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Yin Y, Jiang Q, Wang H, Liu J, Xie Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Huang L. Multi-Dimensional Multiplexed Metasurface Holography by Inverse Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312303. [PMID: 38372628 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Multi-dimensional multiplexed metasurface holography extends holographic information capacity and promises revolutionary advancements for vivid imaging, information storage, and encryption. However, achieving multifunctional metasurface holography by forward design method is still difficult because it relies heavily on Jones matrix engineering, which places high demands on physical knowledge and processing technology. To break these limitations and simplify the design process, here, an end-to-end inverse design framework is proposed. By directly linking the metasurface to the reconstructed images and employing a loss function to guide the update of metasurface, the calculation of hologram can be omitted; thus, greatly simplifying the design process. In addition, the requirements on the completeness of meta-library can also be significantly reduced, allowing multi-channel hologram to be achieved using meta-atoms with only two degrees of freedom, which is very friendly to processing. By exploiting the proposed method, metasurface hologram containing up to 12 channels of multi-wavelength, multi-plane, and multi-polarization is designed and experimentally demonstrated, which exhibits the state-of-the-art information multiplexing capacity of the metasurface composed of simple meta-atoms. This method is conducive to promoting the intelligent design of multifunctional meta-devices, and it is expected to eventually accelerate the application of meta-devices in colorful display, imaging, storage and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyao Yin
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yiyang Xie
- Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Qiuhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongtian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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2
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Staes J, Fade J. Optimized Stokes imaging for highly resolved optical speckle fields, Part II: optimal acquisition and estimation strategies. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2024; 41:800-810. [PMID: 38856566 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.516702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this second paper of a three-paper series focusing on Stokes polarimetry of optical speckle fields resolved at the individual speckle grain scale, a theoretical study based on numerical simulations is presented in order to establish the optimum sensing, estimation, and processing strategies that guarantee the best precision, accuracy, and robustness for Stokes polarimetry in this specific context. In particular, it is demonstrated that the so-called state of polarization analysis by full projection on the Poincaré space (SOPAFP) approach can be optimized in order to ensure best estimation performance. These numerical simulations also make it possible to establish that the SOPAFP approach provides better results in terms of robustness to residual experimental imperfections of the setup when compared to classical Stokes polarimetry approaches.
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3
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Li Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Gan T, Hu J, Jarrahi M, Ozcan A. Universal Polarization Transformations: Spatial Programming of Polarization Scattering Matrices Using a Deep Learning-Designed Diffractive Polarization Transformer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303395. [PMID: 37633311 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Controlled synthesis of optical fields having nonuniform polarization distributions presents a challenging task. Here, a universal polarization transformer is demonstrated that can synthesize a large set of arbitrarily-selected, complex-valued polarization scattering matrices between the polarization states at different positions within its input and output field-of-views (FOVs). This framework comprises 2D arrays of linear polarizers positioned between isotropic diffractive layers, each containing tens of thousands of diffractive features with optimizable transmission coefficients. After its deep learning-based training, this diffractive polarization transformer can successfully implement Ni No = 10 000 different spatially-encoded polarization scattering matrices with negligible error, where Ni and No represent the number of pixels in the input and output FOVs, respectively. This universal polarization transformation framework is experimentally validated in the terahertz spectrum by fabricating wire-grid polarizers and integrating them with 3D-printed diffractive layers to form a physical polarization transformer. Through this set-up, an all-optical polarization permutation operation of spatially-varying polarization fields is demonstrated, and distinct spatially-encoded polarization scattering matrices are simultaneously implemented between the input and output FOVs of a compact diffractive processor. This framework opens up new avenues for developing novel devices for universal polarization control and may find applications in, e.g., remote sensing, medical imaging, security, material inspection, and machine vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jingxi Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tianyi Gan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jingtian Hu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mona Jarrahi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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4
