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Moon T, Bartschat K, Douguet N. Strong-Field Ionization Phenomena Revealed by Quantum Trajectories. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:073201. [PMID: 39213582 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.073201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the photoionization dynamics of atoms subjected to intense, ultrashort laser pulses through the use of quantum trajectories. This method provides a unique and consistent framework for examining electron dynamics within a time-dependent potential barrier. Our findings demonstrate that quantum trajectories offer additional insights into several key aspects of strong-field ionization, including the transition between ionization regimes, nonadiabatic effects under the barrier, the impact of the shape of the electronic potential, and the efficiency of over-the-barrier ionization.
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2
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Garg D, Chopra P, Lee JWL, Tikhonov DS, Kumar S, Akcaalan O, Allum F, Boll R, Butler AA, Erk B, Gougoula E, Gruet SP, He L, Heathcote D, Jones E, Kazemi MM, Lahl J, Lemmens AK, Liu Z, Loru D, Maclot S, Mason R, Merrick J, Müller E, Mullins T, Papadopoulou CC, Passow C, Peschel J, Plach M, Ramm D, Robertson P, Rompotis D, Simao A, Steber AL, Tajalli A, Tul-Noor A, Vadassery N, Vinklárek IS, Techert S, Küpper J, Rijs AM, Rolles D, Brouard M, Bari S, Eng-Johnsson P, Vallance C, Burt M, Manschwetus B, Schnell M. Ultrafast dynamics of fluorene initiated by highly intense laser fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 38958416 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We present an investigation of the ultrafast dynamics of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluorene initiated by an intense femtosecond near-infrared laser pulse (810 nm) and probed by a weak visible pulse (405 nm). Using a multichannel detection scheme (mass spectra, electron and ion velocity-map imaging), we provide a full disentanglement of the complex dynamics of the vibronically excited parent molecule, its excited ionic states, and fragments. We observed various channels resulting from the strong-field ionization regime. In particular, we observed the formation of the unstable tetracation of fluorene, above-threshold ionization features in the photoelectron spectra, and evidence of ubiquitous secondary fragmentation. We produced a global fit of all observed time-dependent photoelectron and photoion channels. This global fit includes four parent ions extracted from the mass spectra, 15 kinetic-energy-resolved ionic fragments extracted from ion velocity map imaging, and five photoelectron channels obtained from electron velocity map imaging. The fit allowed for the extraction of 60 lifetimes of various metastable photoinduced intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Garg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pragya Chopra
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jason W L Lee
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sonu Kumar
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Felix Allum
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alexander A Butler
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Eva Gougoula
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Lanhai He
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
| | - David Heathcote
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ellen Jones
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mehdi M Kazemi
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jan Lahl
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander K Lemmens
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Donatella Loru
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Robert Mason
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Merrick
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erland Müller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Terry Mullins
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
- European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Marius Plach
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ramm
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Robertson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dimitrios Rompotis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Alcides Simao
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Ayhan Tajalli
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Atia Tul-Noor
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Nidin Vadassery
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivo S Vinklárek
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
| | - Simone Techert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mark Brouard
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sadia Bari
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Claire Vallance
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Burt
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Melanie Schnell
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Klaiber M, Lv QZ, Sukiasyan S, Bakucz Canário D, Hatsagortsyan KZ, Keitel CH. Reconciling Conflicting Approaches for the Tunneling Time Delay in Strong Field Ionization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:203201. [PMID: 36462009 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.203201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Several recent attoclock experiments have investigated the fundamental question of a quantum mechanically induced time delay in tunneling ionization via extremely precise photoelectron momentum spectroscopy. The interpretations of those attoclock experimental results were controversially discussed, because the entanglement of the laser and Coulomb field did not allow for theoretical treatments without undisputed approximations. The method of semiclassical propagation matched with the tunneled wave function, the quasistatic Wigner theory, the analytical R-matrix theory, the backpropagation method, and the under-the-barrier recollision theory are the leading conceptual approaches put forward to treat this problem, however, with seemingly conflicting conclusions on the existence of a tunneling time delay. To resolve the contradicting conclusions of the different approaches, we consider a very simple tunneling scenario which is not plagued with complications stemming from the Coulomb potential of the atomic core, avoids consequent controversial approximations and, therefore, allows us to unequivocally identify the origin of the tunneling time delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Klaiber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Q Z Lv
