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Li Z, Yuan J, Mei C, Li F, Zhou X, Yan B, Wu Q, Wang K, Sang X, Long K, Yu C. Multi-octave mid-infrared supercontinuum and frequency comb generation in a suspended As 2Se 3 ridge waveguide. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:8404-8410. [PMID: 31873322 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.008404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we numerically investigate the mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC) generation in a suspended ${{\rm As}_2}{{\rm Se}_3}$As2Se3 ridge waveguide, which is designed with the two zero-dispersion wavelengths. Simulation results show that when the pump pulses at wavelength 3.3 µm with width of 100 fs and peak power of 900 W are launched into the anomalous dispersion region of the designed waveguide with a length of 0.87 mm, the SC can be generated in the wavelength range from 1.76 to 14.42 µm (more than three octaves), extending deep into the "fingerprint" region. The stability of the generated SC is confirmed by the first-order coherence. Moreover, we demonstrate the performance of the SC-based frequency comb by assuming a 50 pulse pump source at a repetition rate of 100 MHz.
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Montesinos-Ballester M, Liu Q, Vakarin V, Ramirez JM, Alonso-Ramos C, Roux XL, Frigerio J, Ballabio A, Talamas E, Vivien L, Isella G, Marris-Morini D. On-chip Fourier-transform spectrometer based on spatial heterodyning tuned by thermo-optic effect. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14633. [PMID: 31601832 PMCID: PMC6787244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Miniaturized optical spectrometers providing broadband operation and fine resolution have an immense potential for applications in remote sensing, non-invasive medical diagnostics and astronomy. Indeed, optical spectrometers working in the mid-infrared spectral range have garnered a great interest for their singular capability to monitor the main absorption fingerprints of a wide range of chemical and biological substances. Fourier-transform spectrometers (FTS) are a particularly interesting solution for the on-chip integration due to their superior robustness against fabrication imperfections. However, the performance of current on-chip FTS implementations is limited by tradeoffs in bandwidth and resolution. Here, we propose a new FTS approach that gathers the advantages of spatial heterodyning and optical path tuning by thermo-optic effect to overcome this tradeoff. The high resolution is provided by spatial multiplexing among different interferometers with increasing imbalance length, while the broadband operation is enabled by fine tuning of the optical path delay in each interferometer harnessing the thermo-optic effect. Capitalizing on this concept, we experimentally demonstrate a mid-infrared SiGe FTS, with a resolution better than 15 cm−1 and a bandwidth of 603 cm−1 near 7.7 μm wavelength with a 10 MZI array. This is a resolution comparable to state-of-the-art on-chip mid-infrared spectrometers with a 4-fold bandwidth increase with a footprint divided by a factor two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Montesinos-Ballester
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Qiankun Liu
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Vladyslav Vakarin
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France.,Nexdot, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230, Romainville, France
| | - Joan Manel Ramirez
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France.,III-V Lab, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Carlos Alonso-Ramos
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jacopo Frigerio
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Enrico Talamas
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Laurent Vivien
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Giovanni Isella
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Delphine Marris-Morini
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS - Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
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Vakarin V, Ye WN, Ramírez JM, Liu Q, Frigerio J, Ballabio A, Isella G, Vivien L, Alonso-Ramos C, Cheben P, Marris-Morini D. Ultra-wideband Ge-rich silicon germanium mid-infrared polarization rotator with mode hybridization flattening. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:9838-9847. [PMID: 31045132 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.009838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work we investigate the implementation of ultra-wideband polarization rotator in the mid-infrared spectral region. A new design method of the rotation section is proposed, yielding a polarization rotator with an extinction ratio of at least 15 dB in a wavelength range of 2 µm. For a spectral range wider than 3.8 µm, an extinction ratio of at least 10 dB is achieved for this design. The device is 1660 µm long and the associated insertion loss is below 1.2 dB on the full operational wavelength range. The influence of geometrical parameters with respect to the design method to obtain such a broadband behavior is discussed. Finally, to increase the tolerance to fabrication errors, a tapered rotator design is proposed. Such a device can support up to ± 100 nm fabrication errors and still guarantees remarkable broadband behavior. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time an integrated polarization rotator is designed to operate for the wavelength range of 4 to 9 µm with a bandwidth exceeding 2 µm.
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Liu Q, Ramirez JM, Vakarin V, Le Roux X, Alonso-Ramos C, Frigerio J, Ballabio A, Talamas Simola E, Bouville D, Vivien L, Isella G, Marris-Morini D. Integrated broadband dual-polarization Ge-rich SiGe mid-infrared Fourier-transform spectrometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5021-5024. [PMID: 30320809 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized on-chip spectrometers covering a wide band of the mid-infrared spectrum have an immense potential for multi-target detection in high-impact applications, such as chemical sensing or environmental monitoring. Specifically, multi-aperture spatial heterodyne Fourier-transform spectrometers (SHFTS) provide high throughput and improved tolerance against fabrication errors, compared to conventional counterparts. Still, state-of-the-art implementations have only shown single-polarization operation in narrow bandwidths within the near and short infrared. Here, we demonstrate the first, to the best of our knowledge, dual-polarization ultra-wideband SHFTS working beyond 5 μm wavelength. We exploit the unique flexibility in material engineering of the graded-index germanium-rich silicon-germanium (Ge-rich SiGe) photonic platform to implement a SHFTS that can be operated in an unprecedented range of 800 cm-1, showing experimental resolution better than 15 cm-1 for both orthogonal polarizations and free spectral range of 132 cm-1, in the wavelength range between 5 and 8.5 μm.
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Gallacher K, Millar RW, Griškevičiūte U, Baldassarre L, Sorel M, Ortolani M, Paul DJ. Low loss Ge-on-Si waveguides operating in the 8-14 µm atmospheric transmission window. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:25667-25675. [PMID: 30469665 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.025667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Germanium-on-silicon waveguides were modeled, fabricated and characterized at wavelengths ranging from 7.5 to 11 µm. Measured waveguide losses are below 5 dB/cm for both TE and TM polarization and reach values of ∼ 1 dB/cm for ≥ 10 µm wavelengths for the TE polarization. This work demonstrates experimentally for the first time that Ge-on-Si is a viable waveguide platform for sensing in the molecular fingerprint spectral region. Detailed modeling and analysis is presented to identify the various loss contributions, showing that with practical techniques losses below 1 dB/cm could be achieved across the full measurement range.
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