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Liang T, Tang Q, Yu Q. Study on the calibration of full polarization imager. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18454. [PMID: 37520971 PMCID: PMC10382292 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarization is one of the fundamental properties of light, which has a wide range of applications and is developing rapidly. To meet the needs of polarization detection, different types of polarization instruments came into being. The precision of the polarization detection instruments is vital to the result analysis. In this paper, a full polarization imager is designed, and the radiometric calibration and polarization calibration of this instrument are studied. In radiometric calibration, the different numbers lights are set to verify the light intensity response of the imager. The mathematical model was constructed for numerical fitting, and the correlation between the fitted values and the measured values in the 490 nm, 550 nm, and 670 nm bands was above 0.99. Fixed the radiance of the integrating sphere, and adjusted exposure times. The correlation of the three bands is above 0.99, which verifies that the radiative stability of the imager is good. The polarimetric calibration system adopts the adjustable degree of polarization reference light source (APOL). The theoretical and measured values of the degree of polarization of reference light sources in three different bands are analyzed. The results show that the measurement accuracy of the 490 nm band is less than 2%. The precision of polarization measurement in the 550 nm band is less than 1.5%, and the precision of polarization calibration in the 670 nm band is less than 1%. The imager is verified to have high polarization calibration accuracy and meets the requirements of high-precision polarization detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianquan Liang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Quanzhou Yu
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
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5
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Pierangeli D, Conti C. Single-shot polarimetry of vector beams by supervised learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1831. [PMID: 37005410 PMCID: PMC10067938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
States of light encoding multiple polarizations - vector beams - offer unique capabilities in metrology and communication. However, their practical application is limited by the lack of methods for measuring many polarizations in a scalable and compact way. Here we demonstrate polarimetry of vector beams in a single shot without any polarization optics. We map the beam polarization content into a spatial intensity distribution through light scattering and exploit supervised learning for single-shot measurements of multiple polarizations. We characterize structured light encoding up to nine polarizations with accuracy beyond 95% on each Stokes parameter. The method also allows us to classify beams with an unknown number of polarization modes, a functionality missing in conventional techniques. Our findings enable a fast and compact polarimeter for polarization-structured light, a general tool that may radically impact optical devices for sensing, imaging, and computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pierangeli
- Institute for Complex Systems - National Research Council (ISC-CNR), 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Conti
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Research Center Enrico Fermi (CREF), 00184, Rome, Italy
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6
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Nabadda E, Sánchez-López MDM, García-Martínez P, Moreno I. Retrieving the phase of diffraction orders generated with tailored gratings. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:267-270. [PMID: 36638434 DOI: 10.1364/ol.479354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A technique is performed to quantitatively evaluate the intensity and phase of the diffraction orders generated by tailored phase gratings displayed onto a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). The SLM displays the grating together with a lens to obtain the Fourier transform. The setup is converted into a polarization common-path interferometer by simply rotating a polarizer. This configuration allows a phase-shifting interferometry algorithm to be applied to retrieve the phase of the diffraction orders. The quadratic phase arising in the system, which must be subtracted, is calibrated using triplicator gratings of varying periods. Various tailored designs with controlled phase shift between diffraction orders are experimentally tested to prove the advantage and simplicity of the technique.
