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Sirinturk S, Govsa F, Coban I, Bicer A. Measurements of oculo-palpebral landmarks and evaluation of patient's head position. Surg Radiol Anat 2024; 46:585-593. [PMID: 38429405 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-024-03324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Keeping the head in a neutral position is requisite for glasses/lenses/head-up designs, the suitability of oculo-plastic surgery and for the grading the eye shift. Anatomically incompatible glasses are one of the common problems affecting accommodation, reducing comfort and disturbing by causing symptoms such as dizziness and nausea. The oculo-palpebral measurements act as a key determinant in symmetrical facial attractiveness. This study aims to investigate the most effective oculo-palpebral landmarks, head-neutral as the ideal position, taking into account of individual anatomical differences of these patients. METHODS 100 females and 100 males aged between 18 and 20 years were photographed. Digital photogrammetric measurements were made with the ImageJ program. Interpupillary and interhelical distances, besides bilateral palpebral fissure length and height, and iris diameter were calculated on front-facing photographs. RESULTS Mean interpupillary distance was measured wider in males than in females. The mean length of palpebral fissure was 31 mm; palpebral fissure height was 10 mm. These figures were valid in both eyes and gender. The interhelical distance was calculated as the mean and was measured longer in men. Since the measurement values were the same in both sexes and on both sides, they were determined as important landmarks for controlling the head-neutral position, evaluating whether there was a deviation in the eye, and measuring the numerical value when detected. CONCLUSION It is essential to check the side-symmetry of the patient's palpebral fissure height, palpebral fissure length, diameter of iris and corneal depth during oculo-plastic invention and artificial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Sirinturk
- Department of Anatomy, Digital Imaging and 3D Modelling Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Figen Govsa
- Department of Anatomy, Digital Imaging and 3D Modelling Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Istemihan Coban
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bicer
- Department Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Chen CP, Cui Y, Chen Y, Meng S, Sun Y, Mao C, Chu Q. Near-eye display with a triple-channel waveguide for metaverse. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:31256-31266. [PMID: 36242212 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a near-eye display featuring a triple-channel waveguide with chiral liquid crystal gratings. Our triple-channel waveguide is capable of dividing one field of view into three through both the polarization orthogonality and angular separation. To illustrate its principle, a k-space diagram, which takes into account the aspect ratio of field of view, is depicted. Our results demonstrate that its diagonal field of view reaches 90°, eye relief is 10 mm, exit pupil is 4.9 × 4.9 mm2, transmittance is 4.9%, and uniformity is 89%.
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3
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Wang D, Li NN, Li ZS, Chen C, Lee B, Wang QH. Color curved hologram calculation method based on angle multiplexing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:3157-3171. [PMID: 35209441 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a method of color curved hologram calculation based on angle multiplexing is proposed. The relationship between the wavelength, center angle and sampling interval of the curved holograms is analyzed for the first time by analyzing the reconstruction process of the curved holograms with different wavelengths. Based on this relationship, the color curved holograms are calculated by compensating phase to the complex amplitude distribution of the planar holograms. To eliminate the chromatic aberration, the curved holograms of different objects with the same color channel are respectively used for angle multiplexing and phase compensation, and then the color composed curved hologram is generated. Different color objects without chromatic aberration can be reconstructed by bending the composed curved hologram into different central angles. The experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed method. Besides, the application of the proposed method in augmented reality display is also shown.
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Kim D, Nam SW, Bang K, Lee B, Lee S, Jeong Y, Seo JM, Lee B. Vision-correcting holographic display: evaluation of aberration correcting hologram. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5179-5195. [PMID: 34513250 PMCID: PMC8407804 DOI: 10.1364/boe.433919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vision-correcting displays are key to achieving physical and physiological comforts to the users with refractive errors. Among such displays are holographic displays, which can provide a high-resolution vision-adaptive solution with complex wavefront modulation. However, none of the existing hologram rendering techniques have considered the optical properties of the human eye nor evaluated the significance of vision correction. Here, we introduce vision-correcting holographic display and hologram acquisition that integrates user-dependent prescriptions and a physical model of the optics, enabling the correction of on-axis and off-axis aberrations. Experimental and empirical evaluations of the vision-correcting holographic displays show the competence of holographic corrections over the conventional vision correction solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyeon Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Seung-Woo Nam
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kiseung Bang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghyo Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmo Jeong
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Mo Seo
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu Daehak-ro 101, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungho Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu Gwanak-ro 1, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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See-Through Near-Eye Display with Built-in Prescription and Two-Dimensional Exit Pupil Expansion. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10113901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose a see-through near-eye display featuring an exit pupil expander (EPE), which is composed of two multiplexed slanted gratings. Via a two-dimensional expansion, the exit pupil (EP) is able to be enlarged up to 10 × 8 mm2. Besides, the prescription for correcting the refractive errors can be integrated as well. The design rules are set forth in detail, followed by the results and discussion regarding the efficiency, field of view (FOV), exit pupil, angular resolution (AR), modulation transfer function (MTF), contrast ratio (CR), distortion, and simulated imaging.
