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Yun D, Egbert SC, Frymire AT, Coburn SC, France JJ, Rice KM, Donbar JM, Rieker GB. Single-beam velocimetry with dual frequency comb absorption spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:18650-18663. [PMID: 38859016 DOI: 10.1364/oe.523451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Laser absorption Doppler velocimeters use a crossed-beam configuration to cancel errors due to laser frequency drift and absorption model uncertainty. This configuration complicates the spatial interpretation of the measurement since the two beams sample different volumes of gas. Here, we achieve single-beam velocimetry with a portable dual comb spectrometer (DCS) with high frequency accuracy and stability enabled by GPS-referencing, and a new high-temperature water vapor absorption database. We measure the inlet flow in a supersonic ramjet engine and demonstrate single-beam measurements that are on average within 19 m/s of concurrent crossed-beam measurements. We estimate that the DCS and the new database contribute 1.6 and 13 m/s to this difference respectively.
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2
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Shibata R, Fujii S, Watanabe S. Integer-locking condition for stable dual-comb interferometry in situations with fluctuating frequency-comb repetition rates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17373-17387. [PMID: 38858922 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
To make dual-comb interferometry usable in a wide range of applications, it is important to achieve reproducible measurement results even in non-ideal environments that affect the repetition-rate stability. Here, we consider dual-comb interferometry based on a pair of fully referenced optical frequency combs (OFCs) and investigate the impact of fluctuations in the OFC repetition frequencies on the peak position of the center burst in the interferogram. We identify a phase-locking scheme that minimizes the impact of these fluctuations through choosing a special combination of phase-locked frequencies, and the resulting type of operating condition is termed integer-locking condition. Under the integer-locking condition, the number of sampling points in each interferogram remains constant regardless of repetition-rate variations, and this enables more stable phase-resolved measurements in non-ideal environments. We demonstrate the application of this approach using absolute path-length measurements and discuss the accuracy limit imposed by the integer-locking condition. Our findings offer a strategy for robust dual-comb interferometry outside metrology laboratories.
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3
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Mead GJ, Waxman EM, Bon D, Herman DI, Baumann E, Giorgetta FR, Friedlein JT, Ycas G, Newbury NR, Coddington I, Cossel KC. Open-path dual-comb spectroscopy of methane and VOC emissions from an unconventional oil well development in Northern Colorado. Front Chem 2023; 11:1202255. [PMID: 37332891 PMCID: PMC10272377 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1202255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We present results from a field study monitoring methane and volatile organic compound emissions near an unconventional oil well development in Northern Colorado from September 2019 to May 2020 using a mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer. This instrument allowed quantification of methane, ethane, and propane in a single measurement with high time resolution and integrated path sampling. Using ethane and propane as tracer gases for methane from oil and gas activity, we observed emissions during the drilling, hydraulic fracturing, millout, and flowback phases of well development. Large emissions were seen in drilling and millout phases and emissions decreased to background levels during the flowback phase. Ethane/methane and propane/methane ratios varied widely throughout the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin J. Mead
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eleanor M. Waxman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Daniel Bon
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Daniel I. Herman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Esther Baumann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Fabrizio R. Giorgetta
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jacob T. Friedlein
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Gabriel Ycas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Ian Coddington
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kevin C. Cossel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Spectrum Technology and Research Division, Boulder, CO, United States
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4
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Sugiyama Y, Kashimura T, Kashimoto K, Akamatsu D, Hong FL. Precision dual-comb spectroscopy using wavelength-converted frequency combs with low repetition rates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2549. [PMID: 36781885 PMCID: PMC9925804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision spectroscopy contributed significantly to the development of quantum mechanics in its early stages. In the twenty-first century, precision spectroscopy has played an important role in several fields, including fundamental physics, precision measurement, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. An optical frequency comb is indispensable in determining the frequency axis in precision spectroscopy and it is useful as a light source for spectroscopy. Dual-comb spectroscopy uses two frequency combs with slightly different repetition rates and has the potential to surpass conventional Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers. The resolution of dual-comb spectroscopy is limited by the frequency spacing of the comb components, that is, the repetition rate of the comb. We demonstrate dual-comb spectroscopy in the visible-wavelength region using wavelength-converted frequency combs from Er-doped fiber combs. The repetition rates of the combs are relatively low at 19.8 MHz, resulting in relatively high resolution in the dual-comb spectroscopy. The observed spectral shape in dual-comb spectroscopy agrees well with the fitting result based on the hyperfine structure of molecular iodine. The realized dual-comb spectroscopy using wavelength-converted Er-doped fiber combs is reliable (maintenance free) and applicable in other experiments at visible wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sugiyama
- grid.268446.a0000 0001 2185 8709Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, 240-8501 Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kashimura
- grid.268446.a0000 0001 2185 8709Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, 240-8501 Japan
| | - Keiju Kashimoto
- grid.268446.a0000 0001 2185 8709Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, 240-8501 Japan
| | - Daisuke Akamatsu
- grid.268446.a0000 0001 2185 8709Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, 240-8501 Japan
| | - Feng-Lei Hong
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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5
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Yang F, Lu Y, Liu G, Huang S, Chen D, Ying K, Qi W, Zhou J. An Investigation of All Fiber Free-Running Dual-Comb Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1103. [PMID: 36772144 PMCID: PMC9920923 DOI: 10.3390/s23031103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) system uses two phase-locked optical frequency combs with a slight difference in the repetition frequency. The spectrum can be sampled in the optical frequency (OF) domain and reproduces the characteristics in the radio frequency (RF) domain through asynchronous optical sampling. Therefore, the DCS system shows great advantages in achieving precision spectral measurement. During application, the question of how to reserve the mutual coherence between the two combs is the key issue affecting the application of the DCS system. This paper focuses on a software algorithm used to realize the mutual coherence of the two combs. Therefore, a pair of free-running large anomalous dispersion fiber combs, with a center wavelength of approximately 1064 nm, was used. After the signal process, the absorption spectra of multiple species were simultaneously obtained (simulated using the reflective spectra of narrow-bandwidth fiber Bragg gratings, abbreviated as FBG). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) could reach 13.97 dB (25) during the 100 ms sampling time. In this study, the feasibility of the system was first verified through the simulation system; then, a principal demonstration experiment was successfully executed. The whole system was connected by the optical fiber without additional phase-locking equipment, showing promise as a potential solution for the low-cost and practical application of DCS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Yang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanyu Lu
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Guibin Liu
