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Singh J, Dodd D, Evans-Nguyen T, Muller A. Trace Analysis of C 4F 7N Insulating Gas Mixtures by Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20350-20358. [PMID: 38737039 PMCID: PMC11079898 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl) propanenitrile (C4F7N) is being researched as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for applications in gas-insulated switchgear. We independently assessed the effectiveness of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a novel method of feedback-assisted multipass cavity spontaneous Raman spectroscopy (SRS) for the trace quantification of impurities in C4F7N and its related byproducts. A total of 14 gases were identified with estimated concentrations as low as 20 ppm (ppm) for C3F6 using GC-MS and 7.4 ppm for CH4 using SRS and as high as 500 ppm for CF4 using GC-MS and 1430 ppm for CO using SRS. While GC-MS is highly effective in selectively detecting and quantifying trace contaminants, it necessitates separate detectors for various gases, such as CH4 and H2. SRS succeeded in detecting CF4 and C2F6 at concentrations of 465 and 100 ppm, respectively, and in placing an upper bound of several hundred ppm for the other analytes. Crucially, SRS holds potential for portability-and thus for field applications-in gas-insulated switchgear equipment diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- Physics
Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Dawson Dodd
- Chemistry
Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Theresa Evans-Nguyen
- Chemistry
Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Andreas Muller
- Physics
Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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Yang M, Liu Z, Xiong L, Nie Q, Wang Y, Gao S, Cheng M, Yang D, Pei S, Guo D. Antiresonant fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy gas sensing with 1 ppm sensitivity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:4093-4101. [PMID: 38297617 DOI: 10.1364/oe.509758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Antiresonant hollow-core fiber (AR-HCF) exhibits unprecedented optical performance in low transmission attenuation, broad transmission bandwidth, and single spatial mode quality. However, due to its lower numerical aperture, when utilizing the Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (FERS) principle for gas detection, the efficiency of AR-HCF in collecting Raman signals per unit length is significantly lower than that of hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. Nonetheless, AR-HCF effectively suppresses higher-order modes and offers bandwidth in hundreds of nanometers. By increasing the length of AR-HCF, its advantages can be effectively harnessed, leading to a considerable enhancement in the system's ability for low-concentration gas detection. We combine the nodeless antiresonant hollow-core fiber and Raman spectroscopy for enhanced Raman gas sensing in a forward scattering measurement configuration to investigate the attenuation behavior of the silica background signals. The silica background attenuation behavior enables the low baseline of the gas Raman spectroscopy and extends the integration time of the system. In addition, a convenient spatial filtering method is investigated. A multimode fiber with a suitable core diameter was employed to transmit the signal so that the fiber end face plays the role of pinhole, thus filtering the silica signal and reducing the baseline. The natural isotopes 12C16O2, 13C16O2, and 12C18O16O in ambient air can be observed using a 5-meter-long AR-HCF at 1 bar with a laser output power of 1.8 W and an integration time of 300 seconds. Limits of detection have been determined to be 0.5 ppm for 13C16O2 and 1.2 ppm for 12C16O2, which shows that the FERS with AR-HCF has remarkable potential for isotopes and multigas sensing.
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3
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Ding H, Zhang J, Liu X, Zhu Y, Dong Z, Juan Hu DJ, Wang G. Online trace detection of mercury ions with enhanced fluorescence excitation within metal-lined hollow-core fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5145-5148. [PMID: 37773406 DOI: 10.1364/ol.499994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a portable all-fiber fluorescent detection system based on metal-lined hollow-core fiber (MLHCF) for the ultra-sensitive real-time monitoring of mercury ions (Hg2+). The system employs a rhodamine derivative as the probe. The hollow core of the MLHCF serves as both the flow channel of the liquid sample and the waveguide of the optical path. The metal coating in the intermediate layer between the capillary and the polyimide (PI) coating in the MLHCF provides good light confinement, enhancing the interaction between the sample and the incident light for better fluorescence excitation and collection efficiency. Additionally, further enhancement is achieved by placing an inserted filter along the light path to reflect the excitation light back to the MLHCF. A 3-cm length of MLHCF enables simultaneous excitation of a 40-µL sample volume and collection of most of its fluorescent signal in all directions, thereby significantly contributing to its exceptional sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.3 ng/L. The all-fiber fluorescence-enhanced detection device also shows rapid response time, excellent reusability, and selectivity. This system presents an online, reproducible, and portable solution for the trace detection of Hg2+ and provides a promising way for detecting other heavy metal ions.
