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Gill TB, Pavlov S, Kidd CS, Dean P, Burnett AD, Dunn A, Li L, Abrosimov NV, Hübers HW, Linfield EH, Davies AG, Freeman JR. 2D Time-Domain Spectroscopy for Determination of Energy and Momentum Relaxation Rates of Hydrogen-Like Donor States in Germanium. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1447-1455. [PMID: 38645998 PMCID: PMC11027176 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
We present measurements of the coherence times of excited states of hydrogen-like arsenic impurities in germanium (Ge:As) using a table-top two-dimensional time-domain spectroscopy (2D-TDS) system. We show that this laboratory system is capable of resolving the coherence lifetimes of atomic-like excited levels of impurity centers in semiconductors, such as those used in solid-state quantum information technologies, on a subpicosecond time scale. By fitting the coherent nonlinear response of the system with the known intracenter transition frequencies, we are able to monitor coherent population transfer and decay of the transitions from the 2p0 and 2p± states for different low excitation pulse fields. Furthermore, by examining the off-diagonal resonances in the 2D frequency-domain map, we are able to identify coherences between excited electronic states that are not visible via conventional single-frequency pump-probe or Hahn-echo measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Gill
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sergei Pavlov
- Institute
of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace
Center (DLR), Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Connor S. Kidd
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Paul Dean
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Burnett
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Aniela Dunn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Lianhe Li
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | | | - Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers
- Institute
of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace
Center (DLR), Berlin 12489, Germany
- Institut
für Physik, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - A. Giles Davies
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Joshua R. Freeman
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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Mornhinweg J, Halbhuber M, Ciuti C, Bougeard D, Huber R, Lange C. Tailored Subcycle Nonlinearities of Ultrastrong Light-Matter Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:177404. [PMID: 33988443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.177404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explore the nonlinear response of tailor-cut light-matter hybrid states in a novel regime, where both the Rabi frequency induced by a coherent driving field and the vacuum Rabi frequency set by a cavity field are comparable to the carrier frequency of light. In this previously unexplored strong-field limit of ultrastrong coupling, subcycle pump-probe and multiwave mixing nonlinearities between different polariton states violate the normal-mode approximation while ultrastrong coupling remains intact, as confirmed by our mean-field model. We expect such custom-cut nonlinearities of hybridized elementary excitations to facilitate nonclassical light sources, quantum phase transitions, or cavity chemistry with virtual photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mornhinweg
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Halbhuber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Ciuti
- Université de Paris, laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - D Bougeard
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Lange
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Raab J, Mezzapesa FP, Viti L, Dessmann N, Diebel LK, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Lange C, Huber R, Vitiello MS. Ultrafast terahertz saturable absorbers using tailored intersubband polaritons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4290. [PMID: 32855392 PMCID: PMC7453201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor heterostructures have enabled a great variety of applications ranging from GHz electronics to photonic quantum devices. While nonlinearities play a central role for cutting-edge functionality, they require strong field amplitudes owing to the weak light-matter coupling of electronic resonances of naturally occurring materials. Here, we ultrastrongly couple intersubband transitions of semiconductor quantum wells to the photonic mode of a metallic cavity in order to custom-tailor the population and polarization dynamics of intersubband cavity polaritons in the saturation regime. Two-dimensional THz spectroscopy reveals strong subcycle nonlinearities including six-wave mixing and a collapse of light-matter coupling within 900 fs. This collapse bleaches the absorption, at a peak intensity one order of magnitude lower than previous all-integrated approaches and well achievable by state-of-the-art QCLs, as demonstrated by a saturation of the structure under cw-excitation. We complement our data by a quantitative theory. Our results highlight a path towards passively mode-locked QCLs based on polaritonic saturable absorbers in a monolithic single-chip design. Structures that can enhance the capabilities of quantum cascade lasers are highly sought after to improve their practicality for a range of applications. Here the authors demonstrate such a structure in a saturable absorber that takes advantage of intersubband polaritons in the terahertz range and study coherent nonlinear dynamics in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Raab
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francesco P Mezzapesa
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Leonardo Viti
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Nils Dessmann
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Laura K Diebel
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Edmund H Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christoph Lange
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.,Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rupert Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Miriam S Vitiello
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy.
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