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shaowei Huang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dijun Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Kang Ying
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Weiao Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Solid-State Laser and Application, Shanghai 201800, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Solid-State Laser and Application, Shanghai 201800, China
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6
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Herman DI, Mead G, Giorgetta FR, Baumann E, Malarich NA, Washburn BR, Newbury NR, Coddington I, Cossel KC. Open-path measurement of stable water isotopologues using mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2023; 16:10.5194/amt-16-4053-2023. [PMID: 37961051 PMCID: PMC10642444 DOI: 10.5194/amt-16-4053-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
We present an open-path mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) system capable of precise measurement of the stable water isotopologues H216O and HD16O. This system ran in a remote configuration at a rural test site for 3.75 months with 60% uptime and achieved a precision of < 2‰ on the normalized ratio of H216O and HD16O (δ D ) in 1000s. Here, we compare the δ D values from the DCS system to those from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) isotopologue point sensor network. Over the multi-month campaign, the mean difference between the DCS δ D values and the NEON δ D values from a similar ecosystem is < 2‰ with a standard deviation of 18‰, which demonstrates the inherent accuracy of DCS measurements over a variety of atmospheric conditions. We observe time-varying diurnal profiles and seasonal trends that are mostly correlated between the sites on daily timescales. This observation motivates the development of denser ecological monitoring networks aimed at understanding regional- and synoptic-scale water transport. Precise and accurate open-path measurements using DCS provide new capabilities for such networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I. Herman
- Spectrum Technology and Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States of America
| | - Griffin Mead
- Spectrum Technology and Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
| | - Fabrizio R. Giorgetta
- Spectrum Technology and Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States of America
| | - Esther Baumann
- Spectrum Technology and Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States of America
| | - Nathan A. Malarich
- Spectrum Technology and Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Washburn
- Spectrum Technology and Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States of America
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- Spectrum Technology and Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
| | - Ian Coddington
- Spectrum Technology and Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Cossel
- Spectrum Technology and Research Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States of America
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7
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Herman DI, Deschênes JD, Timmers H, Coddington I, Newbury NR. Collinear opto-optical loss modulation for carrier-envelope offset stabilization of a fiber frequency comb. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:38684-38694. [PMID: 36258427 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Opto-optical loss modulation (OOM) for stabilization of the carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency of a femtosecond all-fiber laser is performed using a collinear geometry. Amplitude-modulated 1064 nm light is fiber coupled into an end-pumped semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM)-mode-locked all-polarization-maintaining erbium fiber femtosecond laser, where it optically modulates the loss of the SESAM resulting in modulation of the CEO frequency. A noise rejection bandwidth of 150 kHz is achieved when OOM and optical gain modulation are combined in a hybrid analog/digital loop. Collinear OOM provides a simple, all-fiber, high-bandwidth method for improving the CEO frequency stability of SESAM mode-locked fiber lasers.
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8
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Lihachev G, Riemensberger J, Weng W, Liu J, Tian H, Siddharth A, Snigirev V, Shadymov V, Voloshin A, Wang RN, He J, Bhave SA, Kippenberg TJ. Low-noise frequency-agile photonic integrated lasers for coherent ranging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3522. [PMID: 35725718 PMCID: PMC9209488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency modulated continuous wave laser ranging (FMCW LiDAR) enables distance mapping with simultaneous position and velocity information, is immune to stray light, can achieve long range, operate in the eye-safe region of 1550 nm and achieve high sensitivity. Despite its advantages, it is compounded by the simultaneous requirement of both narrow linewidth low noise lasers that can be precisely chirped. While integrated silicon-based lasers, compatible with wafer scale manufacturing in large volumes at low cost, have experienced major advances and are now employed on a commercial scale in data centers, and impressive progress has led to integrated lasers with (ultra) narrow sub-100 Hz-level intrinsic linewidth based on optical feedback from photonic circuits, these lasers presently lack fast nonthermal tuning, i.e. frequency agility as required for coherent ranging. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid photonic integrated laser that exhibits very narrow intrinsic linewidth of 25 Hz while offering linear, hysteresis-free, and mode-hop-free-tuning beyond 1 GHz with up to megahertz actuation bandwidth constituting 1.6 × 1015 Hz/s tuning speed. Our approach uses foundry-based technologies - ultralow-loss (1 dB/m) Si3N4 photonic microresonators, combined with aluminium nitride (AlN) or lead zirconium titanate (PZT) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based stress-optic actuation. Electrically driven low-phase-noise lasing is attained by self-injection locking of an Indium Phosphide (InP) laser chip and only limited by fundamental thermo-refractive noise at mid-range offsets. By utilizing difference-drive and apodization of the photonic chip to suppress mechanical vibrations of the chip, a flat actuation response up to 10 MHz is achieved. We leverage this capability to demonstrate a compact coherent LiDAR engine that can generate up to 800 kHz FMCW triangular optical chirp signals, requiring neither any active linearization nor predistortion compensation, and perform a 10 m optical ranging experiment, with a resolution of 12.5 cm. Our results constitute a photonic integrated laser system for scenarios where high compactness, fast frequency actuation, and high spectral purity are required. Stable and tunable integrated lasers are fundamental building blocks for applications from spectroscopy to imaging and communication. Here the authors present a narrow linewidth hybrid photonic integrated laser with low frequency noise and fast linear wavelength tuning. They then provide an efficient FMCW LIDAR demonstration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Lihachev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johann Riemensberger
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wenle Weng
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), and School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hao Tian
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anat Siddharth
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viacheslav Snigirev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Shadymov
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Voloshin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jijun He
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sunil A Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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9
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Anderson AQ, Strong EF, Coburn SC, Rieker GB, Gopinath JT. Orbital angular momentum-based dual-comb interferometer for ranging and rotation sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:21195-21210. [PMID: 36224844 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a dual-comb interferometer capable of measuring both the range to a target as well as the target's transverse rotation rate. Measurement of the transverse rotation of the target is achieved by preparing the probe comb with orbital angular momentum and measuring the resultant phase shift between interferograms, which arises from the rotational Doppler shift. The distance to the target is measured simultaneously by measuring the time-of-flight delay between the target and reference interferogram centerbursts. With 40 ms of averaging, we measure rotation rates up to 313 Hz with a precision reaching 1 Hz. Distances are measured with an ambiguity range of 75 cm and with a precision of 5.9 µm for rotating targets and 400 nm for a static target. This is the first dual-comb ranging system capable of measuring transverse rotation of a target. This technique has many potential terrestrial and space-based applications for lidar and remote sensing systems.