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7
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Shah YD, Dada AC, Grant JP, Cumming DRS, Altuzarra C, Nowack TS, Lyons A, Clerici M, Faccio D. An All-Dielectric Metasurface Polarimeter. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:3245-3252. [PMID: 36281330 PMCID: PMC9585641 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The polarization state of light is a key parameter in many imaging systems. For example, it can image mechanical stress and other physical properties that are not seen with conventional imaging and can also play a central role in quantum sensing. However, polarization is more difficult to image, and polarimetry typically involves several independent measurements with moving parts in the measurement device. Metasurfaces with interleaved designs have demonstrated sensitivity to either linear or circular/elliptical polarization states. Here, we present an all-dielectric meta-polarimeter for direct measurement of any arbitrary polarization state from a single-unit-cell design. By engineering a completely asymmetric design, we obtained a metasurface that can excite eigenmodes of the nanoresonators, thus displaying a unique diffraction pattern for not only any linear polarization state but all elliptical polarization states (and handedness) as well. The unique diffraction patterns are quantified into Stokes parameters with a resolution of 5° and with a polarization state fidelity of up to 99 ± 1%. This holds promise for applications in polarization imaging and quantum state tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash D. Shah
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Adetunmise C. Dada
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - James P. Grant
- Microsystems
Technology Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - David R. S. Cumming
- Microsystems
Technology Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Charles Altuzarra
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Thomas S. Nowack
- Microsystems
Technology Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Ashley Lyons
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Matteo Clerici
- James
Watt School of Engineering, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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8
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Jacobs MN, Esashi Y, Jenkins NW, Brooks NJ, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Tanksalvala M. High-resolution, wavefront-sensing, full-field polarimetry of arbitrary beams using phase retrieval. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27967-27982. [PMID: 36236954 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in structured illumination are enabling a wide range of applications from imaging to metrology, which can benefit from advanced beam characterization techniques. Solving uniquely for the spatial distribution of polarization in a beam typically involves the use of two or more polarization optics, such as a polarizer and a waveplate, which is prohibitive for some wavelengths outside of the visible spectrum. We demonstrate a technique that circumvents the use of a waveplate by exploiting extended Gerchberg-Saxton phase retrieval to extract the phase. The technique enables high-resolution, wavefront-sensing, full-field polarimetry capable of solving for both simple and exotic polarization states, and moreover, is extensible to shorter wavelength light.
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9
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Refractive Bi-Conic Axicon (Volcone) for Polarization Conversion of Monochromatic Radiation. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9060421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new element is proposed for producing an azimuthally polarized beam with a vortex phase dependence. The element is formed by two conical surfaces in such a way that the optical element resembles a mountain with a crater on top, like a volcano (volcanic cone is volcone). The element in the form of a refractive bi-conic axicon is fabricated by diamond turning, in which an internal conical cavity is made. Polarization conversion in this optical element occurs on the inner surface due to the refraction of beams at the Brewster angle. The outer surface is used to collimate the converted beam, which significantly distinguishes the proposed element from previously proposed approaches. The paper describes a method for calculating the path of beams through a refractive bi-conic axicon, taking into account phase and polarization conversions. In the case of incident circularly polarized radiation, azimuthally polarized ring-shape beam radiation is generated at the output. The proposed element is experimentally made of polymethyl methacrylate on a CNC milling machine. The experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed element.
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10
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Zaidi A, Rubin NA, Dorrah AH, Park JS, Capasso F. Generalized polarization transformations with metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:39065-39078. [PMID: 34809277 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are arrays of sub-wavelength spaced nanostructures, which can be designed to control the many degrees-of-freedom of light on an unprecedented scale. In this work, we design meta-gratings where the diffraction orders can perform general, arbitrarily specified, polarization transformation without any reliance on conventional polarization components, such as waveplates and polarizers. We use matrix Fourier optics to design our devices and introduce a novel approach for their optimization. We implement the designs using form-birefringent metasurfaces and quantify their behavior - retardance and diattenuation. Our work is of importance in applications, such as polarization abberation correction in imaging systems, and in experiments requiring novel and compact polarization detection and control.
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11
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Bai J, Yao Y. Highly Efficient Anisotropic Chiral Plasmonic Metamaterials for Polarization Conversion and Detection. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14263-14274. [PMID: 34383483 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic chiral metamaterials have attracted broad research interest because of their potential applications in optical communication, biomedical diagnosis, polarization imaging, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. However, optical losses in plasmonic structures severely limit practical applications. Here, we present the design concept and experimental demonstration for highly efficient subwavelength-thick plasmonic chiral metamaterials with strong chirality. The proposed designs utilize plasmonic metasurfaces to control the phase and polarization of light and exploit anisotropic thin-film interference effects to enhance optical chirality while minimizing optical loss. Based on such design concepts, we demonstrated experimentally optical devices such as circular polarization filters with transmission efficiency up to 90% and extinction ratio >180, polarization converters with conversion efficiency up to 90%, as well as on-chip integrated microfilter arrays for full Stokes polarization detection with high accuracy over a broad wavelength range (3.5-5 μm). The proposed design concepts are applicable from near-infrared to Terahertz regions via structural engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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12
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Fang L, Zheng S, Wang J. Design of on-chip polarimetry with Stokes-determined silicon photonic circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:31026-31035. [PMID: 34615204 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the states of optical polarization is crucial in many scientific and technological disciplines, and more recently towards the development of chip-scale or nanoscale polarimetry. Here we present a new design of on-chip Stokes polarimetric scheme based on polarization-dependent silicon photonic circuits. The structural elements including polarization rotator and splitter, directional coupler, and phase shifter are assembled to produce polarization-dependent silicon photonic circuits. The orthogonally linear, diagonal, and circular polarization components of the incident light, corresponding to the three Stokes parameters (S1, S2, and S3), can be simultaneously measured based on the Stokes-determined silicon photonic circuit output arrays so as to realize the full measurement of the incident polarization states. This on-chip polarimetry proposed here may enrich the family of micro-nano polarimetric devices, and pave the way to polarization-based integrated optoelectronics, nanophotonics, and metrology.
