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Yuan Y, Peng X, Weng X, He J, Liao C, Wang Y, Liu L, Zeng S, Song J, Qu J. Two-dimensional nanomaterials as enhanced surface plasmon resonance sensing platforms: Design perspectives and illustrative applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 241:115672. [PMID: 37716156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Both increasing demand for ultrasensitive detection in the scientific community and significant new breakthroughs in materials science field have inspired and promoted the development of new-generation multifunctional plasmonic sensing platforms by adopting promising plasmonic nanomaterials. Recently, high-quality surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors, assisted by two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials including 2D van der Waals (vdWs) materials (such as graphene/graphene oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), phosphorene, antimonene, tellurene, MXenes, and metal oxides), 2D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), 2D hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs), and 2D optical metasurfaces, have emerged as a class of novel plasmonic sensing platforms that show unprecedented detection sensitivity and impressive performance. This review of recent progress in 2D nanomaterials-enhanced SPR platforms will highlight their compelling plasmonic enhancement features, working mechanisms, and design methodologies, as well as discuss illustrative practical applications. Hence, it is of great importance to describe the latest research progress in 2D nanomaterials-enhanced SPR sensing cases. In this review, we present some concepts of SPR enhanced by 2D nanomaterials, including the basic principles of SPR, signal modulation approaches, and working enhancement mechanisms for various 2D materials-enhanced SPR systems. In addition, we also demonstrate a detailed categorization of 2D nanomaterials-enhanced SPR sensing platforms and comment on their ability to realize ultrasensitive SPR detection. Finally, we conclude with future perspectives for exploring a new generation of 2D nanomaterials-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yuan
- School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China; State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Xiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Changrui Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-EMR 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000, Troyes, France.
| | - Jun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Junle Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
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Chen Y, Xiong X, Chen Y, Chen L, Liu G, Xiao W, Shi J, Chen Z, Luo Y. MoS 2-Nanoflower and Nanodiamond Co-Engineered Surface Plasmon Resonance for Biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050506. [PMID: 37232867 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensors play an important role in the biological and medical fields, and improving the sensitivity is a goal that has always been pursued. In this paper, a sensitivity enhancement scheme jointly employing MoS2 nanoflower (MNF) and nanodiamond (ND) to co-engineer the plasmonic surface was proposed and demonstrated. The scheme could be easily implemented via physically depositing MNF and ND overlayers on the gold surface of an SPR chip, and the overlayer could be flexibly adjusted by controlling the deposition times, thus approaching the optimal performance. The bulk RI sensitivity was enhanced from 9682 to 12,219 nm/RIU under the optimal condition that successively deposited MNF and ND 1 and 2 times. The proposed scheme was proved in an IgG immunoassay, where the sensitivity was twice enhanced compared to the traditional bare gold surface. Characterization and simulation results revealed that the improvement arose from the enhanced sensing field and increased antibody loading via the deposited MNF and ND overlayer. At the same time, the versatile surface property of NDs allowed a specifically-functionalized sensor using the standard method compatible with a gold surface. Besides, the application for pseudorabies virus detection in serum solution was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guishi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Jifu Shi
- Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Sun M, Song Y, Wu H, Wang Q. Design and Simulation of Au/SiO 2 Nanospheres Based on SPR Refractive Index Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3163. [PMID: 36991874 PMCID: PMC10054871 DOI: 10.3390/s23063163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, three different structures of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors based on the Kretschmann configuration: Au/SiO2 thin film structure, Au/SiO2 nanospheres and Au/SiO2 nanorods are designed by adding three different forms of SiO2 materials behind the gold film of conventional Au-based SPR sensors. The effects of SiO2 shapes on the SPR sensor are investigated through modeling and simulation with the refractive index of the media to be measured ranging from 1.330 to 1.365. The results show that the sensitivity of Au/SiO2 nanospheres could be as high as 2875.4 nm/RIU, which is 25.96% higher than that of the sensor with a gold array. More interestingly, the increase in sensor sensitivity is attributed to the change in SiO2 material morphology. Therefore, this paper mainly explores the influence of the shape of the sensor-sensitizing material on the performance of the sensor.