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10
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Fukuda T, Okano M, Watanabe S. Interferogram-based determination of the absolute mode numbers of optical frequency combs in dual-comb spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:22214-22227. [PMID: 34265991 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS), which uses two optical frequency combs (OFCs), requires an accurate knowledge of the mode number of each comb line to determine spectral features. We demonstrate a fast evaluation method of the absolute mode numbers of both OFCs used in DCS system. By measuring the interval between the peaks in the time-domain interferogram, it is possible to accurately determine the ratio of one OFC repetition frequency (frep) to the difference between the frep values of the two OFCs (Δfrep). The absolute mode numbers can then be straightforwardly calculated using this ratio. This method is applicable to a broad range of Δfrep values down to several Hz without any additional instruments. For instance, the minimum required measurement time is estimated to be about 1 s for Δfrep ≈ 5.6 Hz and frep ≈ 60 MHz. The optical frequencies of the absorption lines of acetylene gas obtained by DCS with our method of mode number determination shows good agreement with the data from the HITRAN database.
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11
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Komagata K, Shehzad A, Terrasanta G, Brochard P, Matthey R, Gianella M, Jouy P, Kapsalidis F, Shahmohammadi M, Beck M, Wittwer VJ, Faist J, Emmenegger L, Südmeyer T, Hugi A, Schilt S. Coherently-averaged dual comb spectrometer at 7.7 µm with master and follower quantum cascade lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:19126-19139. [PMID: 34154154 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent averaging of the multi-heterodyne beat signal between two quantum cascade laser frequency combs in a master-follower configuration. The two combs are mutually locked by acting on the drive current to control their relative offset frequency and by radio-frequency extraction and injection locking of their intermode beat signal to stabilize their mode spacing difference. By implementing an analog common-noise subtraction scheme, a reduction of the linewidth of all heterodyne beat notes by five orders of magnitude is achieved compared to the free-running lasers. We compare stabilization and post-processing corrections in terms of amplitude noise. While they give similar performances in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, real-time processing of the stabilized signal is less demanding in terms of computational power. Lastly, a proof-of-principle spectroscopic measurement was performed, showing the possibility to reduce the amount of data to be processed by three orders of magnitude, compared to the free-running system.
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12
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Yu S, Zhang Z, Li M, Xia H. Multi-frequency differential absorption lidar incorporating a comb-referenced scanning laser for gas spectrum analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:12984-12995. [PMID: 33985044 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A multi-frequency differential absorption lidar incorporating a tunable laser and an optical frequency comb is demonstrated for precise spectrum analysis of atmospheric gas. The single frequency tunable laser is stabilized by locking to the optical frequency comb, with a standard deviation of 0.5 MHz. To achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio, a multi-mode superconducting nanowire single-photon detector with an active-area diameter of 50 µm, a quantum efficiency of 31.5%, and dark noise of 100 counts per second is implemented, which enables to avoid the need for high energy lasers. In the experiment, the range-resolved spectrum of atmospheric mixture gases (CO2 and HDO) in a region of 1572.2 - 1572.45 nm is obtained. Results show different partially overlapped absorption of two gases in different seasons, with a stronger influence of HDO on CO2 in summer than in winter. The interactions are taken into account by separating the mixture absorption spectrum (one CO2 line and two HDO lines) with triple-peak Voigt fitting. The retrieved concentrations over 6 km with a range resolution of 120 m and a time resolution of 10 min are compared with in-situ sensors. The uncertainties of the retrieved concentrations are as low as 6.5 µmol/mol (ppm) and 1×10-3 g/kg for CO2 and HDO, respectively.