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13
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Liao Z, Liu Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Liu G. Ultra-narrowband resonant light absorber for high-performance thermal-optical modulators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:31048-31057. [PMID: 34615206 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a tunable thermal-optical ultra-narrowband grating absorber is realized. Four ultra-sharp absorption peaks in the infrared region are achieved with the absorption efficiency of 19.89%, 98.41%, 99.14%, and 99.99% at 1144.34 nm, 1190.92 nm, 1268.58 nm, and 1358.70 nm, respectively. Benefiting from an extremely narrow bandwidth (0.27 nm), a maximum Q-factor over 4400 is obtained for the absorber. Moreover, the spectral response can be artificially tuned by controlling the temperature via the strong thermo-optic effect of silicon resonator. The high absorption contrast ratio of 23 dB is demonstrated by only increasing the temperature by 10 °C, showing an order of magnitude better than that of the previously demonstrated performance in the infrared image contrast manipulation. Also, the absorption intensity can be precisely regulated via tuning the polarization state of incident light. Strong tunability extending to temperature and polarization states makes this metasurface promising for applications in a high-performance switch, notch filter, modulator, etc.
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14
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Wang H, Zhang B, Han C, Ding J. Polarization-multiplexed wavefront-engineering by all-dielectric metasurface with asymmetric polarization-decoupled meta-atoms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:32377-32387. [PMID: 34615310 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polarization multiplexing of metasurfaces conventionally requires the synthesis of both geometric and dynamic phases of meta-atoms. We propose a dynamic-phase-only polarization-multiplexing metasurface that consists of three types of polarization-decoupled meta-atoms and covers the 0-2π phase range. As illustrative examples, we designed and investigated a polarized beam splitter that can independently deflect x- and y-polarized incident lights at arbitrary angles. Furthermore, we designed and studied polarization-multiplexing metasurface-holography embracing double channels of orthogonal polarizations. Both metadevices demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. This study paves the way for the design of polarization-multiplexing electromagnetic structures for application in metamaterials and metasurfaces.
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15
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Wang X, Yang GM. Linear-polarization metasurface converter with an arbitrary polarization rotating angle. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:30579-30589. [PMID: 34614780 DOI: 10.1364/oe.436322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new design of linear-polarization metasurface converter with arbitrary polarization rotating angle. The linear-polarization conversion is achieved by first separating the linearly polarized incident wave into two orthogonal circularly polarized waves, then adding an additional phase to one of the circularly polarized waves, and finally recombining these two circularly polarized waves into a linearly polarized wave and reflecting it towards free space. A practical unit cell operating at 10 GHz with sandwich structure is applied to realize the linear-polarization metasurface converter, which consists of a top-layer square patch, a middle-layer ground plane, a bottom-layer 90° quadrature hybrid coupler, and two vias connecting the top layer and bottom layer. The proposed linear-polarization metasurface converter is analyzed theoretically and demonstrated by both simulating and experimental results.
