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Zhang Q, Liu D, Zhou S, Chen G, Su J, Sun L, Xiong Y, Li X. Quasi-Freeform Metasurfaces for Wide-Angle Beam Deflecting and Splitting. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1156. [PMID: 37049250 PMCID: PMC10097112 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces attracted extensive interests due to their outstanding ability to manipulate the wavefront at a subwavelength scale. In this study, we demonstrated quasi-freeform metasurfaces in which the radius, location, and height of the nanocylinder building blocks were set as optimized structure parameters, providing more degrees of freedom compared with traditional gradient metasurfaces. Given a desired wavefront shaping objective, these structure parameters can be collectively optimized utilizing a hybrid optimized algorithm. To demonstrate the versatility and feasibility of our method, we firstly proposed metasurfaces with deflecting efficiencies ranging from 86.2% to 94.8%, where the deflecting angles can vary in the range of 29°-75.6°. With further study, we applied our concept to realize a variety of high-efficiency, wide-angle, equal-power beam splitters. The total splitting efficiencies of all the proposed beam splitters exceeded 89.4%, where a highest efficiency of 97.6%, a maximum splitting angle of 75.6°, and a splitting uniformity of 0.33% were obtained. Considering that various deflecting angles, and various splitting channels with different splitting angles, can be realized by setting the optical response of metasurfaces as the optimization target, we believe that our method will provide an alternative approach for metasurfaces to realize desired wavefront shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingquan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Junli Su
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Leihao Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunbo Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
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Blasiak P, Borsuk E, Markiewicz M. Arbitrary entanglement of three qubits via linear optics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21596. [PMID: 36517501 PMCID: PMC9751125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a linear-optical scheme for generating an arbitrary state of three qubits. It requires only three independent particles in the input and post-selection of the coincidence type at the output. The success probability of the protocol is equal for any desired state. Furthermore, the optical design remains insensitive to particle statistics (bosons, fermions or anyons). This approach builds upon the no-touching paradigm, which demonstrates the utility of particle indistinguishability as a resource of entanglement for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Blasiak
- grid.254024.50000 0000 9006 1798Institute for Quantum Studies, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866 USA ,grid.418860.30000 0001 0942 8941Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Borsuk
- grid.418860.30000 0001 0942 8941Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Markiewicz
- grid.8585.00000 0001 2370 4076International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, University of Gdańsk, 80308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Polarization-Insensitive Beam Splitter with Variable Split Angles and Ratios Based on Phase Gradient Metasurfaces. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010113. [PMID: 35010063 PMCID: PMC8746461 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The beam splitter is a common and critical element in optical systems. Traditional beam splitters composed of prisms or wave plates are difficult to be applied to miniaturized optical systems because they are bulky and heavy. The realization of the nanoscale beam splitter with a flexible function has attracted much attention from researchers. Here, we proposed a polarization-insensitive beam splitter with a variable split angle and ratio based on the phase gradient metasurface, which is composed of two types of nanorod arrays with opposite phase gradients. Different split angles are achieved by changing the magnitude of the phase gradient based on the principle of Snell’s law of refraction, and different split ratios are achieved by adding a phase buffer with different areas. In the designed four types of beam splitters for different functions, the split angle is variable in the range of 12–29°, and the split ratio is variable in the range of 0.1–1. The beam splitter has a high beam splitting efficiency above 0.3 at the wavelength of 480–600 nm and a weak polarization dependence. The proposed beam splitter has the advantages of a small size and easy integration, and it can be applied to various optical systems such as multiplexers and interferometers for integrated optical circuits.
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Barros MR, Chin S, Pramanik T, Lim HT, Cho YW, Huh J, Kim YS. Entangling bosons through particle indistinguishability and spatial overlap. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:38083-38092. [PMID: 33379628 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particle identity and entanglement are two fundamental quantum properties that work as major resources for various quantum information tasks. However, it is still a challenging problem to understand the correlation of the two properties in the same system. While recent theoretical studies have shown that the spatial overlap between identical particles is necessary for nontrivial entanglement, the exact role of particle indistinguishability in the entanglement of identical particles has never been analyzed quantitatively before. Here, we theoretically and experimentally investigate the behavior of entanglement between two bosons as spatial overlap and indistinguishability simultaneously vary. The theoretical computation of entanglement for generic two bosons with pseudospins is verified experimentally in a photonic system. Our results show that the amount of entanglement is a monotonically increasing function of both quantities. We expect that our work provides an insight into deciphering the role of the entanglement in quantum networks that consist of identical particles.
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Blasiak P, Markiewicz M. Entangling three qubits without ever touching. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20131. [PMID: 31882584 PMCID: PMC6934615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
All identical particles are inherently correlated from the outset, regardless of how far apart their creation took place. In this paper, this fact is used for extraction of entanglement from independent particles unaffected by any interactions. Specifically, we are concerned with operational schemes for generation of all tripartite entangled states, essentially the GHZ state and the W state, which prevent the particles from touching one another over the entire evolution. The protocols discussed in the paper require only three particles in linear optical setups with equal efficiency for boson, fermion or anyon statistics. Within this framework indistinguishability of particles presents itself as a useful resource of entanglement accessible for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Blasiak
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342, Kraków, Poland.
- City, University of London, London, EC1V OHB, UK.
| | - Marcin Markiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, PL-30348, Kraków, Poland
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