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13
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Herman DI, Weerasekara C, Hutcherson LC, Giorgetta FR, Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Colacion GM, Newbury NR, Welch SM, DePaola BD, Coddington I, Santos EA, Washburn BR. Precise multispecies agricultural gas flux determined using broadband open-path dual-comb spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe9765. [PMID: 33789900 PMCID: PMC8011971 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in spectroscopy have the potential to improve our understanding of agricultural processes and associated trace gas emissions. We implement field-deployed, open-path dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) for precise multispecies emissions estimation from livestock. With broad atmospheric dual-comb spectra, we interrogate upwind and downwind paths from pens containing approximately 300 head of cattle, providing time-resolved concentration enhancements and fluxes of CH4, NH3, CO2, and H2O. The methane fluxes determined from DCS data and fluxes obtained with a colocated closed-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy gas analyzer agree to within 6%. The NH3 concentration retrievals have sensitivity of 10 parts per billion and yield corresponding NH3 fluxes with a statistical precision of 8% and low systematic uncertainty. Open-path DCS offers accurate multispecies agricultural gas flux quantification without external calibration and is easily extended to larger agricultural systems where point-sampling-based approaches are insufficient, presenting opportunities for field-scale biogeochemical studies and ecological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Herman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | - Fabrizio R Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kevin C Cossel
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Eleanor M Waxman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Gabriel M Colacion
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Stephen M Welch
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brett D DePaola
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Eduardo A Santos
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brian R Washburn
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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14
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Standoff Chemical Detection Using Laser Absorption Spectroscopy: A Review. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12172771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Remote chemical detection in the atmosphere or some specific space has always been of great interest in many applications for environmental protection and safety. Laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) is a highly desirable technology, benefiting from high measurement sensitivity, improved spectral selectivity or resolution, fast response and capability of good spatial resolution, multi-species and standoff detection with a non-cooperative target. Numerous LAS-based standoff detection techniques have seen rapid development recently and are reviewed herein, including differential absorption LiDAR, tunable laser absorption spectroscopy, laser photoacoustic spectroscopy, dual comb spectroscopy, laser heterodyne radiometry and active coherent laser absorption spectroscopy. An update of the current status of these various methods is presented, covering their principles, system compositions, features, developments and applications for standoff chemical detection over the last decade. In addition, a performance comparison together with the challenges and opportunities analysis is presented that describes the broad LAS-based techniques within the framework of remote sensing research and their directions of development for meeting potential practical use.
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15
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Friedlein JT, Baumann E, Briggman KA, Colacion GM, Giorgetta FR, Goldfain AM, Herman DI, Hoenig EV, Hwang J, Newbury NR, Perez EF, Yung CS, Coddington I, Cossel KC. Dual-comb photoacoustic spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3152. [PMID: 32561738 PMCID: PMC7305174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectrally resolved photoacoustic imaging is promising for label-free imaging in optically scattering materials. However, this technique often requires acquisition of a separate image at each wavelength of interest. This reduces imaging speeds and causes errors if the sample changes in time between images acquired at different wavelengths. We demonstrate a solution to this problem by using dual-comb spectroscopy for photoacoustic measurements. This approach enables a photoacoustic measurement at thousands of wavelengths simultaneously. In this technique, two optical-frequency combs are interfered on a sample and the resulting pressure wave is measured with an ultrasound transducer. This acoustic signal is processed in the frequency-domain to obtain an optical absorption spectrum. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, we measure photoacoustic signals from polymer films. The absorption spectra obtained from these measurements agree with those measured using a spectrophotometer. Improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the dual-comb photoacoustic spectrometer could enable high-speed spectrally resolved photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Friedlein
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Esther Baumann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Kimberly A Briggman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Gabriel M Colacion
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Optical Science and Engineering, University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard, SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Fabrizio R Giorgetta
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Aaron M Goldfain
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Daniel I Herman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Eli V Hoenig
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, ERC 387, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jeeseong Hwang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Edgar F Perez
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, 8279 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742-3511, USA
| | - Christopher S Yung
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Kevin C Cossel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Physics Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
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Ycas G, Giorgetta FR, Friedlein JT, Herman D, Cossel KC, Baumann E, Newbury NR, Coddington I. Compact mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer for outdoor spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:14740-14752. [PMID: 32403509 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the design of a robust, mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer operating in the 3.1-µm to 4-µm spectral window for future field applications. The design represents an improvement in system size, power consumption, and robustness relative to previous work while also providing a high spectral signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate a system quality factor of 2×106 and 30 hours of continuous operation over a 120-meter outdoor air path.
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17
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Fellinger J, Mayer AS, Winkler G, Grosinger W, Truong GW, Droste S, Li C, Heyl CM, Hartl I, Heckl OH. Tunable dual-comb from an all-polarization-maintaining single-cavity dual-color Yb:fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:28062-28074. [PMID: 31684565 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.028062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate dual-comb generation from an all-polarization-maintaining dual-color ytterbium (Yb) fiber laser. Two pulse trains with center wavelengths at 1030 nm and 1060 nm respectively are generated within the same laser cavity with a repetition rate around 77 MHz. Dual-color operation is induced using a tunable mechanical spectral filter, which cuts the gain spectrum into two spectral regions that can be independently mode-locked. Spectral overlap of the two pulse trains is achieved outside the laser cavity by amplifying the 1030-nm pulses and broadening them in a nonlinear fiber. Spatially overlapping the two arms on a simple photodiode then generates a down-converted radio frequency comb. The difference in repetition rates between the two pulse trains and hence the line spacing of the down-converted comb can easily be tuned in this setup. This feature allows for a flexible adjustment of the tradeoff between non-aliasing bandwidth vs. measurement time in spectroscopy applications. Furthermore, we show that by fine-tuning the center-wavelengths of the two pulse trains, we are able to shift the down-converted frequency comb along the radio-frequency axis. The usability of this dual-comb setup is demonstrated by measuring the transmission of two different etalons while the laser is completely free-running.
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18
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Nakajima Y, Hata Y, Minoshima K. All-polarization-maintaining, polarization-multiplexed, dual-comb fiber laser with a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:14648-14656. [PMID: 31163909 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.014648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed an all-polarization-maintaining, polarization-multiplexed, dual-comb fiber laser with a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM) mode-locking mechanism. Owing to the use of the slow and fast axes of a polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF), the dual-frequency combs with slightly different repetition rates from the single-laser cavity are generated at the same center wavelength without extra-cavity nonlinear spectral broadening. The narrow relative beat note between the two frequency combs is obtained with a full-width-at-half-maximum of ~1 kHz in the optical frequency domain. The two frequency combs have high relative stability and mutual coherence owing to passive common-mode noise cancellation.