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16
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Rubin NA, Zaidi A, Dorrah AH, Shi Z, Capasso F. Jones matrix holography with metasurfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg7488. [PMID: 34389537 PMCID: PMC8363145 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new class of computer-generated holograms whose far-fields have designer-specified polarization response. We dub these Jones matrix holograms. We provide a simple procedure for their implementation using form-birefringent metasurfaces. Jones matrix holography generalizes a wide body of past work with a consistent mathematical framework, particularly in the field of metasurfaces, and suggests previously unrealized devices, examples of which are demonstrated here. In particular, we demonstrate holograms whose far-fields implement parallel polarization analysis and custom waveplate-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah A Rubin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Aun Zaidi
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ahmed H Dorrah
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhujun Shi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA 95014, USA
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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17
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Song J, Abay R, Tyo JS, Alenin AS. Transcending conventional snapshot polarimeter performance via neuromorphically adaptive filters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:17758-17774. [PMID: 34154052 DOI: 10.1364/oe.426072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A channeled Stokes polarimeter that recovers polarimetric signatures across the scene from the modulation induced channels is preferrable for many polarimetric sensing applications. Conventional channeled systems that isolate the intended channels with low-pass filters are sensitive to channel crosstalk effects, and the filters have to be optimized based on the bandwidth profile of scene of interest before applying to each particular scenes to be measured. Here, we introduce a machine learning based channel filtering framework for channeled polarimeters. The machines are trained to predict anti-aliasing filters according to the distribution of the measured data adaptively. A conventional snapshot Stokes polarimeter is simulated to present our machine learning based channel filtering framework. Finally, we demonstrate the advantage of our filtering framework through the comparison of reconstructed polarimetric images with the conventional image reconstruction procedure.
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18
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Li L, Wang J, Kang L, Liu W, Yu L, Zheng B, Brongersma ML, Werner DH, Lan S, Shi Y, Xu Y, Wang X. Monolithic Full-Stokes Near-Infrared Polarimetry with Chiral Plasmonic Metasurface Integrated Graphene-Silicon Photodetector. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16634-16642. [PMID: 33197172 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect the full-Stokes polarization of light is vital for a variety of applications that often require complex and bulky optical systems. Here, we report an on-chip polarimeter comprising four metasurface-integrated graphene-silicon photodetectors. The geometric chirality and anisotropy of the metasurfaces result in circular and linear polarization-resolved photoresponses, from which the full-Stokes parameters, including the intensity, orientation, and ellipticity of arbitrarily polarized incident infrared light (1550 nm), can be obtained. The design presents an ultracompact architecture while excluding the standard bulky optical components and structural redundancy. Computational extraction of full-Stokes parameters from mutual information among four detectors eliminates the need for a large absorption contrast between different polarization states. Our monolithic plasmonic metasurface integrated polarimeter is ideal for a variety of polarization-based applications including biological sensing, quantum information processing, and polarization photography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Li
- School of Micro-Nanoelectronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, State Key Labs of Silicon Materials and Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Micro-Nanoelectronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, State Key Labs of Silicon Materials and Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Binjie Zheng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Douglas H Werner
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shoufeng Lan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Micro-Nanoelectronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Institute, State Key Labs of Silicon Materials and Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Xiaomu Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Pjotr Stoevelaar L, Berzinš J, Silvestri F, Fasold S, Zangeneh Kamali K, Knopf H, Eilenberger F, Setzpfandt F, Pertsch T, Bäumer SMB, Gerini G. Nanostructure-modulated planar high spectral resolution spectro-polarimeter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19818-19836. [PMID: 32680054 DOI: 10.1364/oe.392536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a planar spectro-polarimeter based on Fabry-Pérot cavities with embedded polarization-sensitive high-index nanostructures. A 7 µm-thick spectro-polarimetric system for 3 spectral bands and 2 linear polarization states is experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, an optimal design is theoretically proposed, estimating that a system with a bandwidth of 127 nm and a spectral resolution of 1 nm is able to reconstruct the first three Stokes parameters with a signal-to-noise ratio of -13.14 dB with respect to the the shot noise limited SNR. The pixelated spectro-polarimetric system can be directly integrated on a sensor, thus enabling applicability in a variety of miniaturized optical devices, including but not limited to satellites for Earth observation.