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Vráblová M, Smutná K, Koutník I, Prostějovský T, Žebrák R. Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Sensor for Detection of Photolytically and Photocatalytically Degraded Glyphosate. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9217. [PMID: 36501920 PMCID: PMC9738441 DOI: 10.3390/s22239217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used pesticides, which, together with its primary metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid, remains present in the environment. Many technologies have been developed to reduce glyphosate amounts in water. Among them, heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide as a commonly used photocatalyst achieves high removal efficiency. Nevertheless, glyphosate is often converted to organic intermediates during its degradation. The detection of degraded glyphosate and emerging products is, therefore, an important element of research in terms of disposal methods. Attention is being paid to new sensors enabling the fast detection of glyphosate and its degradation products, which would allow the monitoring of its removal process in real time. The surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) method is a promising technique for sensing emerging pollutants in water. The aim of this work was to design, create, and test an SPRi biosensor suitable for the detection of glyphosate during photolytic and photocatalytic experiments focused on its degradation. Cytochrome P450 and TiO2 were selected as the detection molecules. We developed a sensor for the detection of the target molecules with a low molecular weight for monitoring the process of glyphosate degradation, which could be applied in a flow-through arrangement and thus detect changes taking place in real-time. We believe that SPRi sensing could be widely used in the study of xenobiotic removal from surface water or wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vráblová
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Smutná
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Koutník
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Prostějovský
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Žebrák
- Dekonta Inc., Dřetovice 109, 273 42 Stehelčeves, Czech Republic
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Sputtering Deposition of TiO2 Thin Film Coatings for Fiber Optic Sensors. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanium (Ti) were deposited onto glass and optical fiber supports through DC magnetron sputtering, and their transmission was characterized with regard to their use in optical fiber-based sensors. Deposition parameters such as oxygen partial pressure, working pressure, and sputtering power were optimized to attain films with a high reflectance. The films deposited on glass supports were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Regarding the deposition parameters, all three parameters were tested simultaneously, changing the working pressure, the sputtering power, and the oxygen percentage. It was possible to conclude that a lower working pressure and higher applied power lead to films with a higher reflectance. Through the analysis of the as-sputtered thin films using X-ray diffraction, the deposition of both Ti and TiO2 films was confirmed. To study the applicability of TiO2 and Ti in fiber sensing, several thin films were deposited in single mode fibers (SMFs) using the sputtering conditions that revealed the most promising results in the glass supports. The sputtered TiO2 and Ti thin films were used as mirrors to increase the visibility of a low-finesse Fabry–Perot cavity and the possible sensing applications were studied.
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Chen Y, Peng S, Zhao P, Chen L, Liu GS, Ouyang D, Luo Y, Chen Z. Cell-modified plasmonic interface for the signal-amplified detection of Cucurbitacin E. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:274-283. [PMID: 35154870 PMCID: PMC8803011 DOI: 10.1364/boe.445679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbitacin E (CuE) plays an important role in anticancer, antichemical carcinogenesis, and body immunity, etc., and the detection of its concentration is meaningful to pharmacological studies and clinical applications. However, the small molecular weight of CuE makes direct detection difficult through a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. In this work, we propose a cells-amplified signal strategy at the plasmonic interface, realizing the detection of CuE with ultra-low concentration. The seeded HeLa cells are modified onto the surface of the SPR sensor, and a small amount of CuE can lead to the remarkable morphology change of cells and the release of cell-related substances onto the plamonic interface, thus significantly amplifying the signal. Experimental results show that by using an unmodified SPR sensor with the bulk refractive index sensitivity of 2367.3 nm/RIU (RIU: refractive index unit), there no effective signal can be detected during the CuE concentration range of 0-100 nM; whereas, employing the proposed strategy, the signal for CuE detection can be significantly enhanced, resulting in a high detection sensitivity of 0.6196 nm/nM, corresponding to a limit of detection of 45.2 pM (25.2 pg/mL). The proposed cells-based signal amplifying strategy shows great potential applications in drug screening or bio-sensing to small molecules with low concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Contributed equally
| | - Shuihua Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Contributed equally
| | - Peili Zhao
- Pathology department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gui-Shi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dongyun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Lan G, Zhu R, Jin W, Luo P, Chen R, Yi J, Wei W. Highly sensitive detection of Hg 2+ employing SPR sensor modified with chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol)/SnO 2 film. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5703-5714. [PMID: 34337685 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Water contamination by mercury ions (Hg2+) causes irreversible and serious effect on the ambient environment, ecological systems, and human health, necessitating further improvement of Hg2+ monitoring at low concentrations. Here, we proposed a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for Hg2+ detection with desirable advantages of high sensitivity, simple operation, label-free, and low cost, in which the chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol)/SnO2 composite film was modified on sensing surface as the active layer for sensitivity enhancement. Benefiting from the relatively high refractive index of SnO2 nanoparticles, the evanescent field generated at the metal-solution interface can be significantly enhanced, which results in a 5 times improvement of sensitivity. Through appropriate optimization in the aspects of componential constitutions, the sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity of 25.713 nm/μg/L and ultra-low calculated detection limit of 6.61 ng/L(32.95 pM). Such detection limit is strikingly lower than the limitation (10 nM) in drinking water set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. In addition, the as-prepared sensor presents relatively high selectivity for Hg2+, attributing to plenty of binding sites for specific adsorption produced by functionalized chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) composites, which have been furtherly verified by characterization of FTIR and XPS spectra. The proposed sensor also exhibits great repeatability and good time stability for 15 days. This work provides a promising strategy for developing high-performance SPR sensor for Hg2+ detection and a prospective application in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Lan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Juemin Yi
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
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Li S, Gao L, Yang Q, Zou C, Liang F, Tian C, Wang Z, Tang X, Xiang Y. Highly sensitive differential fiber-optic SPR sensor in telecom band. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:33809-33822. [PMID: 33182861 DOI: 10.1364/oe.387413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We proposed a differential fiber-optic SPR remote sensor with ultra-high sensitivity in telecom band. The working band of the sensor is designed as the C-band which is the low loss band of optical fiber communication aiming to improve the sensitivity and enable the capability of remote monitoring. The sensor head is a BK7 prism coated with Au/TiO2 films, enabling two channels for differential intensity interrogation. The intensities of the reflected lights through the channels vary oppositely within the measurement range of refractive index. Due to the sharp dip of angular resonant response in the C-band, the differential signal produces a steep slope as the refractive index of the sample varies, thus higher sensitivity is expected in a narrow measurement range. According to the results, the sensitivity is as high as 456 V/RIUs within the narrow measurement range of 1.3×10-2 RIUs and the resolution reaches to 6×10-6 RIUs. The measurement range can be tuned conveniently by adjusting the thickness of TiO2 film and can be expanded by increasing the number of sensing channels, which provides great convenience for the application of biosensor requiring high sensitivity.