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19
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Baumann E, Hoenig EV, Perez EF, Colacion GM, Giorgetta FR, Cossel KC, Ycas G, Carlson DR, Hickstein DD, Srinivasan K, Papp SB, Newbury NR, Coddington I. Dual-comb spectroscopy with tailored spectral broadening in Si 3N 4 nanophotonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:11869-11876. [PMID: 31053026 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.011869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Si3N4 waveguides, pumped at 1550 nm, can provide spectrally smooth, broadband light for gas spectroscopy in the important 2 μm to 2.5 μm atmospheric water window, which is only partially accessible with silica-fiber based systems. By combining Er+ fiber frequency combs and supercontinuum generation in tailored Si3N4 waveguides, high signal-to-noise dual-comb spectroscopy spanning 2 μm to 2.5 μm is demonstrated. Acquired broadband dual-comb spectra of CO and CO2 agree well with database line shape models and have a spectral-signal-to-noise as high as 48/√s, showing that the high coherence between the two combs is retained in the Si3N4 supercontinuum generation. The dual-comb spectroscopy figure of merit is 6 × 106/√s, equivalent to that of all-fiber dual-comb spectroscopy systems in the 1.6 μm band. based on these results, future dual-comb spectroscopy can combine fiber comb technology with Si3N4 waveguides to access new spectral windows in a robust non-laboratory platform.
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20
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Draper AD, Cole RK, Makowiecki AS, Mohr J, Zdanowicz A, Marchese A, Hoghooghi N, Rieker GB. Broadband dual-frequency comb spectroscopy in a rapid compression machine. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:10814-10825. [PMID: 31052935 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.010814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate fiber mode-locked dual-frequency comb spectroscopy for broadband, high-resolution measurements in a rapid compression machine (RCM). We apply an apodization technique to improve the short-term signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), which enables broadband spectroscopy at combustion-relevant timescales. We measure the absorption on 24345 individual wavelength elements (comb teeth) between 5967 and 6133 cm-1 at 704 µs time resolution during a 12 ms compression of a CH4-N2 mixture. We discuss the effect of the apodization technique on the absorption spectra, and apply an identical effect to the spectral model during fitting to recover the mixture temperature. The fitted temperature is compared against an adiabatic model, and found to be in good agreement with expected trends. This work demonstrates the potential of DCS to be used as an in situ diagnostic tool for broadband, high-resolution measurements in engine-like environments.
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21
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Alden CB, Coburn SC, Wright RJ, Baumann E, Cossel K, Perez E, Hoenig E, Prasad K, Coddington I, Rieker GB. Single-Blind Quantification of Natural Gas Leaks from 1 km Distance Using Frequency Combs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2908-2917. [PMID: 30695644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new method is tested in a single-blind study for detection, attribution, and quantification of methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain, which contribute substantially to annual U.S. emissions. The monitoring approach couples atmospheric methane concentration measurements from an open-path dual frequency comb laser spectrometer with meteorological data in an inversion to characterize emissions. During single-blind testing, the spectrometer is placed >1 km from decommissioned natural gas equipment configured with intentional leaks of controllable rate. Single, steady emissions ranging from 0 to 10.7 g min-1 (0-34.7 scfh) are detected, located, and quantified at three gas pads of varying size and complexity. The system detects 100% of leaks, including leaks as small as 0.96 g min-1 (3.1 scfh). It attributes leaks to the correct pad or equipment group (tank battery, separator battery, wellhead battery) 100% of the time and to the correct equipment (specific separator, tank, or wellhead) 67% of the time. All leaks are quantified to within 3.7 g min-1 (12 scfh); 94% are quantified to within 2.8 g min-1 (9 scfh). These tests are an important initial demonstration of the methodology's viability for continuous monitoring of large regions, with extension to other trace gases and industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esther Baumann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Kevin Cossel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Edgar Perez
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Eli Hoenig
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Kuldeep Prasad
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Ian Coddington
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
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22
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Nakajima Y, Hata Y, Minoshima K. High-coherence ultra-broadband bidirectional dual-comb fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:5931-5944. [PMID: 30876190 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.005931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy has emerged as an attractive spectroscopic tool for high-speed, high-resolution, and high-sensitivity broadband spectroscopy. It exhibits certain advantages when compared to the conventional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. However, the high cost of the conventional system, which is based on two mode-locked lasers and a complex servo system with a common single-frequency laser, limits the applicability of the dual-comb spectroscopy system. In this study, we overcame this problem with a bidirectional dual-comb fiber laser that generates two high-coherence ultra-broadband frequency combs with slightly different repetition rates (frep). The two direct outputs from the single-laser cavity displayed broad spectra of > 50 nm; moreover, an excessively small difference in the repetition rate (< 1.5 Hz) was achieved with high relative stability, owing to passive common-mode noise cancellation. With this slight difference in the repetition rate, the applicable optical spectral bandwidth in dual-comb spectroscopy could attain ~479 THz (~3,888 nm). In addition, we successfully generated high-coherence ultra-broadband frequency combs via nonlinear spectral broadening and detected high signal-to-noise-ratio carrier-envelope offset frequency (fCEO) beat signals using the self-referencing technique. We also demonstrated the high relative stability between the two fCEO beat signals and tunability. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of fCEO detection and frequency measurement using a self-referencing technique for a dual-comb fiber laser. The developed high-coherence ultra-broadband dual-comb fiber laser with capability of fCEO detection is likely to be a highly effective tool in practical, high-sensitivity, ultra-broadband applications.