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Wu JY, Kim J. Prescription AR: a fully-customized prescription-embedded augmented reality display. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:6225-6241. [PMID: 32225876 DOI: 10.1364/oe.380945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a fully-customized AR display design that considers the user's prescription, interpupillary distance, and taste of fashion. A free-form image combiner embedded inside the prescription lens provides augmented images onto the vision-corrected real world. The optics was optimized for each prescription level, which can reduce the mass production cost while satisfying the user's taste. The foveated optimization method was applied which distributes the pixels in accordance with human visual acuity. Our design can cover myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia, and allows the eye-contact interaction with privacy protection. A 169g dynamic prototype showed a 40° × 20° virtual image with a 23 cpd resolution at center field and 6 mm × 4 mm eye-box, with the vision-correction and varifocal (0.5-3m) capability.
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Chen J, Mi L, Chen CP, Liu H, Jiang J, Zhang W. Design of foveated contact lens display for augmented reality. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:38204-38219. [PMID: 31878591 DOI: 10.1364/oe.381200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a design of a contact lens display, which features an array of collimated light-emitting diodes and a contact lens, for the augmented reality. By building the infrastructure directly on top of the eye, eye is allowed to move or rotate freely without the need of exit pupil expansion nor eye tracking. The resolution of light-emitting diodes is foveated to match with the density of cones on the retina. In this manner, the total number of pixels as well as the latency of image processing can be significantly reduced. Based on the simulation, the device performance is quantitatively analyzed. For the real image, modulation transfer functions is 0.669757 at 30 cycle/degree, contrast ratio is 5, and distortion is 10%. For the virtual image, the field of view is 82°, best angular resolution is 0.38', modulation transfer function is above 0.999999 at 30 cycle/degree, contrast ratio is 4988, and distortion is 6%.
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Mi L, Chen CP, Lu Y, Zhang W, Chen J, Maitlo N. Design of lensless retinal scanning display with diffractive optical element. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:20493-20507. [PMID: 31510142 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.020493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose a design of a retinal-scanning-based near-eye display for augmented reality. Our solution is highlighted by a laser scanning projector, a diffractive optical element, and a moist eye with gradient refractive indices. The working principles related to each component are comprehensively studied. Its key performance is summarized as follows. The field of view is 122°, angular resolution is 8.09', diffraction efficiency is 57.6%, transmittance is 80.6%, uniformity is 0.91, luminance is 323 cd/m2, modulation transfer functions are above 0.99999 at 3.71 cycle/degree, contrast ratio is 4878, and distortion is less than 24%.
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Gu L, Cheng D, Wang Q, Hou Q, Wang S, Yang T, Wang Y. Design of a uniform-illumination two-dimensional waveguide head-up display with thin plate compensator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:12692-12709. [PMID: 31052807 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.012692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nonuniform illumination is one of the factors in degrading image performance of geometrical waveguide-based head-up display. The two-dimensional (2-D) waveguide expanding the exit pupil along two orthogonal directions makes illumination uniformization more intractable. To solve this problem, the reasons for nonuniform illumination in 2-D geometrical waveguide were probed and a novel waveguide structure incorporating illumination compensator was proposed. A bilayer illumination compensator was first presented to change the period of rays propagating in waveguide to improve the inter-pupil illumination uniformity and inter-field illumination uniformity. Then optimized coating design for different partially reflective mirrors in horizontal waveguide and the vertical one allowed further improvement of these two kinds of illumination uniformity, raising both up to 70%. A matched catadioptric projection optics using freeform surface was designed and integrated with the resultant 2-D geometrical waveguide, achieving a head-up display with an eye relief of 400 mm, an eyebox of 80 mm × 80 mm and a field of 24° × 15°. A prototype of the proposed 2-D geometrical waveguide display was developed and demonstrated.
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Yin K, Lee YH, He Z, Wu ST. Stretchable, flexible, rollable, and adherable polarization volume grating film. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:5814-5823. [PMID: 30876176 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.005814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) have many applications, including filters, wavelength multiplexing devices, and see-through displays. As a kind of VBGs, polarization volume gratings (PVGs) based on liquid crystal polymer have the advantages of nearly 100% efficiency, large deflection angle, and high polarization selectivity. However, previous reports regarding PVGs did not address high efficiency, tunable periodicity, and flexibility. Here, we report a stretchable, flexible, and rollable PVG film with high diffraction efficiency. The control of PVG by mechanical stretching is investigated, while the Bragg reflection band shift is evaluated quantitatively. Moreover, we quantified the deflection angle change's behavior, which has promising potential for laser beam steering applications. The mechanical robustness under stretch-release cycles is also scrutinized.
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Wu Y, Chen CP, Mi L, Zhang W, Zhao J, Lu Y, Guo W, Yu B, Li Y, Maitlo N. Design of retinal-projection-based near-eye display with contact lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:11553-11567. [PMID: 29716074 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose a design of a retinal-projection-based near-eye display for achieving ultra-large field of view, vision correction, and occlusion. Our solution is highlighted by a contact lens combo, a transparent organic light-emitting diode panel, and a twisted nematic liquid crystal panel. Its design rules are set forth in detail, followed by the results and discussion regarding the field of view, angular resolution, modulation transfer function, contrast ratio, distortion, and simulated imaging.
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Wu Y, Chen CP, Zhou L, Li Y, Yu B, Jin H. Design of see-through near-eye display for presbyopia. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:8937-8949. [PMID: 28437967 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.008937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a compact design of see-through near-eye display that is dedicated to presbyopia. Our solution is characterized by a plano-convex waveguide, which is essentially an integration of a corrective lens and two volume holograms. Its design rules are set forth in detail, followed by the results and discussion regarding the diffraction efficiency, field of view, modulation transfer function, distortion, and simulated imaging.
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