1
|
Frassetto F, Cocola L, Zuppella P, Da Deppo V, Poletto L. Static, refractive and monolithic Fourier transform spectrometer: development and prototyping. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1164. [PMID: 38216642 PMCID: PMC10786839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Static Fourier transform spectrometers are devices that can be realized as monolithic and compact assemblies. In the "grating-based" monolithic version, they are usually realized gluing together a beam-splitter with two reflective diffraction gratings using spacers as connecting elements. In this work we present the development and test of an alternative form of this kind of instrument in which the dispersive elements are Littrow's prisms and are glued to the splitting element, forming in this way a robust and filled structure with no air gaps. The device can work in the visible/near infrared spectral region with a resolution power that varies across the spectral range due to the dispersion of the used glasses. The absence of hollow regions inside the monolithic block makes the device extremely robust and protects the optical surfaces inside the interferometer from possible contaminations. The device can be easily miniaturized, as it does not require spacers or structural elements other than just the optical parts. The tested instrument works in the 470-850 nm wavelength range with a variable resolution between 3000 and 300.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Frassetto
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Trasea 7, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cocola
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Trasea 7, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Paola Zuppella
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Trasea 7, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Vania Da Deppo
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Trasea 7, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Poletto
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Trasea 7, 35131, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Foster M, Brooks W, Jahn P, Hedberg J, Andersson A, Ashton AL. Demonstration of a compact deep UV Raman spatial heterodyne spectrometer for biologics analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200021. [PMID: 35452175 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments are increasingly important classes of biotherapeutics. However, these products are both challenging and expensive to manufacture. New process analytical technologies used to monitor these products during their manufacture are of significant interest. Deep UV Raman spectroscopy promises to provide the required specificity and accuracy, however instruments, have historically been large and complex. In this paper, a new deep UV Raman instrument is described using a solid-state laser and a spatial heterodyne spectrometer. The instrument overcomes practical limitations of the technique and could readily be used for online measurement. A series of observations have been made of biopharmaceutical products, including immunoglobulin G and domain antibodies. Where high levels of both specificity and linearity when measuring samples of different concentration with a precision of better than 0.05 mg/mL has been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Foster
- IS-Instruments Ltd, Pipers Business Centre, Tonbridge, UK
| | - William Brooks
- IS-Instruments Ltd, Pipers Business Centre, Tonbridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chu Q, Li X, Sun C, Chen J, Wang J, Sun Y. Design study of a cross-dispersed spatial heterodyne spectrometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:10547-10562. [PMID: 35473018 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A cross-dispersed spatial heterodyne spectrometer (CDSHS) that integrates a spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS), a reflection grating, and a cylindrical lens is presented. Expressions for the width, height, and location of the cross-dispersed interferograms corresponding to narrow spectral regions are given. An example CDSHS design, including numerical simulations of the interferogram and the spectrum, is provided to illustrate the designed system. The results show that the CDSHS can simultaneously disperse longitudinally and laterally to record interferograms corresponding to different narrow spectral regions with different rows on a charge-coupled device, and obtain independent detailed spectra simultaneously with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, high-intensity light rays at a specific wavelength in the CDSHS do not interfere with the detailed spectra of the other wavelengths. Simultaneously, the CDSHS offers advantages including high resolution, high throughput, broadband operation, compactness, and zero moving parts. The CDSHS shows great application potential in fields including multiple spectral feature measurement, weak spectral measurements.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang WL, Liu ZY, Wang H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhao ZZ, Sun T. Research status of spatial Heterodyne spectroscopy – A review. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
5
|