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23
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Fellinger J, Winkler G, Mayer AS, Steidle LR, Heckl OH. Tunable dual-color operation of Yb:fiber laser via mechanical spectral subdivision. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:5478-5486. [PMID: 30876150 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.005478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a versatile method to generate a dual-color laser from a single fiber laser cavity by spectral subdivision using a tunable mechanical filter. As a proof-of-principle, we implement the concept in a nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE)-mode-locked ytterbium (Yb)-fiber laser. The division into two independent spectral regions is achieved by inserting a narrow blade-shaped beam block into the free-space grating compressor section of the cavity, where the spectrum is spatially dispersed. By mode-locking both spectral regions, two pulse trains, with different repetition rates around 23 MHz, are generated. Each pulse train has a FWHM of ~10 nm. The method presented here enables tuning of the difference in repetition rate as well as the spectral separation of the two independent pulse trains. The difference in repetition rates originates from intracavity dispersion and can be tuned over a large range (650 Hz - 3 kHz in this setup) by changing the length of the grating compressor. By changing the effective width of the beam block the spectral separation can be dynamically adjusted. This approach's simplicity holds great promises for the development of single-cavity dual-comb lasers featuring tunable sampling rates.
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Waxman EM, Cossel KC, Giorgetta F, Truong GW, Swann WC, Coddington I, Newbury NR. Estimating vehicle carbon dioxide emissions from Boulder, Colorado, using horizontal path-integrated column measurements. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:10.5194/acp-19-4177-2019. [PMID: 31555337 PMCID: PMC6759866 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-4177-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We performed 7.5 weeks of path-integrated concentration measurements of CO2, CH4, H2O, and HDO over the city of Boulder, Colorado. An open-path dual-comb spectrometer simultaneously measured time-resolved data across a reference path, located near the mountains to the west of the city, and across an over-city path that intersected two-thirds of the city, including two major commuter arteries. By comparing the measured concentrations over the two paths when the wind is primarily out of the west, we observe daytime CO2 enhancements over the city. Given the warm weather and the measurement footprint, the dominant contribution to the CO2 enhancement is from city vehicle traffic. We use a Gaussian plume model combined with reported city traffic patterns to estimate city emissions of on-road CO2 as (6.2 ± 2.2) × 105 metric tons (t) CO2 yr-1 after correcting for non-traffic sources. Within the uncertainty, this value agrees with the city's bottom-up greenhouse gas inventory for the on-road vehicle sector of 4.5 × 105 t CO2 yr-1. Finally, we discuss experimental modifications that could lead to improved estimates from our path-integrated measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Waxman
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Kevin C. Cossel
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Fabrizio Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Gar-Wing Truong
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- now at: Crystalline Mirror Solutions LLC, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - William C. Swann
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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Yang J, Schroeder PJ, Cich MJ, Giorgetta FR, Swann WC, Coddington I, Newbury NR, Drouin BJ, Rieker GB. Speed-dependent Voigt lineshape parameter database from dual frequency comb measurements at temperatures up to 1305 K. Part II: Argon-broadened H 2O absorption, 6801-7188 cm -1. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER 2018; 217:189-212. [PMID: 32913374 PMCID: PMC7479754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report argon-broadened water vapor transition parameters and their temperature dependence based on measured spectra spanning 6801-7188 cm-1 from a broad-bandwidth, high-resolution dual frequency comb spectrometer. The 25 collected spectra of 2% water vapor in argon ranged from 296 K to 1305 K with total pressure spanning 100 Torr to 600 Torr. A multispectrum fitting routine was used in conjunction with a quadratic speed-dependent Voigt profile to extract broadening and shift parameters, and a power-law temperature-dependence exponent for both. The measurements represent the first broad bandwidth, argon-broadened water vapor absorption study, and are an important step toward a foreign-gas-perturbed, high-temperature database developed using advanced lineshape profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Yang
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Paul J. Schroeder
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Matthew J. Cich
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory – NASA, California Institute of Technology, 4800, Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA
| | - Fabrizio R. Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William C. Swann
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian J. Drouin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory – NASA, California Institute of Technology, 4800, Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA
| | - Gregory B. Rieker
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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Schroeder PJ, Cich MJ, Yang J, Giorgetta FR, Swann WC, Coddington I, Newbury NR, Drouin BJ, Rieker GB. Speed-dependent Voigt lineshape parameter database from dual frequency comb measurements up to 1305 K. Part I: Pure H 2O absorption, 6801-7188 cm -1. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER 2018; 210:240-250. [PMID: 32934421 PMCID: PMC7489466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We measure speed-dependent Voigt lineshape parameters with temperature-dependence exponents for several hundred spectroscopic features of pure water spanning 6801-7188 cm-1. The parameters are extracted from broad bandwidth, high-resolution dual frequency comb absorption spectra with multispectrum fitting techniques. The data encompass 25 spectra ranging from 296 K to 1305 K and 1 to 17 Torr of pure water vapor. We present the extracted parameters, compare them to published data, and present speed-dependence, self-shift, and self-broadening temperature-dependent parameters for the first time. Lineshape data is extracted using a quadratic speed-dependent Voigt profile and a single self-broadening power law temperature-dependence exponent over the entire temperature range. The results represent an important step toward a new high-temperature database using advanced lineshape profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Schroeder
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Matthew J. Cich
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory - NASA, California Institute of Technology, 4800, Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Fabrizio R. Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - William C. Swann
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian J. Drouin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory - NASA, California Institute of Technology, 4800, Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA
| | - Gregory B. Rieker
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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27
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Liao R, Song Y, Liu W, Shi H, Chai L, Hu M. Dual-comb spectroscopy with a single free-running thulium-doped fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11046-11054. [PMID: 29716032 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate dual-comb spectroscopy in the vicinity of 2 µm wavelength based on a single dual-wavelength dual-comb Thulium-doped fiber laser. The shared laser cavity ensures passively maintained mutual coherence between the two combs due to common mode environmental noise rejection. In a proof-of-principle experiment, the absorption characteristics caused by the water in the optical path that composes the dual-comb spectrometer are measured. The retrieved spectral positions of the water absorption dips match with the HITRAN database.
