1
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Kronenfeld JM, Rother L, Saccone MA, Dulay MT, DeSimone JM. Roll-to-roll, high-resolution 3D printing of shape-specific particles. Nature 2024; 627:306-312. [PMID: 38480965 PMCID: PMC10937373 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Particle fabrication has attracted recent attention owing to its diverse applications in bioengineering1,2, drug and vaccine delivery3-5, microfluidics6,7, granular systems8,9, self-assembly5,10,11, microelectronics12,13 and abrasives14. Herein we introduce a scalable, high-resolution, 3D printing technique for the fabrication of shape-specific particles based on roll-to-roll continuous liquid interface production (r2rCLIP). We demonstrate r2rCLIP using single-digit, micron-resolution optics in combination with a continuous roll of film (in lieu of a static platform), enabling the rapidly permutable fabrication and harvesting of shape-specific particles from a variety of materials and with complex geometries, including geometries not possible to achieve with advanced mould-based techniques. We demonstrate r2rCLIP production of mouldable and non-mouldable shapes with voxel sizes as small as 2.0 × 2.0 µm2 in the print plane and 1.1 ± 0.3 µm unsupported thickness, at speeds of up to 1,000,000 particles per day. Such microscopic particles with permutable, intricate designs enable direct integration within biomedical, analytical and advanced materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Rother
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Max A Saccone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria T Dulay
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M DeSimone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Stüwe L, Geiger M, Röllgen F, Heinze T, Reuter M, Wessling M, Hecht S, Linkhorst J. Continuous Volumetric 3D Printing: Xolography in Flow. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306716. [PMID: 37565596 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing techniques continue to improve in resolution, geometrical freedom, and production rates, expanding their application range in research and industry. Most established techniques, however, are based on layer-by-layer polymerization processes, leading to an inherent trade-off between resolution and printing speed. Volumetric 3D printing enables the polymerization of freely defined volumes allowing the fabrication of complex geometries at drastically increased production rates and high resolutions, marking the next chapter in light-based additive manufacturing. This work advances the volumetric 3D printing technique xolography to a continuous process. Dual-color photopolymerization is performed in a continuously flowing resin, inside a tailored flow cell. Supported by simulations, the flow profile in the printing area is flattened, and resin velocities at the flow cell walls are increased to minimize unwanted polymerization via laser sheet-induced curing. Various objects are printed continuously and true to shape with smooth surfaces. Parallel object printing paves the way for up-scaling the continuous production, currently reaching production rates up to 1.75 mm3 s-1 for the presented flow cell. Xolography in flow provides a new opportunity for scaling up volumetric 3D printing with the potential to resolve the trade-off between high production rates and high resolution in light-based additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Stüwe
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Geiger
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Röllgen
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorben Heinze
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Street 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Liu T, Tao P, Wang X, Wang H, He M, Wang Q, Cui H, Wang J, Tang Y, Tang J, Huang N, Kuang C, Xu H, He X. Ultrahigh-printing-speed photoresists for additive manufacturing. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41565-023-01517-w. [PMID: 37783856 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Printing technology for precise additive manufacturing at the nanoscale currently relies on two-photon lithography. Although this methodology can overcome the Rayleigh limit to achieve nanoscale structures, it still operates at too slow of a speed for large-scale practical applications. Here we show an extremely sensitive zirconium oxide hybrid-(2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-6-(4-methoxystyryl)-1,3,5-triazine) (ZrO2-BTMST) photoresist system that can achieve a printing speed of 7.77 m s-1, which is between three and five orders of magnitude faster than conventional polymer-based photoresists. We build a polygon laser scanner-based two-photon lithography machine with a linear stepping speed approaching 10 m s-1. Using the ZrO2-BTMST photoresist, we fabricate a square raster with an area of 1 cm2 in ~33 min. Furthermore, the extremely small chemical components of the ZrO2-BTMST photoresist enable high-precision patterning, leading to a line width as small as 38 nm. Calculations assisted by characterizations reveal that the unusual sensitivity arises from an efficient light-induced polarity change of the ZrO2 hybrid. We envisage that the exceptional sensitivity of our organic-inorganic hybrid photoresist may lead to a viable large-scale additive manufacturing nanofabrication technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Liu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Tao
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Minfei He
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Cui
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jin Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ning Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Lüken A, Stüwe L, Rauer SB, Oelker J, Linkhorst J, Wessling M. Fabrication, Flow Assembly, and Permeation of Microscopic Any-Shape Particles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107508. [PMID: 35246951 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Today, millimeter-sized nonspherical any-shape particles serve as flexible, functional scaffold material in chemical and biochemical reactors tailoring their hydrodynamic properties and active surface-to-volume ratio based on the particle's shape. Decreasing the particle size to smaller than 100 μm would be desired as it increases the surface-to-volume ratio and promotes a particle assembly based on surface interactions, allowing the creation of tailored self-assembling 3D scaffolds. This study demonstrates a continuous high-throughput fabrication of microscopic 3D particles with complex shape and sub-micron resolution using continuous two-photon vertical flow lithography. Evolving from there, in-channel particle fabrication into a confined microfluidic chamber with a resting fluid enables the precise fabrication of a defined number of particles. 3D assemblies with various particle shapes are fabricated and analyzed regarding their permeability and morphology, representing convective accessibility of the assembly's porosity. Differently shaped particles highlight the importance of contact area regarding particle-particle interactions and the respective hydraulic resistance of an assembly. Finally, cell culture experiments show manifold cell-particle interactions promising applicability as bio-hybrid tissue. This study pushes the research boundaries of adaptive, responsive, and permeable 3D scaffolds and granular media by demonstrating a high throughput fabrication solution and a precise hydrodynamic analysis method for micro-particle assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Lüken