Cui H, Glidle A, Cooper JM. Spatial Heterodyne Offset Raman Spectroscopy Enabling Rapid, High Sensitivity Characterization of Materials' Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101114. [PMID: 34013665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy is integrated with a fiber-coupled spatial heterodyne spectrometer to collect Raman spectra from deep within opaque or scattering materials. The method, named spatial heterodyne offset Raman spectroscopy generates a wavenumber-dependent spatial phase shift of the optical signal as a "spectral" image on a charge-coupled device detector. The image can be readily processed from the spatial domain using a single, simple, and "on-the-fly" Fourier transform to generate Raman spectra, in the frequency domain. By collecting all of the spatially offset Raman scattered photons that pass through the microscope's collection objective lens, the methodology gives an improvement in the Raman sensitivity by an order of magnitude. The instrumentation is both mechanically robust and "movement-free," which when coupled with the associated advantages of highly efficient signal collection and ease of data processing, enables rapid interfacial analysis of complex constructs based on established biomaterials models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Cui
- Beijing Key Lab for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Andrew Glidle
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Jonathan M Cooper
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Waldron A, Allen A, Colón A, Carter JC, Angel SM. A Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer: Initial Tests. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:57-69. [PMID: 32495633 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820936643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A monolithic spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (mSHRS) is described, where the optical components of the spectrometer are bonded to make a small, stable, one-piece structure. This builds on previous work, where we described bench top spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometers (SHRS), developed for planetary spacecraft and rovers. The SHRS is based on a fixed grating spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS) that offers high spectral resolution and high light throughput in a small footprint. The resolution of the SHS is not dependent on a slit, and high resolution can be realized without using long focal length dispersing optics since it is not a dispersive device. Thus, the SHS can be used as a component in a compact Raman spectrometer with high spectral resolution and a large spectral range using a standard 1024 element charge-coupled device. Since the resolution of the SHRS is not dependent on a long optical path, it is amenable to the use of monolithic construction techniques to make a compact and robust device. In this paper, we describe the use of two different monolithic SHSs (mSHSs), with Littrow wavelengths of 531.6 nm and 541.05 nm, each about 3.5 × 3.5 × 2.5 cm in size and weighing about 80 g, in a Raman spectrometer that provides ∼3500 cm-1 spectral range with 4-5 cm-1 and 8-9 cm-1 resolution, for 600 grooves/mm and 150 grooves/mm grating-based mSHS devices, respectively. In this proof of concept paper, the stability, spectral resolution, spectral range, and signal-to-noise ratio of the mSHRS spectrometers are compared to our bench top SHRS that uses free-standing optics, and signal to noise comparisons are also made to a Kaiser Holospec f/1.8 Raman spectrometer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Waldron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ashley Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Arelis Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - J Chance Carter
- Material Science Division, 4578Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - S Michael Angel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Takahashi T, Liu Z, Thevar T, Burns N, Mahajan S, Lindsay D, Watson J, Thornton B. Identification of microplastics in a large water volume by integrated holography and Raman spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:5073-5078. [PMID: 32543525 DOI: 10.1364/ao.393643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A noncontact method to identify sparsely distributed plastic pellets is proposed by integrating holography and Raman spectroscopy in this study. Polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) resin pellets with a size of 3 mm located in a 20 cm water channel were illuminated using a collimated continuous wave laser beam with a diameter of 4 mm and wavelength of 785 nm. The same laser beam was used to take a holographic image and Raman spectrum of a pellet to identify the shape, size, and composition of material. Using the compact system, the morphological and chemical analysis of pellets in a large volume of water was performed. The reported method demonstrates the potential for noncontact continuous in situ monitoring of microplastics in water without collection and separation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ottaway JM, Allen A, Waldron A, Paul PH, Angel SM, Carter JC. Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer (SHRS) for In Situ Chemical Sensing Using Sapphire and Silica Optical Fiber Raman Probes. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:1160-1171. [PMID: 31397584 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819868237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS), constructed using a modular optical cage and lens tube system, is described for use with a commercial silica and a custom single-crystal (SC) sapphire fiber Raman probe. The utility of these fiber-coupled SHRS chemical sensors is demonstrated using 532 nm laser excitation for acquiring Raman measurements of solid (sulfur) and liquid (cyclohexane) Raman standards as well as real-world, plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) comprising 1,3,5- triamino- 2,4,6- trinitrobenzene (TATB) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) energetic materials. The SHRS is a fixed grating-based dispersive interferometer equipped with an array detector. Each Raman spectrum was extracted from its corresponding fringe image (i.e., interferogram) using a Fourier transform method. Raman measurements were acquired with the SHRS Littrow wavelength set at the laser excitation wavelength over a spectral range of ∼1750 cm-1 with a spectral resolution of ∼8 cm-1 for sapphire and ∼10 cm-1 for silica fiber probes. The large aperture of the SHRS allows much larger fiber diameters to be used without degrading spectral resolution as demonstrated with the larger sapphire collection fiber diameter (330 μm) compared to the silica fiber (100 μm). Unlike the dual silica fiber Raman probe, the dual sapphire fiber Raman probe did not include filtering at the fiber probe tip nearest the sample. Even so, SC sapphire fiber probe measurements produced less background than silica fibers allowing Raman measurements as close as ∼85 cm-1 to the excitation laser. Despite the short lengths of sapphire fiber used to construct the sapphire probe, well-defined, sharp sapphire Raman bands at 420, 580, and 750 cm-1 were observed in the SHRS spectra of cyclohexane and the highly fluorescent HMX-based PBX. SHRS measurements of the latter produced low background interference in the extracted Raman spectrum because the broad band fluorescence (i.e., a direct current, or DC, component) does not contribute to the interferogram intensity (i.e., the alternating current, or AC, component). SHRS spectral resolution, throughput, and signal-to-noise ratio are also discussed along with the merits of using sapphire Raman bands as internal performance references and as internal wavelength calibration standards in Raman measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Abigail Waldron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Phillip H Paul
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - S Michael Angel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qiu J, Qi X, Li X, Xu W, Tang Y, Ma Z. Broadband, high-resolution Raman observations from a double-echelle spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:8936-8941. [PMID: 30461879 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.008936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new broadband Raman spectrometer has been developed, to the best of our knowledge, using a double-echelle spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (DESHRS). The instrument is constructed by using two echelle gratings. Masks are used to remove the shadow ghosts caused by the different orders of the two echelle gratings. Raman spectra of inorganic solid targets and methanol are given, and Raman shifts of up to 3000 cm-1 are obtained by the DESHRS. The instrument has shown that a broadband coverage and high resolution can be achieved simultaneously to meet the requirements of Raman measurements, covering 3590 cm-1 with 1.21 cm-1 spectral resolution.
Collapse
|
10
|
Qiu J, Qi X, Li X, Tang Y, Lantu J, Mi X, Bayan H. Broadband transmission Raman measurements using a field-widened spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer with mosaic grating structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:26106-26119. [PMID: 30469702 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.026106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A field-widened spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer with a mosaic grating structure is developed for the simultaneous sensitivity enhancement and broadband transmission Raman measurements. We optimize the etendue to maximize the signals collected from the samples by using field-widening prisms and employ two mosaic gratings to achieve broadband operation, covering 5638 cm-1 with 2.865 cm-1 spectral resolution. The signal-to-noise ratios are improved by a factor of more than 11 and show a good stability and fair repeatability. We investigate the effects of the sample thickness and outer layer depth and observe liquids, solids, mixed targets, and anti-Stokes shifts. The instrument exhibits good performance for wide-field, high-resolution broadband transmission Raman measurements.
Collapse
|
11
|
Khandasammy SR, Fikiet MA, Mistek E, Ahmed Y, Halámková L, Bueno J, Lednev IK. Bloodstains, paintings, and drugs: Raman spectroscopy applications in forensic science. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
12
|
Qiu J, Qi X, Li X, Ma Z, Tang Y, Mi X, Zheng X, Zhang R. Development of a spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer with echelle-mirror structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11994-12006. [PMID: 29716116 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatial heterodyne Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic detection technique that is particularly suitable for Raman measurements. The spectral range of traditional spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS) is limited by its spectral resolution and the number of detector elements. We propose an SHRS with an echelle-mirror structure that employs multiple diffraction orders to achieve a broad spectral coverage and high spectral resolution simultaneously. This SHRS is used to obtain the Raman spectra of organic liquids, inorganic solid targets, and mixed targets. Observations of aqueous solutions, and minerals are presented. In addition, anti-Stokes Raman shifts are also presented. The proposed SHRS technique shows good performance for broadband, high-resolution Raman measurements.
Collapse
|