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28
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Martín-Mateos P, Jerez B, Largo-Izquierdo P, Acedo P. Frequency accurate coherent electro-optic dual-comb spectroscopy in real-time. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:9700-9713. [PMID: 29715918 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.009700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electro-optic dual-comb spectrometers have proved to be a promising technology for sensitive, high-resolution and rapid spectral measurements. Electro-optic combs possess very attractive features like simplicity, reliability, bright optical teeth, and typically moderate but quickly tunable optical spans. Furthermore, in a dual-comb arrangement, narrowband electro-optic combs are generated with a level of mutual coherence that is sufficiently high to enable optical multiheterodyning without inter-comb stabilization or signal processing systems. However, this valuable tool still presents several limitations; for instance, on most systems, absolute frequency accuracy and long-term stability cannot be guaranteed; likewise, interferometer-induced phase noise restricts coherence time and limits the attainable signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, we address these drawbacks and demonstrate a cost-efficient absolute electro-optic dual-comb instrument based on a frequency stabilization mechanism and a novel adaptive interferogram acquisition approach devised for electro-optic dual-combs capable of operating in real-time. The spectrometer, completely built from commercial components, provides sub-ppm frequency uncertainties and enables a signal-to-noise ratio of 10000 (intensity noise) in 30 seconds of integration time.
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29
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Waxman EM, Cossel KC, Truong GW, Giorgetta FR, Swann WC, Coburn S, Wright RJ, Rieker GB, Coddington I, Newbury NR. Intercomparison of Open-Path Trace Gas Measurements with Two Dual Frequency Comb Spectrometers. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2017; 10:3295-3311. [PMID: 29276547 PMCID: PMC5740489 DOI: 10.5194/amt-2017-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present the first quantitative intercomparison between two open-path dual comb spectroscopy (DCS) instruments which were operated across adjacent 2-km open-air paths over a two-week period. We used DCS to measure the atmospheric absorption spectrum in the near infrared from 6021 to 6388 cm-1 (1565 to 1661 nm), corresponding to a 367 cm-1 bandwidth, at 0.0067 cm-1 sample spacing. The measured absorption spectra agree with each other to within 5×10-4 without any external calibration of either instrument. The absorption spectra are fit to retrieve concentrations for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water (H2O), and deuterated water (HDO). The retrieved dry mole fractions agree to 0.14% (0.57 ppm) for CO2, 0.35% (7 ppb) for CH4, and 0.40% (36 ppm) for H2O over the two-week measurement campaign, which included 23 °C outdoor temperature variations and periods of strong atmospheric turbulence. This agreement is at least an order of magnitude better than conventional active-source open-path instrument intercomparisons and is particularly relevant to future regional flux measurements as it allows accurate comparisons of open-path DCS data across locations and time. We additionally compare the open-path DCS retrievals to a WMO-calibrated cavity ringdown point sensor located along the path with good agreement. Short-term and long-term differences between the two systems are attributed, respectively, to spatial sampling discrepancies and to inaccuracies in the current spectral database used to fit the DCS data. Finally, the two-week measurement campaign yields diurnal cycles of CO2 and CH4 that are consistent with the presence of local sources of CO2 and absence of local sources of CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Waxman
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Kevin C Cossel
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Gar-Wing Truong
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Fabrizio R Giorgetta
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - William C Swann
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Sean Coburn
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Robert J Wright
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Gregory B Rieker
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Ian Coddington
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
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30
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Posada-Roman JE, Angelina H, Jerez B, Ruiz-LLata M, Acedo P. Laser range finder approach based on a fieldable electro-optic dual optical frequency comb: a proof of concept. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:6087-6093. [PMID: 29047800 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.006087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper a new laser range finder approach is presented. It is based on a fan of beams of different optical frequencies that are projected to the target. The detected back-reflected beams contain frequency-encoded information about its reflection angles, which are used for the calculation of the range by means of triangulation methods. The fan of beams is generated from a fieldable electro-optic dual optical frequency comb generator and a diffractive optical system, without any moving parts. A proof-of-concept prototype of a range finder based on this approach was implemented and experimentally tested. An analysis of main sources of errors is also presented.