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Lucas Stüwe
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bernhard Rauer
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Jesco Oelker
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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Ge Z, Dai L, Zhao J, Yu H, Yang W, Liao X, Tan W, Jiao N, Wang Z, Liu L. Bubble-based microrobots enable digital assembly of heterogeneous microtissue modules. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35263719 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac5be1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The specific spatial distribution of tissue generates a heterogeneous micromechanical environment that provides ideal conditions for diverse functions such as regeneration and angiogenesis. However, to manufacture microscale multicellular heterogeneous tissue modules in vitro and then assemble them into specific functional units is still a challenging task. In this study, a novel method for the digital assembly of heterogeneous microtissue modules is proposed. This technique utilizes the flexibility of digital micromirror device-based optical projection lithography and the manipulability of bubble-based microrobots in a liquid environment. The results indicate that multicellular microstructures can be fabricated by increasing the inlets of the microfluidic chip. Upon altering the exposure time, the Young's modulus of the entire module and different regions of each module can be fine-tuned to mimic normal tissue. The surface morphology, mechanical properties, and internal structure of the constructed bionic peritoneum were similar to those of the real peritoneum. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of this system to produce and control the posture of modules and simulate peritoneal metastasis using reconfigurable manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Ge
- Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Institute of Automation, No. 114, Nanta Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, shenyang, Nunavut, 111749, CANADA
| | - Liguo Dai
- a. State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Institute of Automation, No. 114, Nanta Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, shenyang, 111749, CHINA
| | - Junhua Zhao
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, CHINA
| | - Haibo Yu
- Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Institute of Automation, No. 114, Nanta Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, shenyang, Liaoning, 111749, CHINA
| | - Wenguang Yang
- Yantai University, No.30, Qingquan Road, Laishan District, Yantai City, Shandong Province, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, CHINA
| | - Xin Liao
- Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Institute of Automation, No. 114, Nanta Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, shenyang, Liaoning, 111749, CHINA
| | - Wenjun Tan
- Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Institute of Automation, No. 114, Nanta Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, shenyang, Liaoning, 111749, CHINA
| | - Niandong Jiao
- a. State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Institute of Automation, No. 114, Nanta Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, shenyang, 111749, CHINA
| | - Zhenning Wang
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, CHINA
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Shenyang Institute of Automation, Shenyang Institute of Automation, No. 114, Nanta Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110016, shenyang, 111749, CHINA
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6
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Manghnani PN, Di Francesco V, Panella La Capria C, Schlich M, Miali ME, Moore TL, Zunino A, Duocastella M, Decuzzi P. Preparation of anisotropic multiscale micro-hydrogels via two-photon continuous flow lithography. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:622-633. [PMID: 34626997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Polymeric anisotropic soft microparticles show interesting behavior in biological environments and hold promise for drug delivery and biomedical applications. However, self-assembly and substrate-based lithographic techniques are limited by low resolution, batch operation or specific particle geometry and deformability. Two-photon polymerization in microfluidic channels may offer the required resolution to continuously fabricate anisotropic micro-hydrogels in sub-10 µm size-range. EXPERIMENTS Here, a pulsed laser source is used to perform two-photon polymerization under microfluidic flow of a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) solution with the objective of realizing anisotropic micro-hydrogels carrying payloads of various nature, including small molecules and nanoparticles. The fabrication process is described via a reactive-convective-diffusion system of equations, whose solution under proper auxiliary conditions is used to corroborate the experimental observations and sample the configuration space. FINDINGS By tuning the flow velocity, exposure time and pre-polymer composition, anisotropic PEGDA micro-hydrogels are obtained in the 1-10 μm size-range and exhibit an aspect ratio varying from 1 to 5. Furthermore, 200 nm curcumin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and 100 nm ssRNA-encapsulating lipid nanoparticles were entrapped within square PEGDA micro-hydrogels. The proposed approach could support the fabrication of micro-hydrogels of well-defined morphology, stiffness, and surface properties for the sustained release of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima N Manghnani
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Francesco
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Panella La Capria
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Schlich
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Elvino Miali
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Thomas Lee Moore
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zunino
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, 16152 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marti Duocastella
- Nanoscopy, CHT Erzelli, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, 16152 Genoa, Italy; Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy.
