an EIT-like response can also be dynamically shifted in frequency by adjusting the Fermi-level of the graphene through external voltage control, which provides convenient post-fabrication tunability. In addition, the performance of such a metastructure for sensing the refractive index of the surrounding medium is analyzed. The simulation results show that its sensitivity can reach 3016.7 nm/(RIU) with a FOM exceeding 12.0. Lastly, we present an analysis of the slow light characteristics of the proposed device, where the group index can reach as large as 200. Our design provides a new miniaturized sensing platform that can facilitate the development of biochemical molecules testing, etc.
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Ma Q, Dai J, Luo A, Hong W. Numerical and Theoretical Study of Tunable Plasmonically Induced Transparency Effect Based on Bright-Dark Mode Coupling in Graphene Metasurface. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020232. [PMID: 32013078 PMCID: PMC7075167 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we numerically and theoretically study the tunable plasmonically induced transparency (PIT) effect based on the graphene metasurface structure consisting of a graphene cut wire (CW) resonator and double split-ring resonators (SRRs) in the middle infrared region (MIR). Both the theoretical calculations according to the coupled harmonic oscillator model and simulation results indicate that the realization of the PIT effect significantly depends on the coupling distance and the coupling strength between the CW resonator and SRRs. In addition, the geometrical parameters of the CW resonator and the number of the graphene layers can alter the optical response of the graphene structure. Particularly, compared with the metal-based metamaterial, the PIT effect realized in the proposed metasurface can be flexibly modulated without adding other actively controlled materials and reconstructing the structure by taking advantage of the tunable complex surface conductivity of the graphene. These results could find significant applications in ultrafast variable optical attenuators, sensors and slow light devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weiyi Hong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-185-203-89309
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Rezaei MH, Zarifkar A. High-extinction ratio and ultra-compact two-bit comparators based on graphene-plasmonic waveguides. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:9829-9838. [PMID: 31873627 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.009829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electro-optical 1-bit and 2-bit comparators based on graphene plasmonic waveguides are proposed. Surface plasmon polaritons are stimulated by radiation of a TM-polarized light with a wavelength of 15 µm and their propagation is controlled by applying electrical signals which represent the binary numbers that need to be compared. The results of comparing two numbers are obtained in the form of light at the output ports. Finite-difference time-domain simulation results show that the minimum extinction ratios (ERs) for 1-bit and 2-bit comparators are 9.69 dB and 6.13 dB, respectively. Also, the 1-bit and 2-bit structures have footprints of ${0.42}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}^2$0.42µm2 and ${0.9}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}^2$0.9µm2, respectively. Our studies show that the optical comparators with these ultra-compact dimensions have not been reported so far. The presented structures benefit from high ER and ultra-compact footprint, which make them suitable for use in optical signal processing and photonic computing.
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Tunable Metamaterial with Gold and Graphene Split-Ring Resonators and Plasmonically Induced Transparency. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 9:nano9010007. [PMID: 30577616 PMCID: PMC6359085 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a metamaterial structure for realizing the electromagnetically induced transparency effect in the MIR region, which consists of a gold split-ring and a graphene split-ring. The simulated results indicate that a single tunable transparency window can be realized in the structure due to the hybridization between the two rings. The transparency window can be tuned individually by the coupling distance and/or the Fermi level of the graphene split-ring via electrostatic gating. These results could find significant applications in nanoscale light control and functional devices operating such as sensors and modulators.
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Liu Y, Zhong R, Lian Z, Bu C, Liu S. Dynamically tunable band stop filter enabled by the metal-graphene metamaterials. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2828. [PMID: 29434206 PMCID: PMC5809459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamically tunable band stop filter based on metal-graphene metamaterials is proposed and numerically investigated at mid-infrared frequencies. The proposed filter is constructed by unit cells with simple gold strips on the stack of monolayer graphene and the substrate of BaF2. A stable modulation depth up to −23.26 dB can be achieved. Due to the cooperative effect of the “bright-bright” elements, the amount of the gold strips in each unit cell determines the number of the stop-bands, providing a simple and flexible approach to develop multispectral devices. Further investigations illustrate that the location of the stop bands not only can be adjusted by varying the length of gold strips, but also can be dynamically controlled by tuning the Fermi energy level of graphene, and deep modulation is acquired through designing the carrier mobility. With the sensitivity as high as 2393 nm/RIU of the resonances to the varieties of surrounding medium, the structure is also enabled to be an index based sensor. The results will benefit the on plane or integrated micro-structure research with simple structure and flexible tunability, and can be applied in multi-band stop filters, sensors and other graphene-based multispectral devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Terahertz Research Centre, School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China.,Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Renbin Zhong
- Terahertz Research Centre, School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China. .,Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Av., Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong, P.R. China.
| | - Zhen Lian
- Terahertz Research Centre, School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China.,Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Chen Bu
- Terahertz Research Centre, School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China.,Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Shenggang Liu
- Terahertz Research Centre, School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China.,Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
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