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Xia Z, Zhang X, Yao J, Liu Z, Jin Y, Yin H, Wang P, Wang XH. Giant Enhancement of Raman Scattering by a Hollow-Core Microstructured Optical Fiber Allows Single Exosome Probing. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1799-1809. [PMID: 37018734 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) provide solutions for breaking through the bottlenecks in areas of high-power transmission and high-efficiency optical waveguides. Other than transporting light waves, MOFs can synergistically combine microfluidics and optics in a single fiber with an unprecedented light path length not readily achievable by planar optofluidic configurations. Here, we demonstrate that hollow-core anti-resonant optical fibers (HcARFs) can significantly enhance Raman scattering by over three orders of magnitude (EF ≈ 5000) compared with a planar setup, due to the joint mechanisms of strong light-matter interaction in the fiber core and the cumulative effect of the fiber. The giant enhancement enables us to develop the first optical fiber sensor to achieve single cancer exosome detection via a sandwich-structured strategy. This enables a multiplexed analysis of surface proteins of exosome samples, potentially allowing an accurate identification of the cellular origin of exosomes for cancer diagnosis. Our findings could expand the applications of HcARF in many exciting areas beyond the waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Xia
- Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory for Advanced Laser Technology and Applications, Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingyuan Yao
- Laboratory for Advanced Laser Technology and Applications, Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yulong Jin
- Laboratory for Advanced Laser Technology and Applications, Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Huabing Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K
| | - Pu Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Laser Technology and Applications, Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Trans-scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Wang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Trans-scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Singh J, Muller A. Ambient Hydrocarbon Detection with an Ultra-Low-Loss Cavity Raman Analyzer. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3703-3711. [PMID: 36744943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of ambient outdoor trace hydrocarbons was investigated with a multipass Raman analyzer. It relies on a multimode blue laser diode receiving optical feedback from a retroreflecting multipass optical cavity, effectively creating an external cavity diode laser within which spontaneous Raman scattering enhancement occurs. When implemented with ultra-low-loss mirrors, a more than 20-fold increase in signal-to-background ratio was obtained, enabling proximity detection of trace motor vehicle exhaust gases such as H2, CO, NO, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6. In a 10-min-long measurement at double atmospheric pressure, the limits of detection obtained were near or below 100 ppb for most analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Singh
- Physics Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida33620, United States
| | - A Muller
- Physics Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida33620, United States
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Guo L, Huang J, Chen Y, Zhang B, Ji M. Fiber-Enhanced Stimulated Raman Scattering and Sensitive Detection of Dilute Solutions. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:243. [PMID: 35448303 PMCID: PMC9028131 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is known to gain coherent amplification of molecular vibrations that allow for rapid and label-free chemical imaging in the microscopy setting. However, the tightly focused laser spot has limited the detection sensitivity, partly due to the tiny interaction volume. Here, we report the use of metal-lined hollow-core fiber (MLHCF) to improve the sensitivity of SRS in sensing dilute solutions by extending the light-matter interaction volume through the fiber waveguide. With a focusing lens (100 mm FL) and 320 μm diameter fiber, we demonstrated an optimum enhancement factor of ~20 at a fiber length of 8.3 cm. More importantly, the MLHCF exhibited a significantly suppressed cross-phase modulation (XPM) background, enabling the detection of ~0.7 mM DMSO in water. Furthermore, the relationship between fiber length and SRS signal could be well explained theoretically. The fiber-enhanced SRS (FE-SRS) method may be further optimized and bears potential in the sensitive detection of molecules in the solution and gas phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.G.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.G.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yaxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.G.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bohan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.G.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.G.); (J.H.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.)
- Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu 322000, China
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Review on All-Fiber Online Raman Sensor with Hollow Core Microstructured Optical Fiber. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is widely used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of trace components in scientific fields such as food safety monitoring, drug testing, environmental monitoring, etc. In addition to its demonstrated advantages of fast response, non-destructive, and non-polluting characteristics, fast online Raman detection is drawing growing attention for development. To achieve this desirable capability, hollow core optical fibers are employed as a common transmission channel for light and fluid in the Raman sensor. By enhancing the interaction process between light and matter, the detection sensitivity is improved. At the same time, the Raman spectroscopy signal light collection efficiency is significantly improved. This article summarizes enhancement techniques reported for Raman sensors, followed by a detailed review on fiber-based Raman sensor techniques including theoretical analyses, fabrication, and application based on hollow core photonic crystal fibers and capillary-based hollow core fibers. The prospects of using these fibers for Raman spectroscopy are discussed.