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Buchegger B, Tanzer A, Posch S, Gabriel C, Klar TA, Jacak J. STED lithography in microfluidics for 3D thrombocyte aggregation testing. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:23. [PMID: 33461577 PMCID: PMC7814651 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional photopolymerization techniques such as multiphoton polymerization lithography (MPL) and stimulated emission depletion (STED) lithography are powerful tools for fabricating structures in the sub-µm range. Combining these techniques with microfluidics enables us to broaden the range of their applications. In this study, we show a microfluidic device enhanced with MPL structures carrying STED-lithographically written nanoanchors that promote binding of the von Willebrand factor (vWF). The density of vWF is adjusted by varying the number of the nanoanchors on the 3D structures. This allows us to study the impact of the density of vWF on the activation of thrombocytes. The activation of the thrombocytes seems to decrease with the density of vWF on the 3D scaffolds inside the microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Buchegger
- Institute of Applied Physics and Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,University of Applied Sciences, Upper Austria School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Alexander Tanzer
- Institute of Applied Physics and Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Posch
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Gabriel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas A Klar
- Institute of Applied Physics and Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- University of Applied Sciences, Upper Austria School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria.
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8
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Chizari S, Udani S, Farzaneh A, Stoecklein D, Carlo DD, Hopkins JB. Scanning two-photon continuous flow lithography for the fabrication of multi-functional microparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:40088-40098. [PMID: 33379542 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the high-throughput fabrication of 3D microparticles using a scanning two-photon continuous flow lithography (STP-CFL) technique in which microparticles are shaped by scanning the laser beam at the interface of laminar co-flows. The results demonstrate the ability of STP-CFL to manufacture high-resolution complex geometries of cell carriers that possess distinct regions with different functionalities. A new approach is presented for printing out-of-plane features on the microparticles. The approach eliminates the use of axial scanning stages, which are not favorable since they induce fluctuations in the flowing polymer media and their scanning speed is slower than the speed of galvanometer mirror scanners.
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9
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Cao X, Gao Q, Li S, Hu S, Wang J, Fischer P, Stavrakis S, deMello AJ. Laminar Flow-Based Fiber Fabrication and Encoding via Two-Photon Lithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54068-54074. [PMID: 33170624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, flow photolithography (FL) has emerged as a powerful synthetic tool for the creation of barcoded microparticles with complex morphologies and chemical compositions which have been shown to be useful in a range of multiplexed bioassay applications. More specifically, FL has been highly successful in producing micron-sized, encoded particles of bespoke shape, size, and color. That said, to date, FL has been restricted to generating barcoded microparticles and has lacked the ability to produce hybrid fibers which are structurally and spectrally encoded. To this end, we herein present a method that combines a continuous flow microfluidic system with two-photon polymerization (2PP) to fabricate microscale-encoded fibers and Janus strips in a high-throughput manner. Specifically, two co-flow liquid streams containing a monomer and initiator are introduced through a Y-shape channel to form a stable interface in the center of a microfluidic channel. The flow containing the (fluorescently labeled) monomer is then patterned by scanning the voxel of the 2PP laser across the interface to selectively polymerize different regions of the forming fiber/particle. Such a process allows for rapid spectral encoding at the single fiber level, with the resulting structurally coded fibers having obvious application in the fields of security identification and anticounterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Cao
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Quan Gao
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xian, China
| | - Shangkun Li
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Songtao Hu
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Destgeer G, Ouyang M, Wu CY, Di Carlo D. Fabrication of 3D concentric amphiphilic microparticles to form uniform nanoliter reaction volumes for amplified affinity assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3503-3514. [PMID: 32895694 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00698j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactions performed in uniform microscale volumes have enabled numerous applications in the analysis of rare entities (e.g. cells and molecules). Here, highly monodisperse aqueous droplets are formed by simply mixing microscale multi-material particles, consisting of concentric hydrophobic outer and hydrophilic inner layers, with oil and water. The particles are manufactured in batch using a 3D printed device to co-flow four concentric streams of polymer precursors which are polymerized with UV light. The cross-sectional shapes of the particles are altered by microfluidic nozzle design in the 3D printed device. Once a particle encapsulates an aqueous volume, each "dropicle" provides uniform compartmentalization and customizable shape-coding for each sample volume to enable multiplexing of uniform reactions in a scalable manner. We implement an enzymatically-amplified immunoassay using the dropicle system, yielding a detection limit of <1 pM with a dynamic range of at least 3 orders of magnitude. Multiplexing using two types of shape-coded particles was demonstrated without cross talk, laying a foundation for democratized single-entity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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11