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Sukiasyan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Bakucz Canário
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Z Hatsagortsyan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Lovász B, Sándor P, Kiss GZ, Bánhegyi B, Rácz P, Pápa Z, Budai J, Prietl C, Krenn JR, Dombi P. Nonadiabatic Nano-optical Tunneling of Photoelectrons in Plasmonic Near-Fields. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2303-2308. [PMID: 35240778 PMCID: PMC8949759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic nano-optical electron tunneling in the transition region between multiphoton-induced emission and adiabatic tunnel emission is explored in the near-field of plasmonic nanostructures. For Keldysh γ values between ∼1.3 and ∼2.2, measured photoemission spectra show strong-field recollision driven by the nanoscale near-field. At the same time, the photoemission yield shows an intensity scaling with a constant nonlinearity, which is characteristic for multiphoton-induced emission. Our observations in this transition region were well reproduced with the numerical solution of Schrödinger's equation, mimicking the nanoscale geometry of the field. This way, we determined the boundaries and nature of nonadiabatic tunneling photoemission, building on a key advantage of a nanoplasmonic system, namely, that high-field-driven recollision events and their signature in the photoemission spectrum can be observed more efficiently due to significant nanoplasmonic field enhancement factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Lovász
- Wigner
Research Centre for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sándor
- Wigner
Research Centre for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Péter Rácz
- Wigner
Research Centre for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Pápa
- Wigner
Research Centre for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS
Research Institute, 6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Budai
- ELI-ALPS
Research Institute, 6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - Péter Dombi
- Wigner
Research Centre for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS
Research Institute, 6728 Szeged, Hungary
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Patel AR, Ranjan A, Wang X, Slipchenko MN, Shneider MN, Shashurin A. Thomson and collisional regimes of in-phase coherent microwave scattering off gaseous microplasmas. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23389. [PMID: 34862396 PMCID: PMC8642454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The total number of electrons in a classical microplasma can be non-intrusively measured through elastic in-phase coherent microwave scattering (CMS). Here, we establish a theoretical basis for the CMS diagnostic technique with an emphasis on Thomson and collisional scattering in short, thin unmagnetized plasma media. Experimental validation of the diagnostic is subsequently performed via linearly polarized, variable frequency (10.5-12 GHz) microwave scattering off laser induced 1-760 Torr air-based microplasmas (287.5 nm O2 resonant photoionization by ~ 5 ns, < 3 mJ pulses) with diverse ionization and collisional features. Namely, conducted studies include a verification of short-dipole-like radiation behavior, plasma volume imaging via ICCD photography, and measurements of relative phases, total scattering cross-sections, and total number of electrons [Formula: see text] in the generated plasma filaments following absolute calibration using a dielectric scattering sample. Findings of the paper suggest an ideality of CMS in the Thomson "free-electron" regime-where a detailed knowledge of plasma and collisional properties (which are often difficult to accurately characterize due to the potential influence of inhomogeneities, local temperatures and densities, present species, and so on) is unnecessary to extract [Formula: see text] from the scattered signal. The Thomson scattering regime of microwaves is further experimentally verified via measurements of the relative phase between the incident electric field and electron displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Patel
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Apoorv Ranjan
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Xingxing Wang
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Mikhail N. Shneider
- grid.16750.350000 0001 2097 5006Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Alexey Shashurin
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Li M, Xie H, Cao W, Luo S, Tan J, Feng Y, Du B, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhang Q, Lan P, Zhou Y, Lu P. Photoelectron Holographic Interferometry to Probe the Longitudinal Momentum Offset at the Tunnel Exit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:183202. [PMID: 31144893 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.183202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced electron tunneling underlies numerous emerging spectroscopic techniques to probe attosecond electron dynamics in atoms and molecules. The improvement of those techniques requires an accurate knowledge of the exit momentum for the tunneling wave packet. Here we demonstrate a photoelectron interferometric scheme to probe the electron momentum longitudinal to the tunnel direction at the tunnel exit by measuring the photoelectron holographic pattern in an orthogonally polarized two-color laser pulse. In this scheme, we use a perturbative 400-nm laser field to modulate the photoelectron holographic fringes generated by a strong 800-nm pulse. The fringe shift offers direct experimental access to the intermediate canonical momentum of the rescattering electron, allowing us to reconstruct the momentum offset at the tunnel exit with high accuracy. Our result unambiguously proves the existence of nonzero initial longitudinal momentum at the tunnel exit and provides fundamental insights into the nonquasistatic nature of the strong-field tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siqiang Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jia Tan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yudi Feng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Baojie Du
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pengfei Lan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yueming Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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