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20
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Shi Z, Zhu AY, Li Z, Huang YW, Chen WT, Qiu CW, Capasso F. Continuous angle-tunable birefringence with freeform metasurfaces for arbitrary polarization conversion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba3367. [PMID: 32537506 PMCID: PMC7269657 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Birefringence occurs when light with different polarizations sees different refractive indices during propagation. It plays an important role in optics and has enabled essential polarization elements such as wave plates. In bulk crystals, it is typically constrained to linear birefringence. In metamaterials with freeform meta-atoms, however, one can engineer the optical anisotropy such that light sees different indices for arbitrary-linear, circular, or elliptical-orthogonal eigen-polarization states. Using topology-optimized metasurfaces, we demonstrate this arbitrary birefringence. It has the unique feature that it can be continuously tuned from linear to elliptical birefringence, by changing the angle of incidence. In this way, a single metasurface can operate as many wave plates in parallel, implementing different polarization transformations. Angle-tunable arbitrary birefringence expands the scope of polarization optics, enables compact and versatile polarization operations that would otherwise require cascading multiple elements, and may find applications in polarization imaging, quantum optics, and other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Shi
- Harvard Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Y. Zhu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhaoyi Li
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Wei Ting Chen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Rubin NA, D'Aversa G, Chevalier P, Shi Z, Chen WT, Capasso F. Matrix Fourier optics enables a compact full-Stokes polarization camera. Science 2020; 365:365/6448/eaax1839. [PMID: 31273096 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments have enabled the practical realization of optical elements in which the polarization of light may vary spatially. We present an extension of Fourier optics-matrix Fourier optics-for understanding these devices and apply it to the design and realization of metasurface gratings implementing arbitrary, parallel polarization analysis. We show how these gratings enable a compact, full-Stokes polarization camera without standard polarization optics. Our single-shot polarization camera requires no moving parts, specially patterned pixels, or conventional polarization optics and may enable the widespread adoption of polarization imaging in machine vision, remote sensing, and other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah A Rubin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gabriele D'Aversa
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Section de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Chevalier
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhujun Shi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Wei Ting Chen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Park JS, Zhang S, She A, Chen WT, Lin P, Yousef KMA, Cheng JX, Capasso F. All-Glass, Large Metalens at Visible Wavelength Using Deep-Ultraviolet Projection Lithography. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8673-8682. [PMID: 31726010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses, planar lenses realized by placing subwavelength nanostructures that locally impart lenslike phase shifts to the incident light, are promising as a replacement for refractive optics for their ultrathin, lightweight, and tailorable characteristics, especially for applications where payload is of significant importance. However, the requirement of fabricating up to billions of subwavelength structures for centimeter-scale metalenses can constrain size-scalability and mass-production for large lenses. In this Letter, we demonstrate a centimeter-scale, all-glass metalens capable of focusing and imaging at visible wavelength, using deep-ultraviolet (DUV) projection stepper lithography. Here, we show size-scalability and potential for mass-production by fabricating 45 metalenses of 1 cm diameter on a 4 in. fused-silica wafer. The lenses show diffraction-limited focusing behavior for any homogeneously polarized incidence at visible wavelengths. The metalens' performance is quantified by the Strehl ratio and the modulation transfer function (MTF), which are then compared with commercial refractive spherical and aspherical singlet lenses of similar size and focal length. We further explore the imaging capabilities of our metalens using a color-pixel sCMOS camera and scanning-imaging techniques, demonstrating potential applications for virtual reality (VR) devices or biological imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Suh Park
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Nanophotonics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Laboratory of Bio-Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Alan She
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Singapore Heavy Engineering Pte. Ltd. , Singapore 536562 , Singapore
| | - Wei Ting Chen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Kerolos M A Yousef
- College of Biotechnology , Misr University of Science and Technology , Giza , Egypt
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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23
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Zhao B, Hu XB, Rodríguez-Fajardo V, Zhu ZH, Gao W, Forbes A, Rosales-Guzmán C. Real-time Stokes polarimetry using a digital micromirror device. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:31087-31093. [PMID: 31684348 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.031087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stokes polarimetry (SP) is a powerful technique that enables spatial reconstruction of the state of polarization (SoP) of a light beam using only intensity measurements. A given SoP is reconstructed from a set of four Stokes parameters, which are computed through four intensity measurements. Since all intensities must be performed on the same beam, it is common to record each intensity individually, one after the other, limiting its performance to light beams with static SoP. Here, we put forward a novel technique to extend SP to a broader set of light beams with dynamic SoP. This technique relies on the superposition principle, which enables the splitting of the input beam into identical copies, allowing the simultaneous measurement of all intensities. For this, the input beam is passed through a multiplexed digital hologram displayed on a polarization-insensitive Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) that grants independent and rapid (20 kHz) manipulation of each beam. We are able to reliably reconstruct the SoP with high fidelity and at speeds of up to 27 Hz, paving the way for real-time polarimetry of structured light.