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Yoon J, Park W. Microsized 3D Hydrogel Printing System using Microfluidic Maskless Lithography and Single Axis Stepper Motor. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Saha SK, Wang D, Nguyen VH, Chang Y, Oakdale JS, Chen SC. Scalable submicrometer additive manufacturing. Science 2020; 366:105-109. [PMID: 31604310 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax8760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput fabrication techniques for generating arbitrarily complex three-dimensional structures with nanoscale features are desirable across a broad range of applications. Two-photon lithography (TPL)-based submicrometer additive manufacturing is a promising candidate to fill this gap. However, the serial point-by-point writing scheme of TPL is too slow for many applications. Attempts at parallelization either do not have submicrometer resolution or cannot pattern complex structures. We overcome these difficulties by spatially and temporally focusing an ultrafast laser to implement a projection-based layer-by-layer parallelization. This increases the throughput up to three orders of magnitude and expands the geometric design space. We demonstrate this by printing, within single-digit millisecond time scales, nanowires with widths smaller than 175 nanometers over an area one million times larger than the cross-sectional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh K Saha
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
| | - Dien Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vu H Nguyen
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Yina Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - James S Oakdale
- Center for Engineered Materials and Manufacturing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Shih-Chi Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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Stoecklein D, Davies M, de Rutte JM, Wu CY, Di Carlo D, Ganapathysubramanian B. FlowSculpt: software for efficient design of inertial flow sculpting devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3277-3291. [PMID: 31482902 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00658c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flow sculpting is a powerful method for passive flow control that uses a sequence of bluff-body structures to engineer the structure of inertially flowing microfluidic streams. A variety of cross-sectional flow shapes can be created through this method, offering a new platform for flow manipulation or material fabrication useful in bioengineering, manufacturing, and chemistry applications. However, the inverse problem in flow sculpting - designing a device that produces a target fluid flow shape - remains challenging due to the complex, diverse, and enormous design space. Solutions to the inverse problem have been constrained to single-material fluid streams that are shaped into top-bottom symmetric shapes due to the bluff-body structures available in current libraries (pillars) that span the height of the channel. In this work, we introduce multi-material design and symmetry-breaking flow deformations enabled by half-height pillars, presented within an extremely fast simulation method for flow sculpting yielding a 34-fold reduction in runtime. The framework is deployed freely as a cross-platform application called "FlowSculpt". We detail its implementation and usage, and discuss the addition of enhanced search operations, which enable users to more easily design flow shapes that replicate their input drawings. With FlowSculpt, the microfluidics community can now quickly design flow shaping microfluidic devices on modest hardware, and easily integrate these complex physics into their research toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stoecklein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Michael Davies
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
| | | | - Chueh-Yu Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Lölsberg J, Cinar A, Felder D, Linz G, Djeljadini S, Wessling M. Two-Photon Vertical-Flow Lithography for Microtube Synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901356. [PMID: 31168917 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon vertical-flow lithography is demonstrated for synthesis of complex-shaped polymeric microtubes with a high aspect ratio (>100:1). This unique microfluidic approach provides rigorous control over the morphology and surface topology to generate thin-walled (<1 µm) microtubes with a tunable diameter (1-400 µm) and pore size (1-20 µm). The interplay between fluid-flow control and two-photon lithography presents a generic high-resolution method that will substantially contribute toward the future development of biocompatible scaffolds, stents, needles, nerve guides, membranes, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lölsberg
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arne Cinar
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Felder
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Linz
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Suzana Djeljadini
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stoecklein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Shaw LA, Chizari S, Shusteff M, Naghsh-Nilchi H, Di Carlo D, Hopkins JB. Scanning two-photon continuous flow lithography for synthesis of high-resolution 3D microparticles: erratum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:14718. [PMID: 29877408 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.014718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An error in a reference is reported and corrected.
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