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Singh J, Muller A. Isotopic trace analysis of water vapor with multipass cavity Raman scattering. Analyst 2021; 146:6482-6489. [PMID: 34581323 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cavity-enhanced spontaneous Raman scattering was investigated as a means of simple and inexpensive isotopic water analysis. A multimode blue laser diode equipped with a feedback-generating multipass cavity provided a 100-fold Raman enhancement at a pump linewidth of 3.5 cm-1. Samples containing trace amounts of 1H2H16O were probed at deuterium-hydrogen concentration ratios ranging from 157 parts-per-million (local seawater) down to 8 parts-per-million (deuterium depleted water). All measurements were performed in argon or dried air at atmospheric pressure at 1H2H16O concentrations nearing 100 parts per billion with an uncooled camera at exposure times as short as a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA.
| | - Andreas Muller
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA.
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Wang J, Chen W, Wang P, Zhang Z, Wan F, Zhou F, Song R, Wang Y, Gao S. Fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for highly sensitive H 2 and SO 2 sensing with a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:32296-32311. [PMID: 34615304 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An innovative fiber-enhanced Raman gas sensing system with a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber is introduced. Two iris diaphragms are implemented for spatial filtering, and a reflecting mirror is attached to one fiber end that provides a highly improved Raman signal enhancement over 2.9 times than the typical bare fiber system. The analytical performance for multigas compositions is thoroughly demonstrated by recording the Raman spectra of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) with limits of detection down to low-ppm levels as well as a long-term instability < 1.05%. The excellent linear relationship between Raman signal intensity (peak height) and gas concentrations indicates a promising potential for accurate quantification.
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Yu X, Li C, Hu DJJ, Milenko K, Wang G, Shum P, Xu F, Lu Y, Zhang X. All-fiber online Raman sensor with enhancement via a Fabry-Perot cavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5760-5763. [PMID: 33057278 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, a novel all-fiber online Raman sensor with significant signal enhancement via a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity is proposed and demonstrated. The FP cavity structure is formed by inserting a long-pass coated fiber and a gold-plated capillary into a silver-lined capillary with a gap. A corroded single-mode fiber is inserted into the gold-plated capillary to guide the excitation light into the FP cavity. The multiple reflections of excitation light in the FP cavity have significantly increased the interaction volume between the light and the sample. Experiment results have demonstrated an enhancement factor of 5 times in the detected Raman signal for ethanol compared to that measured using the silver-lined hollow-core fiber-based Raman cell without FP cavity, or 86 times compared with direct detection using a bare fiber tip. The measurement results are in good agreement with theoretical analyses. This Raman sensor with signal enhancement via the FP cavity has the potential to realize rapid sample replacement and online detection with high sensitivity and high accuracy for biochemical applications.
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Li S, Xia L, Yang Z, Zhou M, Zhao B, Li W. Hybrid plasmonic grating slot waveguide with high field enhancement for an on-chip surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:748-755. [PMID: 32225205 DOI: 10.1364/ao.383198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We design and theoretically investigate a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor based on the hybrid plasmonic grating slot waveguide. The sensor is formed by combining a dielectric deep slot waveguide and a metallic grating slot waveguide. The proposed sensor exhibits a high field enhancement with a maximum enhancement factor of 7580.9 at the wavelength of 785 nm, revealing that the electric field in such hybrid plasmonic grating slot waveguide can be extremely strengthened. To better characterize the performance of the sensor in the SERS application, the total normalized volumetric enhancement factor (TNVEF) is proposed, which is determined by both the |E|4-approximation-based volumetric field enhancement and Raman scattered light collection efficiency. The TNVEF is utilized to characterize the influences of the structural parameters on the sensor and further optimize the sensing structure. Such on-chip SERS sensor can be integrated with a micro-laser and a micro-multiplexer on a photonic platform to realize an all-integrated on-chip SERS detection system.
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