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24
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Maurya S, Nyman M, Kaivola M, Shevchenko A. Highly birefringent metamaterial structure as a tunable partial polarizer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:27335-27344. [PMID: 31674596 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.027335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We consider a highly anisotropic metamaterial structure, composed of parallel metal nanostripes, and show that a thin layer of the material can be used as a tunable partial polarizer. The transmittance of the structure for TE-polarized waves depends strongly on the incidence angle, while for TM-polarized waves, it stays high and essentially constant. In particular, using the structure, the degree of polarization of a partially polarized or unpolarized light can be tuned by changing the incidence angle. The TE-wave transmittance drops from, c.a., 1 to 0 when the incidence angle increases by 5 deg only, owing to the presence of an unusual higher-order odd-symmetric TM mode that we have revealed in the structure. The tuning can be made smoother by introducing another layer of a similar metal-nanostripe structure on top of the first one. The new design allows the TE-wave transmittance to decrease gradually towards 0 with the incidence angle increasing from 0 to about 30 deg. Our structures serve as an essential optical component for studies involving partially polarized light.
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25
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Hermon S, Ma A, Yue F, Kubrom F, Intaravanne Y, Han J, Ma Y, Chen X. Metasurface hologram for polarization measurement. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4436-4438. [PMID: 31517902 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polarization measurement is crucial for many optical applications in science and technology. Geometric metasurfaces have been used to develop polarization-sensitive holograms, providing a new opportunity for polarization measurement. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a hologram method to measure the polarization state of light. A reflective-type metasurface hologram is used to generate holographic images of graphene pattern. The ellipticity and helicity of the incident light are measured based on the intensities of the neighboring light spots, corresponding to two opposite circular polarization states. Benefiting from the advantages of reflective geometric metasurfaces, this device can operate in broadband.
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26
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Dynamic beam steering with all-dielectric electro-optic III-V multiple-quantum-well metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3654. [PMID: 31409790 PMCID: PMC6692380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunable metasurfaces enable dynamical control of the key constitutive properties of light at a subwavelength scale. To date, electrically tunable metasurfaces at near-infrared wavelengths have been realized using free carrier modulation, and switching of thermo-optical, liquid crystal and phase change media. However, the highest performance and lowest loss discrete optoelectronic modulators exploit the electro-optic effect in multiple-quantum-well heterostructures. Here, we report an all-dielectric active metasurface based on electro-optically tunable III–V multiple-quantum-wells patterned into subwavelength elements that each supports a hybrid Mie-guided mode resonance. The quantum-confined Stark effect actively modulates this volumetric hybrid resonance, and we observe a relative reflectance modulation of 270% and a phase shift from 0° to ~70°. Additionally, we demonstrate beam steering by applying an electrical bias to each element to actively change the metasurface period, an approach that can also realize tunable metalenses, active polarizers, and flat spatial light modulators. Here, the authors demonstrate an electrically tunable metasurface with III–V semiconducting MQW structures as resonant metasurface elements. The amplitude and phase of the light reflected from the metasurface can be continuously tuned by applying DC electric field across the MQW metasurface elements.