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Ferreira MFS, Castro-Camus E, Ottaway DJ, López-Higuera JM, Feng X, Jin W, Jeong Y, Picqué N, Tong L, Reinhard BM, Pellegrino PM, Méndez A, Diem M, Vollmer F, Quan Q. Roadmap on optical sensors. JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2010) 2017; 19:083001. [PMID: 29375751 PMCID: PMC5781231 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/aa7419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensors are devices or systems able to detect, measure and convert magnitudes from any domain to an electrical one. Using light as a probe for optical sensing is one of the most efficient approaches for this purpose. The history of optical sensing using some methods based on absorbance, emissive and florescence properties date back to the 16th century. The field of optical sensors evolved during the following centuries, but it did not achieve maturity until the demonstration of the first laser in 1960. The unique properties of laser light become particularly important in the case of laser-based sensors, whose operation is entirely based upon the direct detection of laser light itself, without relying on any additional mediating device. However, compared with freely propagating light beams, artificially engineered optical fields are in increasing demand for probing samples with very small sizes and/or weak light-matter interaction. Optical fiber sensors constitute a subarea of optical sensors in which fiber technologies are employed. Different types of specialty and photonic crystal fibers provide improved performance and novel sensing concepts. Actually, structurization with wavelength or subwavelength feature size appears as the most efficient way to enhance sensor sensitivity and its detection limit. This leads to the area of micro- and nano-engineered optical sensors. It is expected that the combination of better fabrication techniques and new physical effects may open new and fascinating opportunities in this area. This roadmap on optical sensors addresses different technologies and application areas of the field. Fourteen contributions authored by experts from both industry and academia provide insights into the current state-of-the-art and the challenges faced by researchers currently. Two sections of this paper provide an overview of laser-based and frequency comb-based sensors. Three sections address the area of optical fiber sensors, encompassing both conventional, specialty and photonic crystal fibers. Several other sections are dedicated to micro- and nano-engineered sensors, including whispering-gallery mode and plasmonic sensors. The uses of optical sensors in chemical, biological and biomedical areas are described in other sections. Different approaches required to satisfy applications at visible, infrared and THz spectral regions are also discussed. Advances in science and technology required to meet challenges faced in each of these areas are addressed, together with suggestions on how the field could evolve in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário F S Ferreira
- Department of Physics, I3N-Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Enrique Castro-Camus
- Centro de Investigaciones en Optica A.C. Loma del Bosque 115, Lomas del Campestre. Leon, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - David J Ottaway
- Department of Physics and Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - José Miguel López-Higuera
- Photonics Engineering Group (GIF), Department TEISA, University of Cantabria, E-39005 Santander, Spain
- CIBER-bbn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marques Valdecilla, E-39011 Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Xian Feng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Applied Laser Technology; Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yoonchan Jeong
- Laser Engineering and Applications Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathalie Picqué
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1. D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
- Chemistry Department, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States of America
| | - Paul M Pellegrino
- RDRL-SEE-O, US Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States of America
| | - Alexis Méndez
- MCH Engineering LLC, Alameda, California 94501, United States of America
| | - Max Diem
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Cireca Theranostics, LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Qimin Quan
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States of America
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Schroeder PJ, Cich MJ, Yang J, Swann WC, Coddington I, Newbury NR, Drouin BJ, Rieker GB. Broadband, high-resolution investigation of advanced absorption line shapes at high temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A 2017; 96:10.1103/PhysRevA.96.022514. [PMID: 34141975 PMCID: PMC8207537 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.96.022514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic studies of planetary atmospheres and high-temperature processes (e.g., combustion) require absorption line-shape models that are accurate over extended temperature ranges. To date, advanced line shapes, like the speed-dependent Voigt and Rautian profiles, have not been tested above room temperature with broadband spectrometers. We investigate pure water vapor spectra from 296 to 1305 K acquired with a dual-frequency comb spectrometer spanning from 6800 to 7200 cm-1 at a point spacing of 0.0033 cm-1 and absolute frequency accuracy of <3.3 × 10-6 cm-1. Using a multispectral fitting analysis, we show that only the speed-dependent Voigt accurately models this temperature range with a single power-law temperature-scaling exponent for the broadening coefficients. Only the data from the analysis using this profile fall within theoretical predictions, suggesting that this mechanism captures the dominant narrowing physics for these high-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Schroeder
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Matthew J Cich
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory - NASA, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, USA
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - William C Swann
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Brian J Drouin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory - NASA, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, USA
| | - Gregory B Rieker
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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33
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Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Giorgetta FR, Cermak M, Coddington IR, Hesselius D, Ruben S, Swann WC, Truong GW, Rieker GB, Newbury NR. Open-path dual comb spectroscopy to an airborne retroreflector. OPTICA 2017; 4:724-728. [PMID: 29774228 PMCID: PMC5951401 DOI: 10.1364/optica.4.000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new technique for spatial mapping of multiple atmospheric gas species. This system is based on high-precision dual-comb spectroscopy to a retroreflector mounted on a flying multi-copter. We measure the atmospheric absorption over long open-air paths to the multi-copter with comb-tooth resolution over 1.57 to 1.66 pm, covering absorption bands of CO2, Cm, H2O and isotopologues. When combined with GPS-based path length measurements, a fit of the absorption spectra retrieves the dry mixing ratios versus position. Under well-mixed atmospheric conditions, retrievals from both horizontal and vertical paths show stable mixing ratios as expected. This approach can support future boundary layer studies as well as plume detection and source location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Cossel
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Eleanor M. Waxman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Fabrizio R. Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Michael Cermak
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Ian R. Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | | | - Shalom Ruben
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - William C. Swann
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Gar-Wing Truong
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
| | - Gregory B. Rieker
- Precision Laser Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder CO 80305
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34
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Hébert NB, Genest J, Deschênes JD, Bergeron H, Chen GY, Khurmi C, Lancaster DG. Self-corrected chip-based dual-comb spectrometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:8168-8179. [PMID: 28380932 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.008168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a dual-comb spectrometer based on two passively mode-locked waveguide lasers integrated in a single Er-doped ZBLAN chip. This original design yields two free-running frequency combs having a high level of mutual stability. We developed in parallel a self-correction algorithm that compensates residual relative fluctuations and yields mode-resolved spectra without the help of any reference laser or control system. Fluctuations are extracted directly from the interferograms using the concept of ambiguity function, which leads to a significant simplification of the instrument that will greatly ease its widespread adoption and commercial deployment. Comparison with a correction algorithm relying on a single-frequency laser indicates discrepancies of only 50 attoseconds on optical timings. The capacities of this instrument are finally demonstrated with the acquisition of a high-resolution molecular spectrum covering 20 nm. This new chip-based multi-laser platform is ideal for the development of high-repetition-rate, compact and fieldable comb spectrometers in the near- and mid-infrared.
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