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Xu Y, Wang M, He Y, Gu C, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Liu Y. Self-referenced electro-optic response measurement of dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators employing single-tone level control and low-frequency bias swing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12596-12604. [PMID: 35472893 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A self-referenced method is proposed to characterize the electro-optic frequency response of dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators (DPMZMs) based on single-tone level control and low-frequency bias swing. The single-tone driving signal and the low-frequency bias signal of the DPMZM mix with each other after photodetection, and a low-frequency beat note is generated in the electrical domain. The functional relationship between the desired low-frequency amplitude and the single-tone driving level is investigated and established, from which the modulation depth and half-wave voltage are extracted with the help of regression analysis. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method and compare it with the conventional ones to check the consistency. The self-referenced method features single-tone modulation and low-frequency detection for measuring high-speed DPMZMs, which avoids the use of a broadband photodetector (PD) and the influence of the uneven response of the PD.
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Seiler PM, Georgieva G, Winzer G, Peczek A, Voigt K, Lischke S, Fatemi A, Zimmermann L. Toward coherent O-band data center interconnects. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:414-425. [PMID: 36637768 PMCID: PMC9743925 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Upcoming generations of coherent intra/inter data center interconnects currently lack a clear path toward a reduction of cost and power consumption, which are the driving factors for these data links. In this work, the tradeoffs associated with a transition from coherent C-band to O-band silicon photonics are addressed and evaluated. The discussion includes the fundamental components of coherent data links, namely the optical components, fiber link and transceivers. As a major component of these links, a monolithic silicon photonic BiCMOS O-band coherent receiver is evaluated for its potential performance and compared to an analogous C-band device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal M Seiler
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Siliziumphotonik, Berlin, 10623, Germany.
- IHP - Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), 15236, Germany.
| | - Galina Georgieva
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Hochfrequenztechnik-Photonik, Berlin, 10623, Germany
| | - Georg Winzer
- IHP - Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), 15236, Germany
| | - Anna Peczek
- IHP Solutions GmbH, Frankfurt (Oder), 15236, Germany
| | - Karsten Voigt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Siliziumphotonik, Berlin, 10623, Germany
- IHP - Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), 15236, Germany
| | - Stefan Lischke
- IHP - Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), 15236, Germany
| | - Adel Fatemi
- IHP - Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), 15236, Germany
| | - Lars Zimmermann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Siliziumphotonik, Berlin, 10623, Germany
- IHP - Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), 15236, Germany
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Mishra D, Sonkar RK. Analysis of a SiGe Mach-Zehnder modulator for 400G data communication. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:2083-2092. [PMID: 33690302 DOI: 10.1364/ao.416785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the performance of a silicon (Si) Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) is enhanced by implanting germanium (Ge) on Si, forming a graded Si-Ge (SiGe) core. A process simulation study is done, and the effect of substrate temperature, implantation energy, and pre-amorphization on the Ge composition and developed in-plane stress is observed. The dependence of active dopant concentration and defect-cluster formation on the annealing conditions is discussed. A comparison of the process simulated SiGe phase shifter with a Si phase shifter shows 2.27× higher phase shift at -5V for 1550 nm wavelength of operation. A dual-arm drive with quadrature operation is investigated for both SiGe and Si MZMs. A traveling-wave electrode is used to enhance the modulation bandwidth. The SiGe MZM achieves better performance in terms of modulation bandwidth, modulation speed, fiber transmission length, energy per bit, and dispersion tolerance compared to the Si MZM. The dual-arm driven SiGe MZM can achieve 62 Gbps error-free 2 km fiber transmission with energy per bit of 1.92 pJ/bit and 3 dB bandwidth of 62.8 GHz at -2.5V bias using 3Vpp on-off keying modulation.
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Xu M, He M, Zhang H, Jian J, Pan Y, Liu X, Chen L, Meng X, Chen H, Li Z, Xiao X, Yu S, Yu S, Cai X. High-performance coherent optical modulators based on thin-film lithium niobate platform. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3911. [PMID: 32764622 PMCID: PMC7411015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The coherent transmission technology using digital signal processing and advanced modulation formats, is bringing networks closer to the theoretical capacity limit of optical fibres, the Shannon limit. The in-phase/quadrature electro-optic modulator that encodes information on both the amplitude and the phase of light, is one of the underpinning devices for the coherent transmission technology. Ideally, such modulator should feature a low loss, low drive voltage, large bandwidth, low chirp and compact footprint. However, these requirements have been only met on separate occasions. Here, we demonstrate integrated thin-film lithium niobate in-phase/quadrature modulators that fulfil these requirements simultaneously. The presented devices exhibit greatly improved overall performance (half-wave voltage, bandwidth and optical loss) over traditional lithium niobate counterparts, and support modulation data rate up to 320 Gbit s-1. Our devices pave new routes for future high-speed, energy-efficient, and cost-effective communication networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingbo He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- National Information Optoelectronics Innovation Center, China Information and Communication Technologies Group Corporation (CICT), 430074, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Technologies and Networks, China Information and Communication Technologies Group Corporation (CICT), 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Xiao
- National Information Optoelectronics Innovation Center, China Information and Communication Technologies Group Corporation (CICT), 430074, Wuhan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Technologies and Networks, China Information and Communication Technologies Group Corporation (CICT), 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shaohua Yu
- National Information Optoelectronics Innovation Center, China Information and Communication Technologies Group Corporation (CICT), 430074, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Technologies and Networks, China Information and Communication Technologies Group Corporation (CICT), 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinlun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
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