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27
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Fu R, Li Z, Zheng G, Chen M, Yang Y, Tao J, Wu L, Deng Q. Reconfigurable step-zoom metalens without optical and mechanical compensations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:12221-12230. [PMID: 31052766 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.012221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A polarization-dependent metasurface that consists of nanobrick arrays with spatial varying dimensions in two orthogonal directions has shown independent phase control ability, which paves a new way to design a reconfigurable step-zoom lens with two different focal lengths depending on the polarization states of an incident beam. In this paper, we report a highly integrated step-zoom metalens with dual focal lengths based on double-sided metasurfaces sitting on a transparent substrate. By assigning the focal power and balancing the aberrations between the front and rear metasurfaces, a large field-of-view ( ± 20°) step-zoom metalens corrected for monochromatic aberrations was designed, and its high performance (nearly diffraction-limited image quality for both on-axis and off-axis imaging) was verified by full-wave numerical simulations. More interestingly, the image plane of the designed metalens keeps unchanged after the zoom switching, which will bring great convenience for practical applications. With the advantages such as ultra-compactness, flexibility, and simplicity, the proposed metalens indicates the potential in the fields that require highly integrated zoom imaging and beam focusing without optical and mechanical compensations.
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28
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Chen WT, Zhu AY, Sisler J, Bharwani Z, Capasso F. A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures. Nat Commun 2019; 10:355. [PMID: 30664662 PMCID: PMC6341080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces have attracted widespread attention due to an increasing demand of compact and wearable optical devices. For many applications, polarization-insensitive metasurfaces are highly desirable, and appear to limit the choice of their constituent elements to isotropic nanostructures. This greatly restricts the number of geometric parameters available in design. Here, we demonstrate a polarization-insensitive metalens using otherwise anisotropic nanofins which offer additional control over the dispersion and phase of the output light. As a result, we can render a metalens achromatic and polarization-insensitive across nearly the entire visible spectrum from wavelength λ = 460 nm to 700 nm, while maintaining diffraction-limited performance. The metalens is comprised of just a single layer of TiO2 nanofins and has a numerical aperture of 0.2 with a diameter of 26.4 µm. The generality of our polarization-insensitive design allows it to be implemented in a plethora of other metasurface devices with applications ranging from imaging to virtual/augmented reality. Polarization-insensitive metasurfaces implies limiting the choice of constituent elements to isotropic nanostructures. Here, the authors demonstrate a polarization-insensitive metalens using anisotropic nanofins, allowing achromatic and polarization-insensitive behaviour across the entire visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ting Chen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Alexander Y Zhu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jared Sisler
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zameer Bharwani
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Chen WT, Zhu AY, Sisler J, Huang YW, Yousef KMA, Lee E, Qiu CW, Capasso F. Broadband Achromatic Metasurface-Refractive Optics. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7801-7808. [PMID: 30423252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Existing methods of correcting for chromatic aberrations in optical systems are limited to two approaches: varying the material dispersion in refractive lenses or incorporating grating dispersion via diffractive optical elements. Recently, single-layer broadband achromatic metasurface lenses have been demonstrated but are limited to diameters on the order of 100 μm due to the large required group delays. Here, we circumvent this limitation and design a metacorrector by combining a tunable phase and artificial dispersion to correct spherical and chromatic aberrations in a large spherical plano-convex lens. The tunability results from a variation in light confinement in sub-wavelength waveguides by locally tailoring the effective refractive index. The effectiveness of this approach is further validated by designing a metacorrector, which greatly increases the bandwidth of a state-of-the-art immersion objective (composed of 14 lenses and 7 types of glasses) from violet to near-infrared wavelengths. This concept of hybrid metasurface-refractive optics combines the advantages of both technologies in terms of size, scalability, complexity, and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ting Chen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Alexander Y Zhu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Jared Sisler
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- University of Waterloo , Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117583 Singapore
| | - Kerolos M A Yousef
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- College of Biotechnology , Misr University for Science and Technology , Giza , Egypt
| | - Eric Lee
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- University of Waterloo , Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117583 Singapore
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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