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Quantitative and Selective Surface Plasmon Resonance Response Based on a Reduced Graphene Oxide-Polyamidoamine Nanocomposite for Detection of Dengue Virus E-Proteins. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030569. [PMID: 32245185 PMCID: PMC7153703 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dengue viral infection is one of the most common deadliest diseases and has become a recurrent issue for public health in tropical countries. Although the spectrum of clinical diagnosis and treatment have recently been established, the efficient and rapid detection of dengue virus (DENV) during viremia and the early febrile phase is still a great challenge. In this study, a dithiobis (succinimidyl undecanoate, DSU)/amine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide--polyamidoamine dendrimer (DSU/amine-functionalized rGO-PAMAM) thin film-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor was developed for the detection of DENV 2 E-proteins. Different concentrations of DENV 2 E-proteins were successfully tested by the developed SPR sensor-based system. The performance of the developed sensor showed increased shift in the SPR angle, narrow full-width-half-maximum of the SPR curve, high detection accuracy, excellent figure of merit and signal-to-noise ratio, good sensitivity values in the range of 0.08-0.5 pM (S = 0.2576°/pM, R2 = 0.92), and a high equilibrium association constant (KA) of 7.6452 TM-1. The developed sensor also showed a sensitive and selective response towards DENV 2 E-proteins compared to DENV 1 E-proteins and ZIKV (Zika virus) E-proteins. Overall, it was concluded that the Au/DSU/amine-functionalized rGO-PAMAM thin film-based SPR sensor has potential to serve as a rapid clinical diagnostic tool for DENV infection.
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Jing JY, Zhu Q, Dai ZX, Li SY, Wang Q, Zhao WM. Sensing self-referenced fiber optic long-range surface plasmon resonance sensor based on electronic coupling between surface plasmon polaritons. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:6329-6334. [PMID: 31503778 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.006329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A type of hollow gold nanoparticle (HGNP)-modified fiber optic long-range surface plasmon resonance (LRSPR) sensor with sensing self-reference is proposed and demonstrated. HGNPs have a stronger plasmonic field compared to solid GNPs because of the coupling between the inner and outer walls of HGNPs. The intense near-field electronic coupling between long-range surface plasmon polaritons associated with the LRSPR gold layer and localized surface plasmon polaritons of HGNPs leads to localized electromagnetic-field enhancement and LRSPR response signal amplification. Therefore, the HGNP-modified LRSPR sensor possesses a more excellent sensing property compared with the unmodified LRSPR sensor. The long-range resonance dip in the transmission spectrum is shown to shift in response to ambient refractivity change, and the characteristic absorption peak is fixed, allowing to regard it as a reference to improve detection accuracy of the sensors. The mode-field distribution of the sensors is simulated by using the finite element method, and the simulation results show that the electric-field intensity on the HGNP surface is significantly enhanced compared with that of the gold layer surface of the unmodified LRSPR sensor. 1874.79 nm/RIU improvement in sensitivity, 1.42 times improvement in figure of merit (FOM), and approximately 50% reduction in limit of detection (LOD) are achieved for the refractivity measurement of a low-concentration biological solution with the employment of HGNPs in LRSPR sensing experiments. The HGNP-modified LRSPR sensor proposed in this paper has high detection accuracy and FOM and low LOD, and can realize remote real-time online monitoring. Therefore, it has important research value and broad application prospects in the field of biochemical detection.
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